- Imali emnyama ihlanganisa kokubili izimali ezivela ebugebengwini kanye nemali engenayo engemthetho engadalulwanga, kanti eSpain umnotho wangasese ungamelela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu ye-GDP.
- Imikhakha evezwe kakhulu yi-SME kwezokwakha, embonini, kwezentengiselwano kanye nokungenisa izihambi, lapho izinkokhelo zemali kanye nomsebenzi ongadalulwanga kwanda khona.
- UMnyango Wezezimali kanye namabhange baqinisa izilawuli ngokudinga ukuthi kubikwe ukuthengiselana kwemali okungaphezu kwamanani athile kanye nokusebenzisa izinhlelo ezithile zokuhlola, kugxilwe kakhulu kubantu abazisebenzayo.
- Umthelela wemali emnyama uhlanganisa ukulahlekelwa yimali engenayo, ukuncintisana okungafanele kanye nokungaqiniseki kwemisebenzi, yize ezinkingeni ezinkulu kusebenza njenge-valve yokubalekela imindeni eminingi.
Khuluma ngakho imali emnyama eSpain Kumayelana nengxenye yomnotho esebenza emthunzini: imisebenzi esemthethweni nengemthetho engadluli ezikhulwini zentela, engaveli ezibalweni ezisemthethweni, kodwa futhi ithonya izimpilo zethu zansuku zonke ngaphezu kwalokho esikuqaphelayo. Kusukela emisebenzini engaphansi kwetafula kuya ezinhlelweni ezinkulu zokuhlanza imali zamazwe ngamazwe, lesi simo sibanzi kakhulu futhi siyinkimbinkimbi kunalokho okuvame ukuxoxwa ngakho engxoxweni evamile.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, i- I-ejensi yentela kanye nabaphathi bezezimali Bebelokhu belungisa izinhlelo zabo zokulawula, idatha yokubhekisela, beqapha ukunyakaza kwemali, futhi belandelela ukuthengiselana kwamabhange ukuze bazame ukunciphisa le mali engacacile. Noma kunjalo, izifundo kanye nokulinganisa kubonisa ukuthi umnotho ongaphansi komhlaba usamelela ingxenye enkulu kakhulu ye-GDP yaseSpain, ngezibalo ngezinye izikhathi ezibe phakathi kuka-17% kanye no-25% wenani eliphelele elikhiqizwe ezweni.
Iyini ngempela imali emnyama futhi ihluke kanjani emalini engekho emthethweni?
Uma ukhuluma ngakho imali emnyama Imibono edinga ukuhlukaniswa ukuze kuqondwe ngokugcwele inkinga ivame ukudidaniswa. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona imali evela ngqo emisebenzini yobugebengu, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, imali evela emisebenzini yezomthetho kodwa efihliwe ezikhulwini zentela ukuze kugwenywe intela. Nakuba zombili ziphelela ngaphandle kwe-radar yeziphathimandla zentela, imvelaphi yazo kanye nokuphathwa kwazo ngokomthetho akufani.
Okokuqala, kukhona lokho ochwepheshe abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi imali engekho emthethweni noma "imali engcolile"Lokhu kuyimali etholakala ebugebengwini obufana nokushushumbisa izidakamizwa, ukushushumbisa, ukushushumbisa abantu, ubufebe obungemthetho, ukushushumbisa izikhali, ukuphanga, inkohlakalo, ukufumbathisa, ukukhwabanisa okukhulu, kanye nokugembula okungekho emthethweni, phakathi kokunye. Lolu hlobo lwemali alukho emthethweni kusukela ekuqaleni ngoba luvela ngqo emisebenzini evinjelwe yi-Penal Code.
Okwesibili, igama elithi imali emnyama ngomqondo obanziNgokuvamile okubizwa ngokuthi "imali engeyinhle," lokhu kufaka phakathi imali engenayo enomthombo osemthethweni (umsebenzi wangempela, ukuthengiswa kwangempela kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo, ukuqasha, imisebenzi emincane, njll.) kodwa engamenyezelwanga kuziphathimandla zentela. Kulesi simo, inkinga akuyona kakhulu umsebenzi ngokwawo, ongaba semthethweni ngokuphelele, kodwa isinqumo sokungakhokhi intela ehambisanayo.
Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngoba, uma kwenzeka imali engekho emthethweniIziphathimandla zigxile ekuqedeni amanethiwekhi obugebengu avela kuwo, kanti endabeni yemali emnyama ngenxa yokubalekela intela, umongo wenkinga ukufihla imali engenayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama-invoyisi angamanga, kanye namaqhinga afanayo okwehlisa isikweletu ngokungekho emthethweni ne-Tax Agency.
Esinye isici esibalulekile ukuthi, nakuba zombili izinhlobo zezimali ziqondiswe ngqo, uhlaka lwesijeziso kanye nesijeziso Kuyahlukahluka: izinhlelo ezinkulu zemali ezingekho emthethweni zihlotshaniswa nobugebengu obufana nokuhlanzwa kwemali, ubugebengu obuhleliwe noma ukushushumbiswa kwezidakamizwa, kuyilapho imali emnyama etholakala emisebenzini yezomthetho ingaholela emacaleni entela, izinhlawulo eziphezulu kakhulu, kanye nezigwebo zasejele ngenxa yokukhwabanisa intela.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemali engekho emthethweni kanye nemali emnyama evela ekubalekeni intela
Ukuze ugweme ukuxuba imiqondo, kufanelekile ukubukeza eminye Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemali engekho emthethweni nemali emnyama okunemvelaphi esemthethweni kodwa okungadalulwanga. Nakuba umphumela ongokoqobo (imali ebalekela ukulawulwa kwentela) ungase ubonakale ufana, indawo yokuqala nemiphumela akufani kangako.
Umehluko wokuqala useku- imvelaphi yezimaliUma kwenzeka imali engekho emthethweni, imali ivela emsebenzini oyicala ngokwawo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imali emnyama ehlobene nomnotho ongaphansi komhlaba ivame ukuvela emisebenzini esemthethweni noma ekuthengisweni okwenziwa ngaphandle kwama-invoyisi noma ngama-invoyisi amanga.
Omunye umehluko ocacile yi- uhlobo olusemthethweni noma olungekho emthethweni lwendawo yokuqalaImali engekho emthethweni ayisebenzi ngokomthetho kusukela ngesikhathi isungulwa; akukho lapho iba semthethweni khona. Imali emnyama exhunywe emsebenzini osemthethweni ibingamukeleka ngokuphelele uma ibingamenyezelwa futhi ikhokhiswa intela, kodwa iba semthethweni ngaso kanye isikhathi lapho ifihliwe ukuze kugwenywe ukukhokha intela.
Futhi ziyahlukahluka imiphumela yezomthethoIzimali ezingekho emthethweni zivame ukuhambisana nophenyo lobugebengu oluyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nezindleko ezingaba khona zokuhlanzwa kwemali, ubulungu enhlanganweni yobugebengu, noma amacala ahlobene nawo. Imali engenayo engadalulwanga evela emisebenzini yezomthetho iholela ekuhlolweni kwentela, izinqubo zokulawula, izimali ezengeziwe, izinhlawulo, kanye nenzalo, futhi ingaba ubugebengu bentela uma inani elikhohlisiwe lidlula imingcele ebekwe ngumthetho.
Okokugcina, inhloso yalabo abaphatha lezi zimali ihlukile: nge Ukugxila kwemali engekho emthethweni kukufihla imvelaphi yayo yobugebengu.Ngenkathi ngemali engadalulwanga, inhloso eyinhloko ukugwema noma ukunciphisa umthwalo wentela. Empeleni, zombili lezi zimo ngezinye izikhathi ziyahlangana futhi zisebenzisa imigudu efanayo, kodwa ngokomqondo zisebenza ngokwezindlela ezahlukene zokucabanga.
Umnotho ongaphansi komhlaba eSpain: ivolumu kanye nomthelela wangempela
Ikholi umnotho ongaphansi Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho, ngokuzikhethela kwalabo abayenzayo, engamenyezelwanga eziphathimandleni. Ngamanye amazwi, imisebenzi, ukuthengisa, ukuqasha, noma izinsizakalo ezenziwa ngaphandle kwezibopho ezisemthethweni nezentela, ngakho-ke azifakwanga ku-GDP esemthethweni noma izibalo zomsebenzi noma zemali engenayo.
ESpain, izifundo ze- Ochwepheshe abavela kuMnyango Wezezimali (iGestha) Izilinganiso ngezikhathi ezahlukene zibeke ubukhulu balo mnotho wesithunzi cishe ku-€230.000 billion kuya ku-€240.000 billion, okucishe kube yi-17% yoMkhiqizo Wezwe Wonke. Ezinye izilinganiso, ngezikhathi ezithile, zibeke isisindo semali emnyama kanye nomnotho ofihliwe cishe ku-25% we-GDP.
