Izimali zomphakathi: incazelo, izakhi kanye nokubuka konke kwamanje

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Ingxoxo ngezimali zomphakathi ayikaze ibe yinto ephuthumayo kakhulu kunamanje. Kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesabelomali kuya ekulawulweni kwezikweletu, kanye nokuhlanganisa ukuhlanganiswa nenqubomgomo yezimali, konke kunegalelo ekusekeleni izinsizakalo ezisithinta nsuku zonke. Kulesi simo, impilo yezezimali Sekuyi-barometer yokuzethemba kubatshalizimali, emakhaya kanye namabhizinisi, futhi kuyisici esibalulekile sokusekela ukukhula kwesikhathi esimaphakathi.

Ngaphandle kwezincazelo ezingokomthetho, kunezibalo, izinqumo kanye neziqephu zakamuva okufanele zigcinwe ku-radar: ukubuyekezwa kwezindlela zokulingisa eSlovakia ezixhaswe yiKhomishini, ukushintshela koHulumeni wase-US ekukhokheni okuphezulu kakhulu, ukwesaba kweBrithani ngesabelomali esincane sika-2022 noma indlela yaseSpain kusukela ekushaqekeni kuka-2020 kuya ekulungisweni kancane kancane kwesikweletu. Lesi sihloko sibuyekeza imiqondo, izinto ezibalulekile kanye nezinkinga zentela zamanje eSpain, eYurophu naseLatin Americaukuhlanganisa idatha nobufakazi ukuze kuqondwe ukuthi yini esengozini.

Ziyini izimali zomphakathi futhi zisetshenziselwani?

Izimali zomphakathi zihlanganisa zonke izinqumo, imisebenzi, kanye nezinqubomgomo lapho umkhakha womphakathi uthola, uphatha, futhi wabela khona izinsiza. Empeleni, Zihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kwentela, ukuhlela izindleko, kanye nokuphathwa kwezikweletu. ukuqhubeka nokusebenzisa izinsizakalo nezinhlelo ezizuzisa umphakathi wonkana (ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, impesheni, ingqalasizinda, ezokuphepha, njll.).

Empeleni, le ndawo ihlanganisa ukuhlela, ukuthola nokuphatha izimali ngamazinga ahlukene kahulumeniImali engenayo ivela kakhulu ezinteleni, ezinkokhelweni, kanye nasezinteleni; izindleko ziqondiswe ezinqubweni zomphakathi kanye nasekudluliselweni kwemali. Ukucaca ekusetshenzisweni kwezinsizakusebenza, ibhalansi yezimali, kanye nokusebenza kahle ekwabiweni kwemali kuyizimiso ezibalulekile ukuze uhlelo lusebenze.

Izinto ezibalulekile zezimali zomphakathi

1. Ibhajethi uhulumeni: uhlelo olubeka imali engenayo kanye nezindleko, futhi lwembula izinto eziza kuqala kwinqubomgomo yezomnotho.
2. Isikweletu somphakathi: ukuxhaswa ngezimali ngesikweletu okumazinga aso kanye nokusimama okubeka uzinzo kanye nezinqumo zesikhathi esizayo.
3. Izintela: umthombo oyinhloko wezinsizakusebenza; ukwakheka kwayo kuthinta ukulingana, izikhuthazo kanye nokwabiwa kwemali engenayo.
4. Ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi: kuyini okutshalwe imali kukho (ezempilo, ezemfundo, ingqalasizinda…) nokuthi izimali zihunyushwa kanjani ngempumelelo zibe imiphumela yezenhlalo.
5. Ibhalansi yezimali: ubudlelwano phakathi kwemali engenayo kanye nezindleko; ukuntuleka kanye nokweqile kunemiphumela eqondile yezomnotho.
6. Ukuphawula kanye nokuziphendulela: ulwazi olucacile nolufinyeleleka kalula lokuhlola ukuphathwa kwezezimali nokuvimbela ukungasebenzi kahle.
7. Umatrasi wezimo eziphuthumayo: izimali ezigciniwe zokusabela ezinkingeni (izinhlekelele noma ukwehla kwamandla omnotho) ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni ukuzinza kwezezimali.
8. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezimali nezimali: ukuvumelana phakathi kwenqubomgomo yezimali kanye namathuluzi ezimali ukuze kuzinziswe umnotho.

