- Amasignesha edijithali athembele ezitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi kanye ne-cryptography yokhiye womphakathi ukuqinisekisa ubuwena, ubuqotho, kanye nokungalahlwa.
- Umthethonqubo we-eIDAS uhlukanisa phakathi kokusayina okulula, okuthuthukisiwe nokufanelekile kwe-elekthronikhi, okunamazinga ahlukene okuphepha kanye nokusebenza okusemthethweni.
- ESpain, isitifiketi sesakhamuzi se-FNMT kanye ne-DNIe kuyagqama, kanye namathuluzi anjenge-AutoFirma kanye namapulatifomu esignature asekelwe efwini.
- Ukusayina kwedijithali kukuvumela ukuthi wenze izinqubo noHulumeni, amabhange nezinkampani ngokuphephile, ngokushesha nangokuphelele ku-inthanethi.
La isignesha yedijithali Sekuyithuluzi elibalulekile lokwenza izinqubo eziku-inthanethi: kusukela ebhange kuya ekuthumeleni amadokhumenti ezinhlanganweni zikahulumeni noma ukusayina izinkontileka ngaphandle kokushiya ikhaya. Njalo uma uqinisekisa ukuthengiselana okubalulekile ku-inthanethi, kuvame ukuba nohlelo lokusayina lwe-elekthronikhi ngemuva kwalo oluqinisekisa ubuwena bakho nalokho ovumelana nakho.
Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke amasignesha kagesi afanayo, futhi awanamandla angokomthetho afanayo. Uhlaka lwe-eIDAS lwaseYurophu Umthethonqubo (i-EU) No 910/2014 usungula imiqondo ecacile kakhulu mayelana nokuthi isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi iyini, yiziphi izidingo okumele zihlangabezane nazo ukuze kubhekwe njengethuthukisiwe noma efanelekile, nokuthi ukuphepha, ubuqotho bedatha, kanye nokungalahlwa kuqinisekiswa kanjani. Uma lokhu kuzwakala njengokungasho lutho, ungakhathazeki: sizokuchaza ngokuthula, ngezibonelo zansuku zonke kanye nezincazelo ezicacile.
Iyini ngempela isiginesha yedijithali futhi ihluke kanjani kusiginesha ye-elekthronikhi?
Ngolimi lwansuku zonke sivame ukuxuba amagama, kodwa ngokomthetho kunezingqinamba. Umthethonqubo (EU) 910/2014 uchaza isignesha kagesi njengeqoqo ledatha ngefomethi ye-elekthronikhi enamathiselwe noma ehlotshaniswa ngokunengqondo neminye idatha ye-elekthronikhi futhi esetshenziswa ngumsayini ukusayina. Okungukuthi, noma iyiphi indlela yedijithali eqopha ifa lakho: ukumaka ibhokisi efomini, ukufaka i-PIN, ukuthayipha igama lakho, noma ukuchofoza okuthi "Ngiyavuma."
Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka olujwayelekile, indinganiso ihlukanisa amazinga amaningana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona isignesha elula kagesiLokhu kunikeza ukuhlonza okuyisisekelo komsebenzisi, kodwa ngokwako, akuhlali kuqinile ngokwanele njengobufakazi ezimweni ezibucayi. Kuwusizo, isibonelo, ezinqubweni zangaphakathi zenkampani noma ekuqinisekiseni amafomu anengozi ephansi.
Isinyathelo esisodwa ngenhla sithola isignesha ye-elekthronikhi esezingeni eliphakemeKuchazwe ku-Article 3 yoMthethonqubo njengesiginesha kagesi esihlangabezana nezidingo ezithile ezithuthukisiwe. Uma lezi zidingo zihlanganiswa, sikhuluma ngohlelo olukwazi ukuxhumanisa ngokuqinile umuntu osayinayo nedatha esayiniwe futhi luthole noma yiziphi izinguquko ezilandelayo.