Kunemibiko elungiselelwe ngemininingwane evela kuprofesa UFriedrich SchneiderIsazi sezomnotho esidumile emhlabeni wonke kulo mkhakha sibale ukuthi umnotho wesithunzi waseSpain usufinyelele cishe ku-19% we-GDP eminyakeni ethile, ngezibalo ezidlula ama-€195.000 billion. Ngokwalokhu kuhlaziywa, kube nokwanda kwemisebenzi yezomnotho engadalulwanga ngesikhathi senhlekelele yezomnotho, kodwa kamuva, ukuqina kokulwa nokukhwabanisa kanye nokwehla komnotho ngokwako kwabangela ukuthi lelo phesenti liqale ukwehla kancane.
Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe aseYurophu, iSpain isezingeni eliphezulu ngokuhambisana nesilinganiso se-European Union Ngokuphathelene nesisindo somnotho wesithunzi, ngezibalo ezicishe zibe ngu-18-19% we-GDP eminyakeni ethile, lokhu kuphakeme kunezomnotho ezifana neJalimane (cishe u-13%), iFrance noma i-United Kingdom (cishe u-10%), kodwa kuphansi kunezinye izizwe zaseMedithera ezifana ne-Italy (cishe u-21%) noma iGrisi (ngaphezu kuka-24%), futhi kude nezifundazwe zaseMpumalanga Yurophu lapho umnotho wabantu abamnyama ufinyelela khona ngaphezu kuka-28-30% we-GDP.
Lo lonke leli volumu Imisebenzi efihliwe inemiphumela eqondile Ngokuphathelene nezimali zomphakathi kanye nomphakathi: imali engenayo yentela encane yokuxhasa ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imfundo, noma impesheni; ukuncintisana okungafanele phakathi kwezinkampani ezithobela imithetho kanye nezingathobeli imithetho; abasebenzi abangenalo ukuvikelwa noma amalungelo angempela; kanye nohlelo lwezomnotho lapho ukwethembana kanye nokungafihli lutho kuhlupheka khona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye ochwepheshe bakhomba ukuthi, ngezikhathi zenhlekelele enkulu, umnotho ongaphansi komhlaba usebenza njengevalvu yokuphepha evikela umthelela wokungasebenzi futhi inciphise ukungezwani komphakathi.
Imali emnyama ikhiqizwa kuphi? Imikhakha nemisebenzi evamile kakhulu
Iningi le Imali emnyama ekhiqizwa eSpain Akuveli kuma-mafia amakhulu aphesheya, kodwa emisebenzini yansuku zonke eyenziwa ngaphandle kokumemezela: imisebenzi engenazinkontileka, ukuthengisa ngaphandle kwama-invoyisi, ukuqasha imali, izinsizakalo zobungcweti ezikhokhelwa ngaphansi kwetafula, njll. Umnotho wangaphansi komhlaba ugxile, ngaphezu kwakho konke, emikhakheni ethile lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nezinkokhelo ezincane eziqondile kusakazeke khona.
Izifundo zibonisa ukuthi Ama-SME kanye namabhizinisi amancane Lezi yizindawo lapho lo msebenzi ongacacile ugxile khona kakhulu. Ihhovisi likahulumeni, ubunzima bokuphatha, kanye nombono wamazinga aphansi enkonzo yomphakathi kushukumisela ezinye izinkampani nochwepheshe ukuba basebenze ngokwengxenye ngaphandle kohlelo olusemthethweni. Akukhona nje ngabakhwabanisi abakhulu, kodwa kunalokho ingqikithi yezinqumo eziningi ezincane zokufihla ingxenye yemali engenayo yabo.
Phakathi kwemikhakha evame ukubonakala sengathi ixhumene kakhulu ne- irejista yemali yokukhokha ngemali Ziqokomisa ukwakhiwa, lapho ingxenye enkulu yokuvuselelwa, ukulungiswa, kanye nemisebenzi emincane ikhokhelwa khona ngemali; imboni, engase ifihle okunye kokuthengiswa kwayo kwangempela; izitolo, lapho okunye ukuthengiselana kungase kungabhalwa phansi; kanye nomkhakha wokungenisa izihambi, onezindawo zokuphuza utshwala nezindawo zokudlela, kwezinye izimo, ezingavezi yonke imali engenayo yazo.
