- I-Just-in-Time ihlose ukukhiqiza nokunikeza kuphela lokho okudingekayo, ngesikhathi esifanele nangenani elifanele, ukunciphisa izinto ezigciniwe kanye nokulahlwa.
- Imvelaphi yayo itholakala kuToyota kanye nohlelo lokukhiqiza lweToyota, oluhlanganisa ukugeleza kokudonsa, iKanban, amaseli okukhiqiza, iKaizen, kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile.
- Uma isetshenziswa kahle, ithuthukisa izikhathi zokugcina, ikhwalithi, ukusetshenziswa kwendawo kanye nezindleko, kodwa yandisa ukuncika kubaphakeli kanye nokuba sengozini yokuphazamiseka.
- Ukusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo kwe-JIT kudinga ukuklama kabusha izindawo zokugcina impahla kanye nezinqubo, kuncike ku-ERP/MRP, kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganiswa okuphelele kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
La Ukukhiqizwa Kwangesikhathi Esifanele Sekuyindlela enethonya kakhulu yokuhlela amafektri, izindawo zokugcina impahla, kanye neziteshi zokuhlinzeka ngempahla. Yaqala eJapane, kodwa namuhla isetshenziswa izinkampani emhlabeni wonke ukunciphisa isitokwe, ukunciphisa izikhathi zokukhokha, kanye nokuqeda imisebenzi engeyona eyengeziwe. Akuyona nje indlela yokugcina impahla: iyiqiniso ifilosofi yokuphatha okuthinta ubudlelwano bokuthenga, ukukhiqiza, ezokuthutha kanye nabaphakeli.
Ukusebenzisa i-Just-in-Time (JIT) akulula njengoba incazelo yayo isikisela. Nakuba ekuqaleni kungase kubonakale kulula njengokuthi "ukukhiqiza lokho okudingekayo ngesikhathi esifanele," kunokuningi kunalokho. uhlelo oluhlelekile kakhulu Kuhilela ukuhlela, ukulawula ukugeleza, ikhwalithi, ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo, kanye nokuxhumana okuseduze nenethiwekhi yokuhlinzeka. Uma kusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, kukhulisa ukuncintisana; uma kusetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele, kuholela ekushodeni kwesitokwe, ukumiswa kwemigqa, kanye nezinkinga eziningi.
Kuyini ukukhiqizwa kwe-Just-in-Time?
El Indlela ye-Just in Time (JIT)I-Just-in-time, eyaziwa nangokuthi "just-in-time", uhlelo lokukhiqiza nokuphatha impahla olunenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukuthi izinto zokwakha, izingxenye kanye nemikhiqizo kuyatholakala. kuphela ngobuningi obudingekayo kanye nesikhathi lapho zizosetshenziswa khonaLokhu kugwema noma yisiphi isitokwe esiningi noma izikhathi zokulinda ezingadingekile. Kusebenza kokubili ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezivela kubaphakeli kanye nasekuhambeni kwangaphakathi phakathi kwezinqubo.
Esimweni se-JIT, isigaba ngasinye senqubo yokukhiqiza sisebenza njengekhasimende lesinyathelo sangaphambilini: Mane nje ucele lokho okudingayo, ngesikhathi okudinga ngaso, kanye nobuningi obudingayo.Lokhu kuphambene nemodeli yendabuko yokukhiqiza okucindezelwayo, lapho kwenziwa khona amaqoqo amakhulu (imodeli yokukhiqiza ngobuningi). ukukhiqizwa kwenqwaba) ngokusekelwe ezibikezelweni bese ziqongelela kuze kube yilapho othile ezithola.
Ngokwethiyori, uhlelo lwe-Just-in-Time oluhlelwe kahle lungasebenza ne- izinsuku zesitoko zisondele kakhulu ku-zeroLokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi ezinkampanini ezithuthukile lapho amazinga ajwayelekile esitokweni engaphansi kokusetshenziswa kosuku olulodwa. Lo mgomo awugcini nje ngokusebenza kumkhiqizi wokugcina kodwa futhi nakubahlinzeki bawo be-Tier 1 kanye nabahlinzeki be-Tier 2, Tier 3, njll. abalandelayo, ukuze lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka lusebenze ngesitokweni esincane.