Ekugcineni kukhona isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi efanelekileLesi isignesha esithuthukisiwe se-elekthronikhi esakhiwe kusetshenziswa idivayisi yokudala isignesha efanelekile futhi esekelwe esitifiketini sesignesha se-elekthronikhi esifanelekile. Lolu hlobo lwesignesha lujabulela izinga eliphezulu lokuqashelwa ngokomthetho futhi, ngezinjongo zomthetho, lulingana nesignesha ebhalwe ngesandla ephepheni kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-European Union.
Uma sikhuluma "ngesiginesha yedijithali" olimini lwansuku zonke, sivame ukubhekisela kulolo hlobo lwesiginesha ye-elekthronikhi esebenzisa izitifiketi zedijithali ezikhishwe yigunya elithembekilenjenge-FNMT (Spanish National Mint) noma ikhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi. Ngakho-ke, kuyisigaba esingaphakathi kwamasignesha e-elekthronikhi, esinokuphepha okwengeziwe kanye nokusebenza okusemthethweni.
Indlela umthetho ochaza ngayo amasignesha kagesi: izidingo nezinhlobo ngokusho koMthethonqubo we-eIDAS
Umthethonqubo (i-EU) No 910/2014, owaziwa ngokuthi Umthethonqubo we-eIDASLo mthetho uyisisekelo sezinsizakalo zokuhlonza nge-elekthronikhi kanye nezinsizakalo zokuthembela emakethe yangaphakathi yaseYurophu. Uchitha iSiqondiso sangaphambilini sika-1999/93/EC futhi ubeka izinga elifanayo lokusetshenziswa kweziginesha ze-elekthronikhi kuwo wonke amazwe e-EU.
Isigaba 3 soMthethonqubo sisungula imiqondo emithathu ebalulekile ehlobene nokusayina:
Okokuqala, i isignesha kagesi Kalula nje, njengoba sesibonile, lokhu kubhekisela kudatha ye-elekthronikhi enamathiselwe noma ehlotshaniswa ngokunengqondo nenye idatha esetshenziswa ngumsayini ukusayina. Ayidingi izinga elithile lokuphepha; ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwayo okusemthethweni kuncike kumongo kanye nendlela esetshenziswe ngayo.
Okwesibili, i isignesha ye-elekthronikhi esezingeni eliphakemeokumele kuhambisane nezidingo ze-Athikili 26. Lezi zidingo yizo ezenza umehluko phakathi kokuqinisekiswa okulula okuku-inthanethi kanye nesenzo sokusayina esingathi sína se-elekthronikhi, esikwazi ukumelana nempikiswano noma icala.
Okwesithathu, i isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi efanelekileLokhu kuchazwa njengesiginesha esithuthukisiwe esakhiwe kusetshenziswa idivayisi yokudala isiginesha efanelekile futhi esekelwe esitifiketini esifanelekile. Lezi zitifiketi ezifanelekile zingakhishwa kuphela abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abathembekile abahlangabezana nezimfuneko eziqinile zobuchwepheshe nezokuphepha futhi abaqondiswa yigunya elifanele.
Amazwe Angamalungu kumele ashicilele futhi agcine ulwazi mayelana abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo ze-elekthronikhi abathembekile eziqashelwayo (njengohlu oluthembekile noma ama-TSL), ukuze abantu ngabanye kanye nabaphathi bakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano ezigunyaziwe ukukhipha izitifiketi ezifanelekile noma ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo ezihlobene, njengezitembu zesikhathi noma ukugcinwa kwesiginesha.
Izidingo zokusayina kwe-elekthronikhi okuthuthukisiwe: kusho ukuthini lokhu empeleni
Isigaba 26 soMthethonqubo we-eIDAS sichaza imibandela yenkampani okufanele ibhekwe njengethuthukile. Okokuqala, kumele kube okuhlobene ngokukhethekile nomsayiniLokhu kusho ukuthi uhlelo lwesiginesha kanye nedatha esetshenziswa ukulukhiqiza kumele kuhlotshaniswe nomuntu oyedwa, ngaphandle kokungacaci noma ukwabelana ngezihluthulelo phakathi kwabasebenzisi.