Imininingwane etholakalayo ikhombisile ukuthi ukwakhiwa kubalwa cishe ingxenye yesithathu umsebenzi wayo usemthunzini ngezikhathi ezithile, kuyilapho imboni isebenza cishe ngekota, ukuthengisa cishe ku-20%, kanye nokungenisa izihambi cishe ku-15% womsebenzi wayo ohlobene nomsebenzi noma ukuthengisa okungadalulwanga. Nakuba lezi zibalo ziyizilinganiso, zinikeza umbono ocacile wokuthi inkinga igxile kuphi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kukhona ingxenye ye Ukubekezelelana komphakathi mayelana nokukhwabanisa intela Okumangalisayo ukuthi izinhlolovo kanye nezinkundla ezikhethekile zigcizelele ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yabantu iyakuvumela, ngezinga elithile, ukusetshenziswa kwemali engadalulwanga, kungaba ngenxa yokungathembi izikhungo noma ngoba zibheka umthwalo wentela njengoweqile. Le ndawo yokuzalela yenza ukuqeda umnotho ongaphansi komhlaba kube nzima futhi ichaza ukuthi kungani uhlala ugxile kakhulu.
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokufihla nokugeza imali engcolile
Uma kufika imali engekho emthethweni evela ebugebengwiniIzigebengu azikwazi ukufihla imali ngaphansi komatrasi bazo. Kudingeka ziyifaka ohlelweni lwezomnotho lwezomthetho ngaphandle kokuphakamisa izinsolo, inqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuhlanzwa kwemali. Ukuze benze lokhu, basebenzisa izindlela eziningi, ezinye zakudala kanti ezinye ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi zintsha.
Inqubo eyaziwayo yileyo ukuthengwa kwamathikithi elotho awinile yilabo abaphatha imali engcolile. Inani eliphakeme kunelomklomelo osemthethweni likhokhwa kumnikazi wethikithi elisemthethweni, ngakho-ke isigebengu singathethelela ukuba naleyo mali njengokungathi siwine ilotho, bese ophumelele ekuqaleni ethola okungaphezu kwalokho abekufanele ukuthole.
Enye indlela yakudala ukusetshenziswa kwe amakhasino nezindawo zokugembulalapho imali eningi ifakwa khona, futhi ngemva kokudlula ezindleleni ezibonakala zivamile zokuthengiselana nokusebenza, ibuyiselwa ohlelweni lwezezimali njengenzuzo ebonakala isemthethweni. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa ukuthengwa nokuthengiswa kwezimpahla zenani eliphezulu ngemali—izimoto zikanokusho, ubucwebe, imisebenzi yobuciko, izindlu—okuvumela abantu ukuthi bathethelele ingcebo yabo ngaphandle kokudalula imvelaphi yangempela yemali.
Ukuhlanza kwanamuhla kusebenzisa futhi izakhiwo zenkampani ezingacacileIzinkampani ze-Shell, izinkampani ezizimele, izakhiwo zezinkampani emazweni ahlukene, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezindawo zokukhokha intela lapho imfihlo yamabhange kanye nentela ephansi kwenza kube lula ukufihla umnikazi wangempela wezimali. Lezi zakhiwo zezezimali zivumela imali ukuthi ithuthwe isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ngaphandle kokwenza kube lula ukuyilandela.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela ezifana ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ze-crypto (isibonelo, i-Bitcoin)Amakhadi akhokhelwa kusengaphambili okunzima ukuwalandela, izimali mboleko ezingamanga phakathi kwezinkampani ezihlobene, noma ukudluliselwa kwemali okuyingxenye (okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-smurfing"), okuhlanganisa ukuhlukanisa imali enkulu ibe yimali encane esakazeke ezinkontilekeni eziningi ukuze kugwenywe imingcele yokulawula nokuvimbela ama-alamu azenzakalelayo ukuthi aqalwe yizikhungo zezimali.
Nakuba la mafomula aziwa kahle yiziphathimandla, ubugebengu bezezimali bamazwe ngamazwe Ihlala ivumelana nezimo. Abalawuli, bona, babuyekeza imithetho kanye nezindlela zokuphatha ukuze kulwiwe nale mikhuba, bedinga amabhange, abaphathi bezimpahla, kanye nezinkampani zezimali ukuthi basebenzise izinqubo eziqinile zokulwa nokuhlanzwa kwemali futhi babike noma yikuphi ukuthengiselana abakubona kusolisa.