Imisebenzi kanye nezinhloso eziza kuqala

Ngokwemigomo yokusebenza, izimali zomphakathi zinomthwalo wemisebenzi eminingi. Lezi yizona ezifanele kakhulu ekusebenzeni:

• Ukulungiswa kwesabelomali sonyaka kanye neseminyaka eminingi.
• Ukuqoqwa yentela kanye nezimali.
• Ukuphathwa kwe- isikweletu kanye nephrofayili yokuvuthwa.
• Ukulawula nokuhlola izindleko yezokuphatha.
• Ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezinqubomgomo nezindawo.
• Incazelo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe inqubomgomo yezimali.
• Izindlela zokuzinzisa umnotho wezwe lonke zithathwa ukuze kuphendulwe ukushaqeka.
• Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwephrojekthi ingqalasizinda.
• Ukuhlolwa komthelela wezomnotho wezinguquko zentela.
• Ukuhlolwa kwezimali kanye nokuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwezimali.
• Thuthukisa ku- ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi.
• Ukusekelwa kwezinhlelo zomphakathi ezibaluleke kakhulu.
• Ukulawulwa kwesistimu ezezimali kanye nezamabhange.
• Ukuxhumana nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezindabeni zentela.
• Ukuthuthukisa ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ukuze kwandiswe inani lomphakathi.

Kungani kubalulekile: ukukhula, ukuzethemba, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali

Ukuphathwa kwezimali okunengqondo kuvumela ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwezinsizakalo ezibalulekile, amaphrojekthi aguqulayo, kanye nezindlela zokuphepha. Uma izimali zomphakathi ziqinile, ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali kanye nezakhamuzi kuyakhula.Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kukahulumeni kuba ngeshibhile futhi kwakheka izimo ezinhle zokukhula okuqhubekayo.

Okuphambene nalokho kwenzeka: ukuwohloka okusheshayo kwesimo sezimali kuphakamisa amaphrimiyamu obungozi futhi kucindezele izimo zezimali kulo lonke umnotho. Ngakho-ke ukubaluleka kokuzinza kwesabelomali, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokusobala njengezinsika zezikhungo.

Izingozi zakamuva kanye nezifundo zomhlaba wonke

Isithombe sigcwele izimpawu eziyisixwayiso. E-United States, isiqondiso esisha sezimali sikhomba ukuntuleka okukhulu kwemali iminyaka eminingi, cishe u-7% we-GDP, okungase kunyuse isikweletu siye endleleni ekhuphukela cishe ku-130% we-GDP phakathi neminyaka emihlanu, futhi kwandise ingozi yokuthi ukunciphisaKusukela ngoNovemba 2024, Izibikezelo zokukhula konyaka zincishiswe ngaphezu kwengxenye yephuzu Futhi isimo sesikhathi esimaphakathi naso siye saba sibi kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukulungisa kwezimali esikhathini esizayo.

Okuhlangenwe nakho kukhombisa ukuthi ukuzethemba kunganyamalala ngezinsuku ezimbalwa. Thatha isimemezelo sase-UK sokunciphisa intela okungasekelwanga ngasekupheleni kuka-2022, isibonelo, okwaphazamisa imakethe yamabhondi futhi kwaphoqa ukuthi kuguqulwe ngokushesha. Ngesikhathi senkinga yezezimali yomhlaba wonke, amaphrimiyamu engozi alawo mazwe abizwa ngokuthi ama-PIIGS akhuphuke kakhulu ngesikhathi esifushane kakhulu. Ezindaweni ezisengozini yokulahlekelwa yizingcuphe, ukuqina kwezezimali kuvame ukusabalala emazweni amaningi.Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izisekelo zayo ziyini, lokhu kudinga izikhundla eziqinisiwe lapho umoya uvunguza ngendlela esiyithandayo.

ISpain namuhla: isikweletu, ukuntuleka kwemali, ukukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza kahle

ESpain, isikweletu somphakathi singaphezu kancane kuka-100% we-GDP. Lokhu kuphakeme kunakweminye iminotho ethuthukile (cishe u-75% unesikweletu esiphansi njengephesenti le-GDP), yize siphansi kunasemazweni amakhulu njengeFrance, i-Italy, i-United States, noma iJapan. Ukwenyuka kwamaphuzu angu-22 kwi-GDP ngo-2020 ngenxa yobhubhane bekumangalisaKodwa-ke, ukulungiswa okulandelayo kusondele kakhulu kunesilinganiso sika-2019, yize sisalokhu siphezulu ngamaphuzu amane.