Okwesibili, isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi ethuthukisiwe kumele vumela ukuhlonza umuntu osayinayoAkwanele ukuthi kube khona okhiye ababili be-cryptographic ngokomthetho: kudingeka kube nesitifiketi noma indlela yokuhlonza exhumanisa lawo makhi nobunikazi bomuntu bomsebenzisi (igama, i-ID, njll.).
Imfuneko yesithathu ebalulekile ukuthi inkampani ibe nayo kudalwe kusetshenziswa idatha yokudala isiginesha ngaphansi kokulawulwa okukhethekile kusuka kumsayini, onezinga eliphezulu lokuthembana. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izici ezifana nokugcinwa kokhiye oyimfihlo ngokuphepha, ukusetshenziswa kwamaphasiwedi, ama-PIN, amadivayisi noma amakhadi e-cryptographic avikelekile, ukuze kungabikho omunye umuntu ongakha isiginesha egameni lomsebenzisi ngaphandle kwemvume yakhe.
Okokugcina, isiginesha esithuthukisiwe kumele sibe kuxhunywe ngokobuchwepheshe kudokhumenti esayiniwe ukuze noma yiziphi izinguquko ezilandelayo zitholakale. Uma othile eguqula ngisho nohlamvu olulodwa kufayela elisayiniwe, uhlelo kumele lukwazi ukubona ukuthi isiginesha ayisafani nokuqukethwe kwasekuqaleni, ngakho-ke, sibheke leso siginesha njengesingavumelekile.
Uma lezi zimo ezine zihlangatshezwa, isiginesha ye-elekthronikhi ethuthukisiwe inikeza iziqinisekiso eziqinile: umthumeli kanye nomamukeli wokuqukethwe bangabonakala ngokuphephile, idokhumenti ayinakushintshwa ingabonwa, futhi akekho ohlangothini olungaphika kamuva ukuthi uhlanganyele ekuxhumaneni, okwaziwa ngokuthi Angenqabi.
Kuyini ngempela isiginesha yedijithali ngokombono wobuchwepheshe?
Uma sibheka imininingwane yobuchwepheshe, "isiginesha yedijithali" incike kakhulu ku- i-cryptography yokhiye womphakathiLolu hlelo, olwaziwa nangokuthi i-cryptography engalingani, lusebenzisa okhiye ababili abahlobene ngokwezibalo: ukhiye wangasese (owaziwa ngumnikazi kuphela) kanye nokhiye womphakathi (owabelwana ngawo nanoma ubani).
Umqondo oyinhloko ukuthi lokho okubethelwe ngokhiye oyimfihlo kungasuswa kuphela ngokhiye womphakathi. ukhiye womphakathi ohlobeneNgakho-ke, uma othile ekwazile ukususa ukubethela umlayezo esebenzisa ukhiye wakho womphakathi, kufakazela ukuthi okuqukethwe kumele ukuthi kwenziwe ngokhiye wakho wangasese. Le mpahla iyisisekelo sobuqiniso kumasignesha edijithali.
Empeleni, isiginesha yedijithali ayigcini nje ngokubethela yonke idokhumenti ngokhiye oyimfihlo, ngoba ama-algorithms okhiye womphakathi ahamba kancane futhi ukusebenza kwawo kuyawohloka njengoba usayizi womlayezo ukhuphuka. Ukuze kugwenywe le nkinga, kungeniswa ingxenye yomlamuleli: i imisebenzi ye-hash.
Umsebenzi we-hash uthatha isethi yedatha yanoma yiluphi usayizi (umbhalo, ifayela le-PDF, isithombe, njll.) bese ukhiqiza isifinyezo sobude obungaguquki. Lesi sifinyezo, ngezinye izikhathi esibizwa ngokuthi "iminwe yedijithali" yedokhumenti, senzelwe ukuthi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthola imiyalezo emibili ehlukene ekhiqiza umphumela we-hash ofanayo.