Ukuze lokhu kusebenze, kubalulekile ukuthi kube khona ukuhlela kwesidingo okuthembeke kakhulu, ukubonakala okuhlanganyelwe kwezinhlelo zokukhiqiza, ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kwe izici zangaphakathi kanye nabaphakeli abakwaziyo ukuhlangabezana nezinsuku zokugcina ngokunemba okucishe kube okuphelele. Ngakho-ke, yize lo mqondo kulula ukuwuqonda, ukusetshenziswa kwawo okusebenzayo kungenzeka kuphela emikhakheni ethile nasezinhlotsheni zezinkampani.
Umsuka womlando we-Just in Time
Imvelaphi ye-Just-in-Time itholakala eJapane, engxenyeni yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, futhi ihlobene eduze namagama ka- Kiichiro Toyota y UTaiichi OhnoUKiichiro, indlalifa yomndeni owasungula iToyota, wayesevele ephakamise umqondo ngawo-30 wokuthi ukukhiqizwa kufanele kuhlelwe ngendlela yokuthi izingxenye Babengeke balinde emigqeni noma babuthane ndawonye ngokweqilekodwa kunalokho yageleza efektri "ngesikhathi esifanele".
Ngokusho kobufakazi obuvela kubaphathi bangaleso sikhathi, uKiichiro wasebenzisa isiqubulo esithi “Ngesikhathi Esifanele” ngisho nangaphambi kokuhambisa umkhiqizo esitshalweni saseKoromo. Umbono wakhe wawugxile ekugwemeni kokubili ukushoda kanye nokweqisa. akukho msebenzi omningi kunalokho okungenziwa, futhi akukho sikhathi sokulinda esingaphezu kwalokho okudingekayo ngempelaIngxenye ngayinye kwakumelwe ilungele ngesikhathi esifanele ukuze iqhubekele phambili nohlelo lokukhiqiza, ngaphandle kokuqhubeka noma ukubambezeleka.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, isimo saseJapan saqinisa kakhulu le ndlela yokucabanga. Izwe lalihlupheka ukuntuleka kwemali, ukushoda kwezinsiza kanye nendawo encane kwezimboni kanye nezimpahla ezinkulu. Lokhu kwaphoqa izinkampani eziningi ukuthi zisebenze nezitshalo ezincane, ziguqula ngokushesha inani elincane lezinto zokusetshenziswa zibe yizinqwaba ezincane zemikhiqizo eqediwe. Ingozi yokubopha imali ezindaweni zokugcina impahla ezinkulu yayingamukeleki neze.
Kuleso simo, uTaiichi Ohno, unjiniyela weToyota, waguqula umuzwa kaKiichiro waba uhlelo lokukhiqiza oluhlelekile ekugcineni okwaziwa ngokuthi i-Toyota Production System (TPS). Ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokugeleza kwezinto, ukulawula okubonakalayo, kanye nokulinganisa umthwalo, i-Ohno yathuthukisa i-Just-in-Time (JIT) yesimanje, kamuva eyathunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nemikhakha.
Ngawo-70, izitolo zeToyota zaqala ukuheha ukunaka e-United States naseYurophu, futhi kusukela ngawo-80 kuqhubeke amazwe amaningi athuthukile afaka uhlobo oluthile lwezimoto. Ukukhiqizwa Okungenamsoco kanye Nesikhathi Esifanele ezitshalweni zabo. Nakuba ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuningi kwakuyingxenye noma kungaphelele, umthelela wendlela yaseJapan wawumkhulu kakhulu.
Ngesikhathi Esifanele Ngaphakathi Kohlelo Lokukhiqiza lweToyota (i-TPS)
Ifilosofi ethi Just in Time ingenye yezindlela izinsika ezimbili ezinkulu zeSistimu Yokukhiqiza iToyotakanye nomgomo we-Jidoka (ukusebenza ngokuzenzakalela ngokungenelela kwabantu ukuze kumiswe uma kunenkinga). Ezitshalweni zokuqala zeToyota, izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zazikhona: eKariya, umnyango ngamunye wahlela ngokuzimela futhi wakhiqiza amaqoqo angahambisani kahle; eKoromo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, i- ukwakheka kokugeleza kanye nokulawula komhlaba wonke okuhlanganisiwe kakhudlwana.