Ukuntuleka kwemali kwaphela ngo-2024 ku-3,2% we-GDP, ngaphansi kwe-United States (7,3%), iFrance (5,8%) kanye ne-United Kingdom (5,7%). Ngalesi sikweletu, futhi uma ukukhula kuqhubeka, isikweletu singaqhubeka nokwehla kancane kancane.Eqinisweni, ukuguquguquka kwe-GDP yaseSpain kuye kwagqama phakathi kontanga yayo: cishe ama-90% eminotho ethuthukile enze kabi ngo-2024, futhi intuthuko ibonakale kwezingxenye ezingaphezu kwengxenye zemikhakha ngokusho kwe-CaixaBank Research Sector Indicator, kungekho mikhakha ekhula ngaphansi kuka-1%.

Lokhu kuqina kuholele ezimakethe: iprimiyamu yengozi yaseSpain iyaqhubeka nokwehla kwayo futhi manje ingaphansi kweFrance ne-Italy. Ukuze kuqiniswe lesi simo, Kunezindlela ezimbili: qhubeka nokunciphisa ukuntuleka kwemali kanye nokwandisa umkhiqizoPhakathi kuka-2014 no-2024, i-GDP ngehora elisebenziwe ikhule kancane ngesilinganiso esingu-0,5% ngonyaka; phakathi kuka-2022 no-2024, izinga liphindwe kabili laya ku-1,0%.

Isikhathi esifushane sikhomba ukuqhubeka kokulungiswa ngenxa yamandla omsebenzi wezomnotho, kodwa esikhathini esimaphakathi, ingcindezi yokusebenzisa imali izokwanda ngenxa yezidingo ezinkulu kwezokuvikela, ezempilo kanye nezinzuzo zomphakathi. Imali engenayo yomphakathi isondele kakhulu kunesilinganiso samazwe athuthukile.Futhi, ngokwezinkomba zeBhange Lomhlaba mayelana nekhwalithi yesevisi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwenqubomgomo, amazwe amaningi anemali engenayo ephezulu ngomuntu ngamunye abonisa ukuphathwa okuphumelelayo. Kunendawo enkulu yokuthuthuka lapha.

Isithombe Esifinyeziwe sika-2020-2024: Ukuntuleka Kwemali, Isikweletu Nokuhlela

Ukuhlaziya okulinganiselwe kwezemfundo (Cuadernos de Información Económica, May-June 2021), okubhalwe ngu-Desiderio Romero-Jordán kanye noJosé Félix Sanz-Sanz, kunikeza ukulandelana kwezikhathi ezinemininingwane yenkinga yezimali ebangelwe yi-COVID-19. Ngo-2020, ukushoda komkhakha womphakathi kwaba ngu-10,1% we-GDP (ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-113.172) futhi, ngemva kokuhlelwa kabusha okudingwa yi-Eurostat kokushoda kwe-SAREB (ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-9.900 akhokhiswa ngo-2020), inani eliphelele lalingu-10,97% we-GDP. La mazinga asondele eziqongweni zika-2010 no-2012, futhi kuphoqelelwe inqubo yesibili yokuhlanganisa eminyakeni engaphezu kwamashumi amabili nje kuphela.

Ngokwengxenye encane, ukuntuleka kukahulumeni ophakathi kufinyelele ku-7,49% (cishe amaphuzu angu-0,9% aphezulu kunalokho obekulindelwe), ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwamanye amazinga kahulumeni; ukuntuleka kwezokuphepha komphakathi kuthuthukile uma kuqhathaniswa nezilinganiso zokuqala; imiphakathi ezimele ivale ngokuntuleka okungu-0,21%, kanti iziphathimandla zendawo zithole ukuntuleka okungu-0,26%. Imiphakathi ezimele eyisishiyagalombili isuke ekusweleni ngo-2019 yaya ekulahlekelweni ngo-2020: i-Andalusia, i-Aragon, i-Asturias, iziQhingi zaseBalearic, iCantabria, iCastile-La Mancha, iCastile neLeón, kanye neLa Rioja. Sekukonke, ukuntuleka kwesifunda kwehle ngo-65,7%..