Ngakho-ke, esikhundleni sokusayina yonke idokhumenti, uhlelo luqala ngokubala isifinyezo salo se-hash bese kuba Bethela leso sifinyezo ngokhiye oyimfihlo kusuka kumsayini. Umphumela obethelwe uwukusayina kwedijithali. Uma umuntu efuna ukukuqinisekisa, kufanele asuse ukubhanqa kwesiginesha ngokhiye womphakathi womsayini, abale kabusha i-hash yedokhumenti, bese eqhathanisa zombili izigxivizo zeminwe zedijithali.
Isibonelo sesinyathelo ngesinyathelo: ukuthi amasignesha edijithali asebenza kanjani ekushintshaneni kwangempela
Cabanga ukuthi u-Ana ufuna ukuthumela uBernardo idokhumenti ebalulekile futhi udinga ukuthi akwazi ukuqinisekisa ngokuqiniseka ukuthi uyithumele nokuthi akekho oke wayithinta endleleni. Bobabili banezibili zabo okhiye bomphakathi nabangasese, njengoba kuvame ukuba njalo lapho usebenza ngezitifiketi zedijithali.
Ukuze usayine umlayezo, inqubo u-Ana azoyilandela izoba cishe yile elandelayo. Okokuqala, uhlelo u-Ana alusebenzisayo lubala isifinyezo se-hash yedokhumenti ezoyithumela. Lo msebenzi uyashesha noma ngabe ifayela likhulu, ngoba umsebenzi we-hash wenzelwe ukusebenza ngamanani amakhulu edatha.
Bese, leso sifinyezo ukubethela kusetshenziswa ukhiye oyimfihlo Ka-Ana. Lesi sinyathelo sikhiqiza isiginesha yedijithali yangempela. Akudingeki ukubethela yonke idokhumenti: i-hash kuphela, esindisa isikhathi kanye nezinsiza zokubala.
Okulandelayo, u-Ana uthumela uBernardo idokhumenti yokuqala kanye nesiginesha yedijithali ekhiqiziwe. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi okuqukethwe kwedokhumenti kungabhalwa ngemfihlo (uma ubumfihlo bungeyona imfuneko) noma kubhalwe ngemfihlo ngezinye izindlela, kodwa isiginesha sinamathiselwe njengento ehlukile noma sifakwe ngaphakathi kwefayela ngokwalo, kuye ngefomethi.
Lapho uBernardo ethola isethi, isicelo sakhe senza ukuhlolwa okuthathu. Okokuqala, Susa ukubhala ngesiginesha usebenzisa ukhiye womphakathi I-hash ka-Ana, etholakale esitifiketini sakhe sedijithali noma endaweni yokugcina ethembekile. Lokhu kubuyisa isifinyezo se-hash esakhiqizwa u-Ana ekuqaleni.
Okwesibili, uhlelo lubala kabusha i-hash yedokhumenti etholiwe Esebenzisa umsebenzi ofanayo. Okwesithathu, uqhathanisa zombili izigxivizo zeminwe zedijithali: leso esifike sibhalwe ngemfihlo ku-Ana kanye nalesi asithole kufayela. Uma zifana, uBernardo uyazi ukuthi idokhumenti ayikashintshwa nokuthi isiginesha kungenzeka ukuthi yadalwa kuphela ngokhiye oyimfihlo ohlotshaniswa nokhiye womphakathi ka-Ana.
Le nqubo iqinisekisa izici ezintathu ezibalulekile: ubuqiniso (uBernardo uyazi ukuthi ubani othumele idokhumenti), ubuqotho (okuqukethwe akukashintshwa), kanye akukho ukwenqatshwa ekuqaleni (U-Ana akanakuphika ngokunengqondo ukuthi wasayina lokho okuqukethwe, uma nje kucatshangwa ukuthi akekho oye wabeka engcupheni ukhiye wakhe wangasese).