Indima yamabhange, imfihlo yamabhange, kanye nempi yemali
El uhlelo lwezezimali idlala indima ebalulekile kokubili isizukulwane njengasekutholakaleni kwemali emnyamaNgaphandle kokubambisana (okusebenzayo noma okungenamsebenzi) kwamabhange, izinkampani zokutshala imali, kanye nabanye abaxhumanisi, kungaba nzima kakhulu ukuhambisa imali eningi ngaphandle kokushiya umkhondo. Yingakho imithetho ibanika umthwalo wemfanelo obalulekile ekulweni nokukhwabanisa nokuhlanzwa kwemali.
Iminyaka le imfihlo yasebhange Kwakungesinye sezihlangu eziyinhloko ezivikela ukungaziwa kanye nokwenza kube lula ukufihla imali, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibhekwa njengeziphephelo zentela. Ngaphansi kwesicaba sobumfihlo, ezinye izinhlelo zezimali zaba iziphephelo zemali ezivela emvelaphi engabazisayo, zibhebhezela ubugebengu bezomnotho bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezinhlelo ezinkulu zokugwema intela.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazwe aqinise izintambo ngezivumelwano ukushintshaniswa kwemininingwane yentela kanye neyezezimaliizilawuli eziqinile, kanye Ukusetshenziswa kwe-IBAN eSpainIzibopho zokuhlonza amakhasimende (i-KYC) kanye nezinhlelo zokubika ukuthengiselana okusolisayo ezenzakalelayo seziqalisiwe. Noma kunjalo, ibhange liseyinkundla ebalulekile yokudlala kulabo abazama ukufihla izimali kanye neziphathimandla ezizama ukuzilandela.
Esinye sezizinda ezibonakala kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje kube yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi impi ngemaliLesi sinyathelo, esikhuthazwa yiziphathimandla zezimali kanye nohulumeni, sithi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali yamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali kwenza kube lula ukulawula ukugeleza kwemali. Imali ivumela ukuthengiselana okungaziwa futhi yenza ukulandelela kube nzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo kuhlose ukuqeda enye yezindlela ezikhethwayo zezimali ezingekho emthethweni.
Kulesi simo, kusungulwe imithethonqubo evimbela izinkokhelo ezithile zemali, izindlela zokukhokha nge-elekthronikhi zikhuthaziwe, futhi izidingo zokuhlonza ziqinisiwe lapho kuphathwa imali eningi ebonakalayo. Umqondo uwukunciphisa kancane kancane inani lemali. isisindo semali emaphepheni asetshenziswayo ukuze kube nzima kakhulu ukufihla imali eningi ngaphandle kohlelo olusemthethweni lwebhange.
Ukulawulwa kwentela kanye nezibopho zasebhange: ama-euro angu-3.000 nokuningi
Ukuze kulwiwe nokukhwabanisa, I-ejensi Yentela YaseSpain Kudinga izikhungo zezimali ukuthi ziqaphe ngenkuthalo ukuthengiselana okungase kubonakale kusolisa. Lokhu akubandakanyi nje ukuqapha ingcebo enkulu; ngisho nokuthengiselana okulinganiselwe kungabangela isexwayiso esizenzakalelayo eziphathimandleni.
Ingosi ye Ibhange laseSpain Imithethonqubo yentela ichaza uchungechunge lwezentengiselwano ezibhekwa njengezibucayi kakhulu. Isibonelo, ukuthengiselana ngemali, kokubili idiphozithi kanye nokukhipha imali, okungaphezu kwenani elithile kuvame ukubikwa. Iphuzu eliphindaphindayo lokubhekisela umkhawulo we-€3.000 wezentengiselwano zemali, okuthi uma usudlulile, uphoqe isikhungo sezezimali ukuthi sibike kuziphathimandla zentela.
Ngaphezu kokufaka imali noma ukukhipha imali, kukhona futhi ukuqoqwa kwamadokhumenti afana namaphepha esithembiso, amasheke noma izincwadi Ukuthengiselana okweqa lowo mkhawulo kuphawulwa yi-Tax Agency. Inhloso akukhona ukuvimbela lokhu kusebenza, kodwa ukuthola ukulandeleka nokuhlaziya ukuthi kuhambisana yini nephrofayili evamile yeklayenti noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, kukhomba ekuhlanzweni kwemali okungenzeka noma ukugwema intela.