Imali esetshenzisiwe ekubhekaneni nobhubhane ifinyelele ku-€44.907 billion, okungu-90% wayo ixhaswe nguhulumeni ophakathi. Cishe ingxenye (47,9%) yabelwa izinhlelo zokuphumula (ama-ERTE), u-18,4% wabelwa ukunakekelwa kwempilo (okuphathwa ohulumeni bezifunda), kanye no-17,3% ukusiza abazisebenzayo (izibonelelo nezinye izinzuzo). U-€16.000 billion ezikhwameni ezingabuyiselwa emuva zadluliselwa ezifundeni nge-COVID Fund, kanye no-€22.357 billion ohlelweni lwe-Social Security. Isamba semali esetshenzisiwe ngumphakathi sifinyelele ku-576.489 million (51,5% we-GDP), okuyirekhodi eliphezulu kakhulu.

Ngasohlangothini lwemali engenayo, ukuqoqwa kwentela kwehle ngo-7,8% ngo-2020. Intela yomuntu siqu yengeniso yahlala izinzile cishe (+0,03%), isekelwa ukwanda ngo-2% kweholo lomkhakha kahulumeni, ukwanda ngo-0,9% kwempesheni, kanye nomphumela "womshuwalense" wezinhlelo zokuxoshwa kwesikhashana (izisebenzi eziyizigidi ezingu-3,55 ngesikhathi ziphezulu ngo-Ephreli 2020). I-VAT kanye nentela yentela yempahla yehle ngo-12,8%, kanye nentela yengeniso yezinkampani ngo-12,7%, ngokuhambisana nokwehla okukhulu kokusetshenziswa kwemindeni (-12,4%) kanye nokuwa kwezokuvakasha (-77% kwezivakashi). Iminikelo yezokuphepha komphakathi ikhuphuke ngo-0,8%..

Isabelomali sika-2021 sasisekelwe esibikezelweni sokukhula esingu-9,8%, kodwa i-Update to the Stability Programme (APE-2021) yehlise yaya ku-6,5% (amaphuzu angu--3,3%). Ukungaqiniseki okubalulekile kwaqhubeka: umgomo wokugoma ongu-70% ekupheleni kwehlobo uma kuqhathaniswa nomgomo ongaphansi kuka-9% phakathi no-Ephreli; ukuqaliswa kanye nezinguquko ezihlobene nohlelo lokubuyisela, ukuguquka kanye nokuqina lwe-€140.000 billion (ne-AIReF elinganisela umthelela wamaphuzu angu-1,6% we-GDP ngo-2021); kanye nokuvuselelwa kwezokuvakasha okwakungalindelekile ukuthi kufezwe ngokugcwele kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2022 noma ekuqaleni kuka-2023. Isilinganiso sokuntuleka kwemali esilindelwe ngo-2021 sibekwe ku-8,4% we-GDP8.700 billion ngaphezulu kunasesibikezelweni esathunyelwa eBrussels emasontweni edlule.

I-AIReF ihlukanise imiphumela: ukwehla kwamaphuzu angu-1,6 ekukhuleni kuzokhulisa isikweletu ngephuzu eli-1; izinyathelo ezintsha (isibonelo, usizo lwe-solvency aid kanye nokwandiswa kwentela kanye nokungakwazi ukukhokha, okunomthelela wamaphuzu angaba ngu-0,7) zizongeza cishe iphuzu eli-1. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amandla amathathu azonciphisa isikweletu: ukuphela okungcono kuka-2020 kanye nemali engenayo yentela enamandla ekuqaleni kuka-2021 (amaphuzu angu-2,3), ukuhoxiswa kwezinyathelo zesikhashana ngo-2020 (iphuzu eli-1), kanye nokungabikho kokuhlelwa kabusha okusha okufana nokwe-SAREB (iphuzu eli-1). Uhulumeni ubikezele indlela eya ku-3,2% we-GDP ngo-2024 (5,0% ngo-2022 kanye no-4,0% ngo-2023), okusekelwa ukuhoxiswa kwezinyathelo ze-COVID kanye nomjikelezo wokwanda kwe-PRTR.