Izinzuzo neziqinisekiso ezinikezwa yiziginesha zedijithali
Ngokungafani nesiginesha esibhalwe ngesandla sendabuko, esingakhiwa ngokuzijwayeza okuncane, Kunzima kakhulu ukwakha isiginesha sedijithali esisetshenziswe kahle.Uma nje ukhiye wangasese womsayini uhlala uyimfihlo futhi ungaphansi kokulawula kwakhe kuphela, akekho ongakhiqiza amasignesha asebenzayo egameni lakhe.
Isiginesha yedijithali inikeza nesiqinisekiso esiqinile sokuthi ubuqotho bedokhumentiNoma yiluphi ushintsho kufayela elisayiniwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi lincane kangakanani, luzoshintsha umphumela womsebenzi we-hash futhi lubangele ukuqinisekiswa kwesiginesha ukuthi kwehluleka. Lesi sici sibaluleke kakhulu ezinkontilekeni, imibhalo esemthethweni, amarekhodi ezokwelapha, noma ukuxhumana okubucayi.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukungalahlwa okukhulunywe ngakho ngenhla. Njengoba isiginesha yedijithali isekelwe kukhiye oyimfihlo ohlotshaniswa nesitifiketi esixhunywe kubunikazi bomnikazi, uma kuba nengxabano, kukhona ubufakazi bobuchwepheshe bokuthi ubani osayine ini futhi nini. Ukuze kuqiniswe lobu bufakazi, kuvamile ukuhlanganisa isiginesha ne- isitembu sesikhathi ekhishwe ngumhlinzeki wesevisi othembekile.
Ngokwezinga elingokoqobo, izinzuzo zisobala: ukucubungula ifayela nohulumeni, ukusayina inqubomgomo yomshuwalense, noma ukwamukela imigomo yasebhange konke kungenziwa ukhululekile egumbini lakho lokuphumula, nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ngaphandle kokuhamba noma ukulinda. Futhi konke lokhu ngezinga lokuphepha, ezimweni eziningi, elidlula elokusebenza ephepheni.
Ngokombono wezemvelo, izimpawu zedijithali zinegalelo nciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwephepha kanye nokuthuthwa kwemibhalo ngokomzimba, into okungafanele ithathwe kancane ezinkampanini kanye nohulumeni abaphatha imibhalo eminingi yansuku zonke.
Izitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi: i-FNMT, i-DNIe kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abathembekile
Ukuze isiginesha yedijithali ibe namandla angempela omthetho, isici sobuchwepheshe sodwa asanele. Kubalulekile ukuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kwezihluthulelo ze-cryptographic kanye nobunikazi bomsebenzisi kuphathwe yi- inhlangano ethembekileYilapho-ke izitifiketi ze-elekthronikhi zisebenza khona.
ESpain, enye yezindlela ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yi- Isitifiketi se-Electronic Citizen esivela ku-FNMTLesi sitifiketi, esaziwa nangokuthi isitifiketi Somuntu Siqu noma Somsebenzisi, sikhishwa yi-Spanish Royal Mint (FNMT-RCM). Sixhumanisa umnikazi nedatha yokuqinisekisa isiginesha futhi siqinisekisa ubunikazi bakhe.
Isitifiketi sesakhamuzi, empeleni, siyidokhumenti yedijithali equkethe imininingwane yokuhlonza umnikazi (njengegama nenombolo ye-ID) futhi ifakiwe kusiphequluli noma ohlelweni lokusebenza. Ivumela ukuhlonza kumawebhusayithi e-elekthronikhi kanye nokushintshana kolwazi nabanye abantu noma izinhlangano ngesiqinisekiso sokuthi ngumnikazi kanye noxhumana nabo kuphela abangafinyelela idatha eshintshiwe.