Kuhle ukugcizelela ukuthi iqiniso lokuthi inhlangano yezezimali bika ukuthengiselana eHhovisi Lentela Lokhu akusho ngokuzenzakalelayo ukuthi kuzovulwa uphenyo olusemthethweni noma inqubo yokujezisa. I-Tax Agency inenqwaba yedatha futhi isebenzisa izihlungi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezingozi ukuze inqume ukuthi yimaphi amacala afanele ukuhlolwa ngokuningiliziwe.
Noma kunjalo, amaqembu athile angaphansi kokubhekwa okukhethekile. Phakathi kwawo kukhona abasebenzi abazisebenzayo Imikhakha lapho ukukhokha ngemali kuvame khona (ukungenisa izihambi, ukuthengisa, ukulungisa okuncane, izinsizakalo zomuntu siqu, njll.) kuqondiswe yiHlelo Lokulawula Intela Nentela. Kuphinde kugxilwe kulabo abasebenzisa izindlela zokukhokha ze-elekthronikhi ezisemazweni angaphandle ukuze bagweme izibopho zokubika.
Abasebenzi abazisebenzayo, ama-SME kanye nokugxila kokuhlolwa kwentela
Ngaphakathi kokulwa nemali emnyama, abasebenzi abazisebenzayo namabhizinisi amancane Banesikhundla esivelele emasu okulawula. Hhayi ngoba, bona ngokwabo, bakhohlisa kakhulu kunamanye amaqembu, kodwa ngoba isakhiwo somsebenzi wabo senza kube lula, kwezinye izimo, isilingo sokwenza ingxenye yebhizinisi ngemali engadalulwanga.
Imininingwane ye-Tax Agency ku- Uhlelo Lokulawula Intela Nezintela Izindawo lapho izogxila khona imizamo yayo zihlanganisa amabhizinisi anengxenye ephezulu yemali, imisebenzi lapho kunomehluko phakathi kwezinga lokuphila lomkhokhi wentela kanye nemali engenayo emenyezelwe, kanye nemikhakha ebilokhu inamazinga aphezulu omnotho ongaphansi komhlaba.
Kulesi simo, kwenziwa imikhankaso ethile ukuba khona ngokoqobo kwabahloli Ezindaweni zezentengiselwano, izindawo zokungenisa izihambi, izindawo zokwakha, nakwezinye izindawo lapho kungatholakala khona imisebenzi engadalulwanga. Idatha yokukhokhisa, izindawo zokukhokha, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nokuthengiselana kwebhange nakho kubhekiselwa ndawonye ukuze kutholakale amaphethini angahambisani nalokho okumenyezelwe.
Ukwenziwa komnotho ube yidijithali kufake isandla esisha: amapulatifomu okukhokha aku-inthanethi nezinhlelo ze-elekthronikhi Izindlela zokukhokha ezisebenza kwamanye amazwe zingasetshenziswa ukufihla ukuthengisa kwangempela. Ngakho-ke, i-Ejensi Yentela yaseSpain iphikelela ekuqapheni izindlela zokukhokha ezisekelwe kwamanye amazwe, njengoba lezi zinciphisa ukubonakala kwama-invoyisi futhi zivimbela ukushintshana kolwazi neziphathimandla zaseSpain.
Kwamabhizinisi amaningi amancane, umthwalo wentela kanye nokuhlolwa okwandisiwe kudale ushintsho endleleni yokucabanga. Nakuba umnotho ongaphansi komhlaba usekhona, amathuba okutholakala Kuyanda, futhi imiphumela yezomnotho kanye neyobugebengu yokuhlelwa kabusha noma ukuhlolwa okunolaka ingafaka labo abanquma ukusebenza "ngaphansi kwetafula" esimweni esinzima ngokuhlelekile.
Ingakanani imali emnyama eSpain futhi ishintshe kanjani ngokuhamba kwesikhathi
Bala ngokunembile ingakanani imali emnyama ejikeleza ezweni Ngokwencazelo, kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Lawa amadolobha amakhulu, angaveli kunoma yiziphi izibalo ezisemthethweni. Kodwa-ke, izinhlangano ezahlukene, amanyuvesi, kanye nochwepheshe bakhiqize izilinganiso ezilinganiselwe ezisivumela ukuthi sithole umbono wobukhulu bawo.