Kodwa-ke, uhlelo oluphelele lokuhlanganisa aluzange luchazwe kabanzi. Ukufakwa kwezimali zomkhakha womphakathi kanye nezimpesheni ku-CPI kwandisa ingxenye yesakhiwo sokusetshenziswa kwemali, kanti ukususwa okungenzeka kwentela engenayo ehlanganyelwe (elinganiselwa ku-€2.400 billion ngonyaka) kudale ukugxekwa nokungabaza ngokuvunyelwa kwayo. Izibikezelo ezisemthethweni, njengokushoda okungu-5% ngo-2022, zibonakalise zinethemba elikhulu kunezabanye abahlaziyi, abakubeka ngaphezu kuka-5,6%. Iseluleko esiyisisekelo: ukuhlakanipha nokuklama isu lokuhlanganisa elithembekile.

Isikweletu somphakathi sikhuphuke sisuka ku-95,5% we-GDP ngo-2019 saya ku-120% ngo-2020 (ukwenyuka kwamaphesenti angu-24,5), okulingana ne-€1,345 trillion (ukwenyuka kwe-€156.725 billion). I-AIReF ibeka amaphuzu angu-10,5% kumphumela we-denominator ngenxa yokuwa kwe-GDP, amaphuzu angu-11% ku-deficit enkulu, kanye namaphuzu angu-3% ekuhlukanisweni kabusha kwesikweletu se-SAREB (€35.000 billion). Ingxenye enkulu yesikweletu isezandleni zoHulumeni Ophakathi, kulandelwe yi-Autonomous Communities, Social Security kanye nezinhlangano zasendaweni.

Ngo-2021, uhulumeni ubeke isikweletu ku-119,5% we-GDP (amaphuzu amaphesenti angu-0,5), isibikezelo esiphansi kunese-BBVA (120,4%), i-IMF (121,3%), i-European Commission (122%), noma i-OECD (120,5%). Ngo-2023, uhulumeni wayelindele u-113,3%, kuyilapho iBhange laseSpain libeke isimo salo esiyinhloko ku-117,6%. Njengoba kubuya imithetho yezimali yaseYurophu (eyayilindeleke ngaleso sikhathi ngo-2023), uhlelo oluqinile nolusekelwa yizepolitiki lwalubalulekile. Ukuzinza kwesikhathi eside kuncike emazingeni enzalo aphansi kanye nokulindela okuqinileCishe ingxenye yesikweletu esakhishwa ngo-2021 yayinezilinganiso ezingezinhle, kodwa ukuhoxiswa kwe-PEPP yi-ECB kuzobeka ingcindezi ephezulu ezindleleni zezimali.

Ngokuphathelene ne-SAREB, kufanelekile ukukhumbula amaphuzu amabili obuchwepheshe: i) yize ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi kwakungaphansi kwama-50%, i-Eurostat yayidinga ukuhlanganiswa kwesikweletu kanye nesikweletu ngenxa yesiqinisekiso sikahulumeni kanye nokulahlekelwa okuqongelelwe; ii) I-SAREB yasungulwa ngo-2012 ukuphatha izimpahla eziphazamisekile zesistimu yezezimali. Imininingwane yezimali eshintsha isithombe esengeziwe nokuthi i-APE-2021 kwadingeka ukuthi ihlanganise konke ngesikhathi esisodwa.

Isiqephu sezemfundo esicashuniwe (usuku lokushicilelwa: Meyi 2021) sinikeza amagama angukhiye anjengokuthi ukuntuleka kwemali, isikweletu, i-COVID-19, izibikezelo kanye nokuhlanganiswafuthi itholakala ngefomethi ye-PDF. Izinkomba zayo zifaka phakathi i-AIReF (2021), iBhange laseSpain (2021a kanye no-2021b), i-BBVA Research (2021), i-European Commission (2020), i-IMF (2020), i-IGAE (2021a kanye no-2021b), i-Ministry of Finance (2020 kanye no-2021), i-Ministry of Health (2021), i-OECD (2020) kanye nemisebenzi yangaphambilini kaRomero kanye noSanz (2019) kanye noSanz kanye noRomero (2020).