Esinye isici esiyisisekelo I-Electronic DNI (DNIe)Ifaka izitifiketi ezimbili zedijithali ku-chip yayo: eyodwa yokuqinisekisa kanye nenye yokusayina. Lokhu kuvumela kokubili izinqubo zokufinyelela eziphephile kanye nokusayina kwedijithali okunokuqinisekiswa okuthuthukisiwe kwezomthetho, ikakhulukazi lapho amadivayisi nesofthiwe ehlobene kusetshenziswa kahle.
Abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zesitifiketi kanye ne-trust abakhipha lezi zitifiketi kumele babhalwe ohlwini uhlu olusemthethweni lwabaphakeli abaziwayoLolu hlu, olutholakala kumawebhusayithi kahulumeni noma amaphothali, lukuvumela ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi yiziphi izinhlangano ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomthetho nezobuchwepheshe zokukhiqiza izitifiketi nokunikeza izinsizakalo ezifana nezitembu zesikhathi noma ukuqinisekiswa kwesiginesha.
Izidingo zesofthiwe kanye nokucushwa kokusayina nge-elekthronikhi
Ngaphezu kwesitifiketi esisebenzayo, abasebenzisi abafisa ukusayina amadokhumenti ngogesi kumele babe nesiqinisekiso sokuthi amathuluzi ezobuchwepheshe kukhompyutha noma kudivayisi yakho. Isibonelo esivame kakhulu ku-Spanish Administration uhlelo lokusebenza lwe-AutoFirma, okumele lufakwe ngaphambi kokuxhuma ezinhlelweni ezidinga isiginesha.
Kunconywa ukuthi uhlole ukuthi unayo inguqulo ebuyekeziwe ye-AutoFirmaIfayela lingalandwa kusuka kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni (https://firmaelectronica.gob.es/Home/Descargas.html). Kuzinhlelo ze-Microsoft Windows, ukufakwa kuvame ukudinga amalungelo okuphatha, ngakho-ke ezindaweni zezinkampani kungadingeka ukuxhumana nomnyango we-IT ukuze uqedele inqubo.
Uma usebenzisa ikhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi, kubalulekile ukuba nekhadi le-ID inguqulo yakamuva yemojuli ye-cryptographic Imojuli ye-DNIe, etholakala kuwebhusayithi esemthethweni (http://www.dnielectronico.es, esigabeni sokulanda), ivumela uhlelo lokusebenza nezinhlelo zokusebenza ukufinyelela ngokuphephile i-chip ye-DNI.
Ngenxa yezizathu ezisebenzayo, ezinye izinhlelo zikhawulela ithuba lokusayina nge-elekthronikhi kulezo zitifiketi ezinazo Inombolo ye-ID ehambisanayo ifana neyomsebenzisi ongene ngemvume. kuhlelo lokusebenza. Lokhu kuhlose ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umuntu oqinisekisiwe ohlelweni kuphela ongakhipha amasignesha kuleyo ndawo, enezela ungqimba olwengeziwe lokuvikela.
Kunconywa futhi ukuba nesiphequluli esibuyekeziwe (i-Chrome, i-Firefox, i-Edge, njll.) nokuhlola ukuthi abashayeli nezinhlelo ezidingekayo zesitifiketi noma ikhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi (i-DNIe) zifakwe kahle. Ezinqubweni eziningi zokusayina, uhlelo luzodinga ukufakwa kwe-a Iphinikhodi yokungena, okwaziwa ngumnikazi kuphela, okusiza ukugcina ukulawula okukhethekile ekusetshenzisweni kwesitifiketi.
Sebenzisa futhi usebenzise isiginesha yedijithali ngezitifiketi ze-DNIe kanye ne-FNMT
Ukusebenzisa ikhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi njengendlela yokusayina yedijithali kudinga izinyathelo ezimbalwa zokuqala. Okokuqala, udinga ukuba nekhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi. isifundi sekhadi le-ID elihambisanayo ngekhompyutha noma idivayisi ezosetshenziswa kuyo. Laba bafundi bavame ukuxhuma nge-USB futhi badinga abashayeli babo.