Kwezinye izinkundla ezikhethekile zokuhlanzwa kwemali, amalungu ezinhlangano ezifana ne- I-SEPBLAC I-Executive Service yeKhomishini Yokuvimbela Ukuhlanzwa Kwemali kanye Namacala Ezezimali ikhombisile ukuthi ukube umphakathi ubuwazi inani eliqondile lemali emnyama ejikeleza eSpain, ubungashaqeka. Kuye kwaphakanyiswa nokuthi izibalo zingafinyelela cishe ingxenye yesine ye-GDP ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ushwele wentela owavunywa uhulumeni kaMariano Rajoy wawuhlose ukuveza ezinye zalezi zimali ezifihliwe, okuvumela abakhokhi bentela ukuthi bazihlele kabusha ukuze bathole intela encishisiwe. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela ayizange ifinyelele kulokho okwakulindelwe: kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe kuphela 40.000 million euro, inani elikhulu kodwa liphansi kakhulu kunenani eliphelele elilinganisiwe lomnotho ongaphansi komhlaba kanye nemali efihliwe.
Ngale kwezibalo eziqondile, iqiniso liwukuthi ingxenye enkulu yale izindaba eziphenywe yiNkantolo Kazwelonke Kuhlobene nobugebengu obuhlobene nokuhlanzwa kwemali kanye nokukhwabanisa intela. Omantshi abakhethekile bagcizelele ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kweziyisithupha zamacala afinyelela ezinkantolo eziphenyayo zalesi sikhungo ahlobene nalolu hlobo lobugebengu bezomnotho.
Kulesi simo, ochwepheshe bagcizelela isidingo sokuqinisa ucwaningo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazweUkuba khona kwamajaji okuxhumana phakathi kwamazwe afana neSpain, iFrance, i-Italy noma iMorocco, kanye nezivumelwano zokusizana kwezomthetho, kubalulekile ukulandela umkhondo wemali owela imingcele futhi ovame ukusizakala ngezihibe zomthetho phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene.
Inselele yokushintsha kwemali kanye nokunyamalala kwe-peseta
Isiqephu esibucayi kakhulu maqondana imali emnyama eSpain Kwakuwushintsho oluvela kwi-peseta luye kwi-euro. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-3, iBhange laseSpain lalinganisela ukuthi cishe u-40% wemali ye-peseta eyayisetshenziswa yayingadalulwanga. Lokhu kwafinyelela kuma-peseta afihliwe angaba yizigidigidi ezintathu (kuwo wonke ama-9 trillion ayesetshenziswa), inani elikhulu elabeka inselele enkulu yezomnotho neyezimali.
Ikhalenda le-euro lalithi Imali yamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali kazwelonke ngeke isasebenza ngaphambi kukaJuni 30, 2002, futhi izakhamuzi zazizoba nezinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela kusukela kwethulwa i-euro ebonakalayo (Januwari 1, 2002) zokushintshanisa ama-peseta azo amadala ezikhungweni ezigunyaziwe. Lokhu kwaveza ithuba eliyingqayizivele lokuthi enye yaleyo mali efihliwe ivele obala, kodwa futhi kwadala izinkinga eziningana ezingokoqobo nezepolitiki.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma iziphathimandla ziqinisa kakhulu izikulufo, abanikazi abaningi inani elikhulu lama-peseta ngemali emnyama Banganquma ukuhambisa izimali zabo kwamanye amazwe anezimvume eziningi, njenge-United States, iSwitzerland, noma iJapane, ngaleyo ndlela bagweme ukulawula okuqinile ekushintshanisweni kwemali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma imithetho yayikhululekile kakhulu, kwakukhona ingozi yokwenza kube lula ukuhlanzwa kwemali okuvela emisebenzini yobugebengu esobala.
Kwakulindelwe imiphumela eminingana kule nkinga. Eminyakeni eyandulela u-2002, kwakulindeleke ukuthi imali eningi emnyama inyamalale ngasese njengoba abanini bayo begijimela yifake esikhumbeni noma uyisebenzise ngaphambi kokuba ingasetshenziswa. Lokhu kungaba nomthelela ovuselelayo ekusetshenzisweni, yize futhi kwakusho ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi enye yaleyo nhloko-dolobha ihambele phesheya kwezilwandle.
Kwaphakanyiswa futhi ukuthi, kusukela ekwethulweni okuqondile kwe-euro, labo abagcina imali emnyama emaphakathi Labo ababephethe ama-peseta ngemali babengawashintshanisa kalula bese bewabuyisela kuma-euro, begcina ukungaziwa kwawo. Ngemali enkulu engadalulwanga, inkinga yayinkulu: ama-peseta ayengaguqulwanga noma ahlelwe kabusha ngesikhathi ayengamenyezelwa kuphela, alahlekelwe yisimo sawo njengemali efihliwe futhi abe ngaphansi kwentela, nakuba kungenjalo ngempela izinhlawulo uma izindlela zokwenza kabusha zisebenza.