Ukubambisana kanye nendlela yokusebenza: icala laseSlovakia

Ezingeni lezikhungo, iKhomishini yaseYurophu isekela uMkhandlu Wesibopho Sesabelomali saseSlovakia ukuze uthuthukise amamodeli awo alinganisa imiphumela esheshayo, yokuziphatha kanye neyezimali ezihlanganisiwe zezinyathelo ezingaba khona. Ukumodela okungcono kulingana nezinqumo ezingcono kanye nezimanga ezimbalwa, into ebalulekile endaweni eguquguqukayo.

Izinkinga zentela zamanje: iColombia, iMexico, iFrance kanye neSpain ezimele

EColombia, iSenate ivumile ukuncishiswa kwe-peso ngama-60.000 billion eHhovisi lika-Ombudsman uma kuqhathaniswa no-2025. Lokhu kulungiswa kuza ngesikhathi sokukhula kwempi ehlomile kanye nangemuva kokuncishiswa kosizo lwabantu yi-United States; U-ombudsperson, u-Iris Marín, wakhala ngokuntuleka kokuzimisela ukuhlanganyela engxoxweni..

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthethosivivinywa wamandla esifunda uyaqhubeka, ozochaza ukuthi ukudluliselwa kwezifunda kusetshenziswa kanjani—ukudluliselwa okuzokwanda ngemuva kokuguqulwa komthethosisekelo kwamuva. Intatheli uDiana Calderón ubelokhu egxeka le ndlela. Ingozi yezezimali yokwandisa izibopho ngaphandle kokusekelwa okuzinzile ingokoqobo.

Isabelomali singavalwa ngesinqumo ngemuva kokwenqatshwa buthule kwesiphakamiso se-Executive; Uma iCongress ingavumelani ngezindinganiso, umongameli unenketho yokukhipha isinqumo. ukugwema ukukhubaza ama-akhawunti.

Uhulumeni waseGustavo Petro umemezele ukuguqulwa kwentela okusha futhi ubikezela ukuntuleka okungu-7,1% we-GDP ngo-2025. Ongqongqoshe abane bezezimali basebenze (uJosé Antonio Ocampo, uRicardo Bonilla, uDiego Guevara, kanye noGermanán Ávila), kanti ukusula emsebenzini kanye nokuqashwa kuhlobene... ukungezwani kwezepolitiki kanye namacala enkohlakalo Lezi zihlazo zifake i-UNGRD (i-National Unit for Disaster Risk Management) futhi zaholela ezikhalweni ezifakwe eHhovisi Lomshushisi, okuhlanganisa nendodana kamongameli kanye nomphathi womkhankaso. Kulesi simo, kwabikwa nomzamo wokuthonya inkampani kahulumeni i-Urrá SA, kanti umongameli wacela ukuthi ungqongqoshe osolwayo asule esikhundleni, ngesikhathi esifanayo evikela ungqongqoshe wakhe wezezimali phakathi nale nkinga futhi efuna isikhathi esengeziwe sokudlulisa umthetho wezezimali ukuze kugwenywe ukungakhokhi.

Kuye kwaphakanyiswa ukuthi, ngokwezimali, kunjengokungathi ubhubhane aluphelanga: Izikhala zesabelomali ziyaqhubeka Futhi izinqumo zisalinde ezindabeni ezibucayi, njengokwenyuka okulindelekile kwezindleko zokukhokha intela. IBhange laseBogotá lilinganisela ukuthi isabelomali sizoba yi-3,3% ye-GDP, futhi izingxoxo ziyaqhubeka mayelana nokuthi ngabe olunye ushintsho lwentela lufanelekile yini eminyakeni emine, ikakhulukazi ngemva kwezinqumo zenkantolo kanye nokwehla kwemali engenayo ngenxa yenzuzo ephansi yezinkampani.

Emkhakheni wezenhlalo, uMnyango wenqabile ukuphakamisa iphrimiyamu ngelungu ngalinye ohlelweni lwezempilo ngaphezu kokwehla kwamandla emali, ucaphuna ulwazi olungathembekile oluvela ku-EPS (Izinhlangano Ezikhuthaza Impilo); abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukungalandeli imithetho kubangelwa yigatsha Eliphezulu nokuthi Iziguli akufanele zishiywe ngaphandle kokwelashwaKuye kwavela ukungezwani ngokuxhaswa ngemali kwamanyuvesi: umbusi wase-Antioquia wavikela ukonga imali futhi wakhomba izikweletu ezingakhokhelwa zikahulumeni ophakathi, kuyilapho iSigungu Esiphezulu sisekela inhlangano yabafundi ngaphandle kokunikeza izinsiza ezengeziwe.