Okwesibili, udinga ukufaka isofthiwe esemthethweni yekhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi, etholakala kuwebhusayithi ekhethiwe. Leli phakheji lifaka imodyuli ye-cryptographic kanye, ngezinye izikhathi, namathuluzi asizayo okuphathwa kwesitifiketi nokuhlolwa kokusebenza.
Izitifiketi zedijithali ezifakwe ku-chip yekhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi (i-DNIe) kungenzeka zingasebenzi noma kungenzeka ziphelelwe yisikhathi. Uma kunjalo, umsebenzisi kumele aye ku-... isiteshi samaphoyisa esinendawo yokuvuselela ukuvuselela noma ukuvuselela izitifiketi. Inqubo ivame ukushesha futhi yenziwa kuma-terminal athile.
Uma konke sekulungisiwe, ikhadi le-ID le-elekthronikhi (i-DNIe) likuvumela ukuthi usayine amadokhumenti e-elekthronikhi futhi ufinyelele amawebhusayithi omphakathi nawangasese ngezinga eliphezulu lokuphepha. Lapho usayina, uhlelo luzocela I-PIN ye-DNIeokuyinto eyaziwa ngumnikazi kuphela. Ngaphandle kwale PIN, akunakwenzeka ukusebenzisa izitifiketi zedokhumenti, ngaleyo ndlela kuqinisa ukulawula okukhethekile phezu kwesiginesha.
Uma umfundi wekhadi lomazisi kazwelonke engekho noma kukhona okunye okukhethwayo, ungasebenzisa Isitifiketi sedijithali se-FNMTUkuze uyithole, inqubo evamile ifaka isicelo esiku-inthanethi ngewebhusayithi ye-FNMT, isigaba esilandelayo sokuqinisekisa ubuwena ehhovisi eligunyaziwe (isibonelo, ihhovisi le-Tax Agency noma le-Social Security) kanye, ekugcineni, ukulanda nokufaka isitifiketi kukhompyutha.
Izinsizakalo zokusayina amadokhumenti ku-inthanethi: ukuphepha nezici ezivamile
Ngaphandle kwezitifiketi nezinhlelo zokusebenza zasendaweni, amathuluzi ewebhu ayanda kakhulu avumela Sayina ama-PDF kanye namanye amafomethi edokhumenti ngqo kusuka kusiphequluli. Eziningi zalezi zinkundla zinikeza izinketho eziningana zokusayina: ukudweba isignesha ngegundane noma ngomunwe, ukuthayipha igama, ukulayisha isithombe sesignesha ebhalwe ngesandla, noma ngisho nokuhlanganisa izitifiketi zedijithali.
Lezi zixazululo zivame ukufaka izici ezengeziwe njengokwengeza Oonobumba bokuqala, izinsuku, izinkambu zombhalo, amabhokisi okuhlola noma inketho yokumema abasayini abaningi ngokunikeza amagama abo namakheli e-imeyili. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukulungiselela inkontileka noma isivumelwano sokuthi abantu abaningana basayine ngaphandle kokushintshanisa izinguqulo nge-imeyili.
Ngokuphathelene nokuphepha, amapulatifomu athembekile ahlanganisa ukubethela kwe-TLS okuthuthukisiwe ukuvikela ukudluliselwa kwamafayela futhi athembele kukho Izinqubo ze-HTTPS ukuqinisekisa ubumfihlo bokuxhumana. Abanye banezitifiketi zokuphathwa kokuphepha kolwazi, njenge-ISO/IEC 27001, futhi bamemezela ukuhambisana ne-GDPR kanye ne-eIDAS.
Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- I-LTV (ukuqinisekiswa kwesikhathi eside) isitembu sesikhathiLolu uphawu olufakwa amanye amathuluzi kumasignesha edijithali. Lolu phawu lunikeza izinga elengeziwe lokuqinisekisa futhi lusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isignesha ayinakwenziwa noma ishintshwe, njengoba igcina ulwazi oluqinisekisiwe mayelana nokuthi isignesha yenziwe nini.