Kulowo mongo, kwaze kwaphakanyiswa ithuba lokuthi uHulumeni waseSpain angase akhuthaze ithuluzi elithile le- ushwele wentela noma ukuhlelwa kabusha ukwenza kube lula ukuguquka nokuvumela imali emnyama ukuthi imenyezelwe njengemali ngezindleko zentela ezingabizi, kulandela izibonelo ezifana nokukhishwa kwamaphepha esithembiso angacacile ngokwezimali ezikhathini zangaphambilini.
Umthelela wemali emnyama kwezomnotho kanye nomphakathi
El imali emnyama kanye nomnotho ongaphansi komhlaba Zinezici eziningi. Ngokombono wezezimali zomphakathi, ukuba khona kwazo kubonisa ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemali engenayo kuhulumeni, okunciphisa amandla awo okuxhasa ngezimali izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokwabiwa kabusha. Ezweni elinamazinga aphezulu okungasebenzi noma izikweletu ezinkulu, lokhu kushoda kwezimali kubaluleke kakhulu.
Ezinkampanini ezithobela izibopho zazo, umnotho wabantu abamnyama udala isimo ukuncintisana okungafaneleLabo abangakhokhi intela bangakwazi ukulungisa amanani, banikeze izaphulelo, noma bathwale izindleko eziphansi zabasebenzi, okubeka ingcindezi ephansi emaphethelweni amabhizinisi asebenza ngokusemthethweni futhi okungase kuphoqe abanye ukuba balandele indlela efanayo ukuze bangashiywa ngaphandle emakethe.
Emsebenzini, abasebenzi abenza imisebenzi yabo umnotho ongakahleleki Babhekene nobuthakathaka obuphindwe kabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanalo ukuvikelwa okugcwele kwe-Social Security, okubashiya bengenalusizo uma kwenzeka begula, besengozini noma bethatha umhlalaphansi; ngakolunye uhlangothi, bavame ukubhekana nezimo zomsebenzi eziyingozi kakhulu, bengenakho ukuzinza okuningi kanye nekhono elincane lokufuna amalungelo abo.
Kodwa-ke, abanye abahlaziyi baveza ukuthi, ngezinye izikhathi inkinga enkulu yezomnothoUmnotho ongaphansi komhlaba usebenze njengesivikelo senhlalo. Lapho ukungasebenzi okusemthethweni kufinyelela emazingeni amakhulu—njengoba kwenzeka lapho iSpain idlula abantu abayizigidi eziyisithupha abangasebenzi ngokusho kwe-EPA (Spanish Labor Force Survey)—ingxenye yabantu ithola emsebenzini ongadalulwanga njengendlela yokuphila enciphisa izingxabano zomphakathi futhi ivimbele ukuwohloka okukhulu kwesakhiwo sezomnotho.
Nokho, esikhathini esiphakathi neside, ukugcina isisindo esiphezulu se umsebenzi ongacacile Lokhu kuvimbela ukuthuthukiswa kwezwe, kubhebhethekisa ukungathembani ezikhungweni, futhi kukhuthaza isiko lokungakhokhi intela lapho ukukhwabanisa kubhekwa njengokwamukelekayo noma ngisho "okungenakugwenywa." Ukushintsha lo mqondo nokuqinisa ukuqwashisa ukuthi intela iyisisekelo sezinsizakalo zomphakathi kusalokhu kungenye yezinselelo ezivelele.
Ukuqonda ukuthi kusebenza kanjani imali emnyama eSpain —umsuka wayo osemthethweni ongekho emthethweni noma ongadalulwanga, imikhakha lapho igxile khona kakhulu, izindlela zokufihla nokugeza izingubo, kanye nezimpendulo zeHhovisi likaMgcinimafa, amabhange kanye nohlelo lwezobulungiswa— kusiza ekukhuliseni ulwazi ngobukhulu bangempela benkinga nokuthi kungani ukulwa nomnotho ongaphansi komhlaba kungagcini nje ngokuthinta izigebengu ezinkulu noma abakhwabanisi, kodwa bonke abantu kanye nekusasa lomodeli wezomnotho.