EMexico, uMthetho Wezimali We-2026 uxoxwa ngaphandle kokuguqulwa okukhulu kwentela, kodwa ngokulindela ukwanda kwemithwalo yentela ngonyaka lapho Ukusetshenziswa kanye nokukhula kwezilinganiso kuncane kakhuluUkwenyusa i-VAT ngephuzu elilodwa bekungeke kungenise ama-peso ayizigidigidi ezingama-80.000, okunganele ukubhekana negebe kwezezimali zomphakathi.

IBhange laseMexico lizodlulisela kuhulumeni imali elingana no-0,05% we-GDP, engaphansi kakhulu kwama-peso ayizigidigidi eziyi-100.000 alindelwe yimakethe. UMnyango Wezezimali wehlise isibikezelo sawo sokukhula saya ku-1,5%–2,3% ngenxa yokutshalwa kwezimali okubuthakathaka kanye nokusetshenziswa kanye nokungaqiniseki okuphathelene nezinguquko kunqubomgomo yezomnotho yase-US. UNgqongqoshe Wezezimali omusha wethula i-Pre-Criteria ka-2026 Phakathi kwezingxabano zezohwebo kanye nethuba lokuwohloka komnotho, kuyilapho uNgqongqoshe Ongaphansi kuka-Amador Zamora enqaba ukwehla komnotho ngo-2025 futhi ekhuluma ngokusimama ngemva kokukhula kancane kancane kwekota.

UMongameli uSheinbaum ubhekene nenselele yokunciphisa ukungalingani okukhulu kakhulu kwemali engenayo eminyakeni engama-36 ngaphandle kokupholisa umnotho. Izophinde izuze isikweletu esicishe sibe ngu-50% we-GDP ngo-2024Lokhu kunciphisa ithuba lokukhulisa izinhlelo zomphakathi ngaphandle kokulungiswa okufanayo.

E-United States, uHulumeni kaTrump uqhosha ngezigidigidi zemali eyongiwe, kodwa Ukuhlaziya okuzimele kuyazibuza lezo zibalo.Ukwethembeka kwezibikezelo kanye nekhwalithi yokuhlolwa kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukulinganisa ngokweqile imiphumela.

EFrance, undunankulu ophumayo ucabangele ukuhoxisa izinguquko zempesheni eziphikisanayo zesikhathi seMacron ukuze kushwelezwe abasekhohlo. Ibhalansi phakathi kokuzinza kohlelo kanye nokwamukelwa komphakathi ibuya enkabeni yengxoxo.

ESpain, impikiswano ngokuxhaswa ngezimali kwesifunda iyaqhubeka: imali engaphezu kwama-€950 ngomuntu ngamunye ihlukanisa isifunda esixhaswe kakhulu nesisibi kakhulu, kanti imiphakathi emihlanu ezimele ingaphansi kwesilinganiso, okuhlanganisa neMadrid. Iphini likamongameli wezomnotho lizama ukuthulisa iCatalan Republican Left (ERC), linciphise ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi, futhi libeke izifunda ezibuswa yi-PP esimweni esinzima. Umzabalazo phakathi kokulingana, ukwanela, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wezezimali isavuliwe.

Kuye kwembulwa nokuthi abakhokhi bentela bakhetha ukubeka phambili izinsizakalo zomphakathi eziyisisekelo kanye nocwaningo, ngokusho kwesikhungo socwaningo soMnyango Wezezimali. Futhi kunconywa ukuqapha "i-barometer" ethola ikhono likaHulumeni lokwenza okuthile ngesikhathi sangempela. Kala kahle, nquma kangcono.

Esimweni saseMexico, kunobhala omusha wezezimali oqokwe onolwazi emkhakheni womphakathi nowangasese, oseduze noMongameli uSheinbaum kanye nolwazi lokusebenza nombusi weBhange laseMexico. Amaphrofayili obuchwepheshe aqinile ayimpahla ekuphathweni kwentela okuyinkimbinkimbi.