Eziningi zalezi zingxenyekazi zinikeza izinhlelo zamahhala ezilinganiselwe (isibonelo, ukuvumela ukusayina okubili ngosuku mahhala) kanye nezilingo zesikhashana zokufinyelela kuzo zonke izici. Kunoma ikuphi, uma uzisebenzisa ngezinjongo ezifanele ngokomthetho, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ubuyekeze amadokhumenti ethuluzi futhi, uma kudingeka, ucele usizo olwengeziwe. Iseluleko sochwepheshe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlobo lwesiginesha olukhiqizwe lufanele ukusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe.
Ukusetshenziswa kwansuku zonke kwezimpawu zedijithali: Ukuphatha, amabhange kanye nempilo yansuku zonke
Ukwanda kweziginesha zedijithali kuhlobene kakhulu nokwanda kokwenziwa kwedijithali kwezinsizakalo zokuphatha umphakathi kanye nezezimali. Namuhla, ukuthengiselana okuningi nezinhlangano zomphakathi kungenziwa ku-inthanethi kusetshenziswa isiginesha sedijithali. isitifiketi sedijithali noma i-DNIe, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuya ehhovisi ngokoqobo.
Phakathi kokusetshenziswa okuvame kakhulu kungenzeka ukuthi Sayina amadokhumenti asemthethweni usekhaya, faka amafomu entela, phatha izinqubo ne-Social Security, xhumana nomlando womsebenzi noma wezokwelapha, sebenzisa irejista kamasipala noma uvuselele izinzuzo ezifana nokungasebenzi.
Emkhakheni wamabhange, amasignesha edijithali avame ukusetshenziswa gunyaza ukusebenzaUkusayina izinkontileka zomkhiqizo wezezimali, ukwamukela imigomo yokusebenzisa, noma ukubonisana ngemibhalo yesivumelwano kumane nje kungenye yezixazululo izinhlangano ezifana neGrupo Caja Rural ezizisebenzisile ukuze zinikeze izinsizakalo ezisheshayo nezilula kakhudlwana, ezitholakala ngeziteshi zedijithali nganoma yisiphi isikhathi.
Nasemkhakheni ozimele, amasignesha edijithali asetshenziswa ukuqedela izivumelwano zokuqasha, izinqubomgomo zomshuwalense, izivumelwano zokubambisana, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwesabelomali, konke ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlangothi zidinga ukuba khona ngokoqobo. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuyasiza kakhulu ezimweni zokusebenza ngocingo noma zokubambisana okude.
Ngamafuphi, isiginesha yedijithali isibe ithuluzi eliyisihluthulelo lempilo yansuku zonkeokwenza izinqubo zibe lula, kunciphisa ukuhamba futhi kuthuthukise ukuphepha okusemthethweni kokusebenzisana okuningi okwakudinga ukuba khona emafasiteleni noma emahhovisi ngaphambilini.
Ngazo zonke lezi zinto ezingenhla, kusobala ukuthi ukuqonda ukuthi kusebenza kanjani isiginesha yedijithali kanye nesiginesha ye-elekthronikhiUkuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezikhona ngokoMthethonqubo we-eIDAS, ukuthi izitifiketi ze-FNMT, i-DNIe kanye nabahlinzeki bezinsizakalo abathembekile badlala yiphi indima, nokuthi yiziphi izidingo zobuchwepheshe ezidingekayo (i-AutoFirma, amamojula e-cryptographic, abafundi, iziphequluli ezibuyekeziwe) kubalulekile ekusebenziseni izinqubo eziku-inthanethi ngaphandle kokumangala kanye nazo zonke iziqinisekiso zomthetho, kanye nokusebenzisa izixazululo zesiginesha yamafu eziphephile neziqinisekisiwe ezenza kube lula ukucutshungulwa kwamadokhumenti noma nini, noma kuphi.