Uhlelo lokulawula ukukhiqiza olwaziwa ngokuthi iGoguchi, oluhlanganiswe nomklamo wesitshalo esiqondiswe ekugelezeni kwesikhathi, luvunyelwe hlanganisa osayizi beqembu kanye namanani kulo lonke imboni. Nakuba kwavela esimweni sempi nokuntuleka, futhi naphezu kwezinkinga eziningi zokuqala, le mibono yahlanganiswa njengesisekelo se-TPS yakamuva, edume ngokusebenza kwayo kahle kanye nokuhlala kwayo imatasa ngokuqeda imfucuza (muda).
Ngaphakathi kwe-TPS, i-Just-in-Time ayigcini nje "ekukhiqizeni isitokwe esincane," kodwa iyenzeka ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene zokukhokha. amathuluzi okhonkolo: ukugeleza okuqhutshwa yisidingo (ukudonsa), uhlelo lwe-Kanban, ukugeleza kwengxenye ngayinye, amaseli okukhiqiza, ukulinganisa umthwalo (i-Heijunka), amadivayisi e-Poka-Yoke ukuvimbela amaphutha, kanye nemikhuba ye-Jidoka yokumisa inqubo uma kwenzeka noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka okukhulu.
Izimiso ezibalulekile ze-Just in Time
Uhlelo lwe-Just-in-Time (JIT) luthembele ochungechungeni lwezimiso zokusebenza ezilwehlukanisa nokukhiqiza okuvamile. Ukunciphisa nje isitokwe akukwanele; ukuklama kabusha inqubo kuyadingeka. indlela umsebenzi ohamba ngayo kusukela kumakhasimende kuya kubaphakeli.
Ukukhiqizwa kokugeleza okuphansi kokudonsa
Kuhlelo olujwayelekile "lokucindezela", ifektri ikhiqiza ngokusekelwe ezibikezelweni futhi iqhubekisele phambili amaqoqo amakhulu, ngethemba lokuthi imakethe izowamukela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-Just-in-Time isebenza ukugeleza kokudonsaInqubo ngayinye ikhiqiza noma iphinda igcwalise lokho okuceliwe yisixhumanisi esilandelayo ochungechungeni, iqondiswa yisidingo sangempela.
Le ndlela ifinyelela kunciphisa kakhulu isitokwe esiphakathiNgokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwezingxenye okungekho muntu oye wazi-oda, kunikeza nokuguquguquka okukhulu kokusabela ezinguqukweni zemakethe, kusiza ukutholakala kwezithiyo, futhi kuveza izinkinga zekhwalithi noma umthamo ngokushesha, esikhundleni sokuzifihla ngemuva kwezintaba zesitoko.
Uhlelo lwe-Kanban njengesignali ebonakalayo
Ukuze kuhlanganiswe lokhu kugeleza okubangelwa yisidingo, iToyota yenze ukusetshenziswa kwe- uhlelo lwe-canbanIthuluzi lokubonisa elibonakalayo elibonisa ukuthi kufanele likhiqizwe noma liphinde likhiqizwe nini futhi kangakanani. Ngokwesiko, kusetshenziswa amakhadi angokoqobo ahamba neziqukathi, yize kulezi zinsuku kunezinhlobo eziningi zedijithali ezihlanganiswe nesofthiwe yokuphatha.
Ngendlela yayo elula, iKanban ihlukanisa phakathi amakhadi oku-oda, okubonisa isidingo sokususa izinto ezigcinweni noma inqubo yangaphambilini, kanye amakhadi okukhiqizaokubonisa ukuthi inani elithile lidinga ukwenziwa noma ukugcwaliswa kabusha. Le ndlela yenza ukuphathwa kokugeleza kube sobala kakhulu futhi kube lula ukukuqapha ngokubona.