Ezingeni elingaphansi kwezwe eColombia, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza zomphakathi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese kuvimbela ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo ehlukile ezonciphisa isimo ePasto kanye nomnyango waseNariño. Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda kuyaqhubeka nokubhekana nokushoda kwemali.

EMexico, owayengumbusi waseMorelos, uCuauhtémoc Blanco, uthule ebhekene nezinsolo zokukhwabanisa kukahulumeni omusha; imithombo kanye nokuhlolwa kwezimali kusikisela ukuthi lokhu kumane nje kuyisiqalo senkinga. Ubuqotho ekusetshenzisweni kwemali buyisimo esidingekayo ukuze kube nokusimama.

Okokugcina, imiyalezo yezepolitiki: UMongameli uGustavo Petro unciphise izithembiso ezinkulu waze wafinyelela eziphakamisweni ezingokoqobo; futhi kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi, esigabeni sokuxoxisana, kwakukhona ukuguquguquka okukhulu ngabashayeli bamaloli (ukuxoxisana, ukuxoxisana, ukulungisa) kunabanye amaqembu kanye nabameleli babo ePhalamende. Ukungalingani ekuphathweni kwezingxabano zokusabalalisa nakho kuthinta inqubomgomo yezezimali..

Izinto ezibalulekile zokusebenza: ukucaca, ukuxhumanisa, kanye nekhwalithi yokusetshenziswa kwemali

Ikhwalithi yesifundazwe ayilinganiswa kuphela ngokuthi ichitha malini, kodwa nangendlela esebenza ngayo. i-bureaucracy Futhi kube namiphi imiphumela? Ukugcina ulwazi olufinyelelekayo, ukuhlolwa kwangaphambilini kanye nokuhlolwa kwangaphambilini, kanye nemikhuba yokuhlola enengqondo kuyingxenye yale nqubo. Ukucaca kuqinisa ukuziphatha kahle, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthuthukisa ukwamukelwa kwezinqubomgomo emphakathini.

Ukuxhumana nenqubomgomo yezimali: Ezikhathini zokwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu kanye nezinga lenzalo elikhuphukayo, inqubomgomo yezimali ekhuthaza ukwehla kwamandla emali inciphisa izindleko zokulungisa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho amabhange amakhulu ephoqeleka ukuqinisa kakhulu ngenxa yezifiso zezimali ezandayo, izindleko ziwela emnothweni wonkanaUkuhambisana kwemigomo kubalulekile.

Okubalulekile futhi ukwakheka kwezinzinzisi ezizenzakalelayo (intela nezinzuzo ezihambisa kahle ngaphandle kwesidingo semithethonqubo emisha) kanye nemithetho yezimali ehlakaniphile evumela ukuguquguquka lapho ubhekene nokushaqeka kanye nokuzithiba ngezikhathi zokuchuma. Londoloza uma umoya ungemuva kwakho futhi uvikele lapho kufika isiphepho Yisimiso esithola ukuvumelana okukhulu.

Uma sibheka phambili, ingcindezi yabantu, ukuguquka kwamandla, ukwenziwa kwedijithali, kanye nezidingo zokuvikela kuzosiphoqa ukuthi sibeke phambili futhi sabe kabusha izinsiza. Ukuthola umkhiqizo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha ekuphathweni komphakathi, kanye nokulinganisa imiphumela ngokuqinile kubalulekile. Kuzokwenza umehluko phakathi kwamazwe akhula ngendlela eqhubekayo nalawo aqoqa izikweletu ezingenasisekelo..

Isithombe esisele ngemuva kwalolu hambo sixhumanisa imiqondo eyisisekelo nedatha eqondile: ukuthi yiziphi izimali zomphakathi nokuthi zisebenza kanjani; yiziphi izakhi ezakhayo; ukuthi ama-akhawunti aseSpain ashintshe kanjani kusukela ngo-2020; ukuthi yiziphi izingozi kanye nezibonelo ezikhanyisa izinqumo (i-USA, i-UK, i-PIIGS); kanye nokuthi kwenzekani eColombia, eMexico, eFrance kanye nomphakathi ozimele waseSpain. Phakathi kwemfundiso kanye nemigudu, ukuzithiba, ukusebenza kahle, kanye nokwethembeka kusalokhu kuyindlela engcono kakhulu yokuphila..