Amaseli okugeleza okuqhubekayo kanye nokukhiqiza
I-TPS efanelekile yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza kwengxenye ngengxenye (ukugeleza kwengxenye eyodwa), lapho iyunithi ngayinye ihamba ngaphandle kokulinda noma ukuqoqana ngobuningi ngeseli lokukhiqiza. Imishini ihlelwe ngesimo se-U noma ngokucushwa okuhlangene ukuze opharetha bakwazi ukusingatha izigaba eziningana ngokunyakaza okuncane.
Empeleni, ukufeza ukugeleza okuphelele kweyunithi akuwona njalo okungokoqobo, kodwa i-JIT ihlose ukusondela ngangokunokwenzeka ngokusebenzisa amaseli aklanywe kahle, ama-buffer amancane aphakathi nendawo kanye nokulinganisa umthwalo womsebenzi ngendlela efanele. Uma ukunyakaza kwezinto kubushelelezi, isidingo sazo sokuphepha siba sincane futhi ukwehluleka kuyashesha ukutholakala.
Ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kanye nokususwa kwemfucuza
I-Just-in-Time ihlobene kakhulu ne- I-KaizenIntuthuko eqhubekayo. I-Toyota ikhuthaza noma yimuphi umsebenzi ukuthi aphakamise izinguquko zokuqeda i-muda: isikhathi sokungasebenzi, ukunyakaza okungadingekile, ukuvuselelwa, amaphutha, ukukhiqiza ngokweqile, ukuthuthwa ngokweqile, noma isitokwe esiningi.
Amathuluzi afana I-Heijunka (ukukala kokukhiqiza), I-Poka Yoke (amadivayisi aphephile) kanye UJidoka (Ukuvala okuzenzakalelayo uma kwenzeka izinto ezingavamile) kuhlanganiswe nemisebenzi yansuku zonke ukuvimbela izinkinga ukuthi zingasabalali. Umgomo uwukuthi uhlelo lunganciki nje kuphela ekucindezeleni abasebenzi, kodwa futhi nasekucindezeleni izinqubo zokuklama ezenza kube lula ukwenza izinto kahle ekuqaleni.
I-Just in Time, i-logistics kanye nesistimu ye-Kanban esitolo sokugcina impahla
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ifilosofi ye-JIT yayeka ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni kuphela futhi yanwetshwa kulo lonke uchungechunge lwezokuthutha kanye iziteshi zokusabalalisaikakhulukazi ezindaweni zokugcina impahla. Ezweni elifana neJapane, lapho isikhala sibiza khona futhi sincane, ukunciphisa impahla eningi kunikeza inzuzo ebalulekile yokuncintisana, ngakho-ke kwakunengqondo ukusebenzisa lezi zimiso ekuphathweni kwesitoko.
Indlela ebizwa ngokuthi “indlela yezitolo ezinkulu” yashintsha yaba yindlela yamanje Uhlelo lweKanban Ngokwengeza amakhadi noma amalebula achaza umkhiqizo, inombolo yawo yokubhekisela, kanye nenani okufanele ligcwaliswe kabusha, lezi zimpawu zivumela ukuxhumana okubushelelezi phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zenkampani: indawo yokugcina impahla, ukukhiqiza, ukuthenga, kanye nokuthutha konke kuyazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi yini edingekayo nokuthi kuphi.
Ukuqaliswa kwe-JIT kwezokuthutha kudinga ukuklama izakhiwo zezindawo zokugcina impahla ezinciphisa amabanga okuhambaIzinhlelo zokuhlela ezifanele (ngokuvamile eziphethwe yi-FIFO ukuqinisekisa ukujikeleziswa kwesitoko) kanye nezinqubo zokwamukela nezokuthumela ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zibalulekile. Ezimweni eziningi, ukuzenzekela kwempahla yokugcina impahla (i-AS/RS, imithwalo emincane, ama-pallet shuttles, njll.) kusiza ukukhulisa lezi zimiso.
Kodwa-ke, le ndlela ikhulisa izidingo ku- ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwabaphakeli namakhasimendeNjengoba kunezikhathi ezimfushane zokulethwa, ukulethwa okuvamile, kanye nokuphepha okuncane, noma yikuphi ukwehluleka kwezokuthutha, amadokhumenti, noma ukulungiselela i-oda kungamisa uchungechunge lokunikezwayo emahoreni ambalwa.
Izinzuzo zohlelo lwe-Just in Time
Uma inkampani iphumelela ekusebenziseni i-Just-in-Time (JIT) ngendlela eqinile, izinzuzo zithinta ukukhiqizwa, ezezimali, ikhwalithi, isevisi yamakhasimende, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala. Akukhona nje kuphela "ukuba nempahla encane," kodwa mayelana lula futhi wenze wonke umsebenzi usebenze kahle kakhulu.
Ukunciphisa inani lempahla kanye nesikhala esidingekayo
Umphumela obonakala kakhulu we-Just in Time yi- ukwehla okukhulu kwesitoko izinto zokusetshenziswa, umsebenzi oqhubekayo, kanye nezimpahla eziqediwe. Ngokukhiqiza kuphela lokho okudingekayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, izinkampani ziyeka ukuqongelela inani elikhulu "uma kwenzeka," zikhulula isikhala esibonakalayo futhi zinciphise izindleko zokugcina, zokuphatha, kanye nezezimali.
Lokhu kunciphisa kunciphisa nengozi yokuthi ukuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukuwohloka noma ukuphelelwa yisikhathiLokhu kuyiqiniso ikakhulukazi emikhakheni enemikhiqizo ebolayo noma imikhiqizo eshintshashintsha ngokushesha kwezobuchwepheshe. Esikhundleni sokuqeda amasheya ngamanani aphansi noma ukuwabhubhisa, inkampani ivumelanisa ukuthengwa kwayo ngempumelelo enkulu nesidingo sangempela.
Izinqubo ezincane zokungcola kanye nokuhlanza
I-Just-in-Time (JIT) ihambisana nomgomo wokususa konke okungangezi inani kumakhasimende, kusukela ku- kusukela ekuqoqweni kwempahla okweqile kuya ekunyakazeni okungadingekile kwabasebenzi noma isikhathi sokuphumula phakathi kwezinqubo. Ngokunciphisa lokhu kungcola, izinkampani zinciphisa nomsebenzi osetshenziswa ekuphatheni imfucuza, ukugcina okuphakathi nendawo, kanye nokusebenza kabusha.
Empeleni, lokhu kuhumusha izinqubo ezilula neziqondilelapho kulula khona ukubona amaphutha nokwenza izinqumo. Imisebenzi iba sobala futhi iqondakala kalula kokubili kubaphathi nakubasebenzi abaphambili.
Ikhwalithi ethuthukisiwe kanye nokulawulwa kwenqubo
Ngokusebenza ngamaqoqo amancane kanye nokugeleza okuqhubekayo, izinkinga zekhwalithi zivela kusenesikhathi futhi zinomthelela omncane ohlangene. Kulula kakhulu ukumisa umugqa, ukuhlaziya imbangela eyinhloko, kanye lungisa iphutha lapho kukhiqizwe amayunithi ambalwa kuphela, esikhundleni sokuthola inkinga ngemva kokukhiqiza izinkulungwane zezingxenye ezinephutha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, indlela ye-JIT, ehlanganiswe namathuluzi anjenge-Poka-Yoke kanye ne-Jidoka, ikhuthaza isiko lokucabanga ikhwalithi ihlanganiswe kuzo zonke izigabalapho ukutholwa kwamaphutha kusenesikhathi kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kungumthwalo wemfanelo wawo wonke umuntu, hhayi nje umnyango wekhwalithi.
Izikhathi zokulethwa ezimfushane kanye namakhasimende anelisekile kakhudlwana
Ngokunciphisa izikhathi zokulinda, imigqa, kanye nokucubungula kabusha, izinkampani ezisebenzisa i-Just-in-Time ziyafeza izikhathi zokukhiqiza eziqinile kakhulu kanye nokulethwaAkudingeki balinde "ukugcwalisa inqwaba" noma ukuqoqa impahla ukuze baqale ukukhiqiza; ukukhiqiza kusekelwe kuma-oda angempela, ngokushelela okukhulu.
Lokhu kuthinta ngqo ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimendeUkulethwa okusheshayo, amaphutha ambalwa, ikhono elikhulu lokwenza ngezifiso noma ukuvumelanisa imikhiqizo, kanye nokunamathela kangcono ezinsukwini ezithembisiwe. Ezimakethe ezincintisanayo, leli jubane lokuphendula liba yindawo yokuthengisa enamandla kakhulu.
Ukusebenza kahle okukhulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza ezincishisiwe
Ngokususa imfucuza, ukunciphisa izinqolobane, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuhlanganiswa, i-JIT ivumela ukusetshenziswa kwezinsizakusebenza ngendlela engcono kakhulu: Isikhathi esincane sokungasebenzi komshini, umsebenzi omncane ochithwa emisebenzini enenani eliphansi (ukuthutha, ukubalwa okungapheli, njll.) kanye nezinqubo ezizinzile kakhudlwana.
Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko eziningi ezingaqondile ziyancipha: ezokuthutha zangaphakathi, isitoreji sempahla, amaphutha okuphatha, izimali ezengeziwe eziphuthumayo, isikhathi esengeziwe sokuthola imali ngemva kokulibaziseka… Konke lokhu kubonakala ku izinzuzo ezingcono kanye nenzuzo yokuncintisana uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkampani ezinezinhlelo ezisindayo.
Izinkinga, izingozi kanye nemikhawulo ye-JIT
Nakuba ukuhlose "ukungabi namasheya" kungase kuzwakale kukhanga, i-Just in Time nayo iye yakwenza lokho. Ubuthakathaka obukhulu kanye nezingozi Lezi zici kumele zihlaziywe ngaphambi kokuqaliswa. Akuzona zonke izinkampani noma imikhakha engazisebenzisa ngamandla afanayo.
Ingozi enkulu yi- ubungozi bokuphazamiseka ochungechungeni lokuhlinzeka. Ngaphandle kwezithibelo zokuphepha, noma yikuphi ukwehluleka okukhulu—iziteleka, izinkinga zokuhamba, izinkinga zezwe, izehlakalo ezifana nalezo zaseLwandle Olubomvu, ubhubhane, njll.—kungaphoqa ukushintshwa komkhiqizo omkhulu noma ngisho nokumisa imigqa yokukhiqiza ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezingxenye.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, impumelelo ye-JIT incike eqinisweni lokuthi Bonke abahlinzeki kumele balandele ngokuqinile izinhlelo.Uma ngisho nengxenye eyodwa yehluleka ngokuphindaphindiwe, uhlelo luyahlupheka futhi ludinga izinguquko zokuhlela ezibizayo. Ngakho-ke, izinkampani ezinkulu ezisebenzisa i-Just-in-Time (JIT) zivame ukufaka izigaba zesivumelwano ezidinga kakhulu nezijeziso ezinzima zokungalandeli imithetho. Lokhu, nakho, kuholela abahlinzeki abaningi ukuba balondoloze isitokwe sabo sokuphepha ukuze bagweme ukwehluleka, beshintsha ngempumelelo isitokwe "esifihliwe" siye phezulu.
Esinye isici okufanele sicatshangelwe umthelela ku- intengo yokuthenga kanye namandla okuxoxisanaUma ubeka ama-oda amancane navamile, umhlinzeki angase anganikeli izaphulelo zevolumu ezifanayo nezokuthenga ngobuningi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukushintshana kwabahlinzeki kungabiza kakhulu, uma kubhekwa izinga lokuxhumana kanye nokuthembana okudingekayo.
Ekugcineni, ifilosofi ye-Just in Time ifuna ukuzibophezela okuphelele kwenhlangano yonkeUkukhiqiza, ezokuthutha, ukuthenga, ezezimali, ukuthengisa, i-IT… Uma ingxenye eyodwa kuphela yenkampani isebenzisa le ndlela bese okunye kuqhubeka nokusebenza njengenjwayelo, ukusetshenziswa kuzoba nzima kakhulu futhi kuzothambekela ekuhlulekeni.
Indlela yokusebenzisa i-Just in Time endaweni yokugcina impahla
Ukusebenzisa i-Just-in-Time (JIT) endaweni yokugcina impahla kuhilela okungaphezu nje kokunciphisa amazinga esitokwe kakhulu. Kuyiphrojekthi yokuklama kabusha okusebenzayo ethinta ukwakheka, izinhlelo zokugcina, ukuphathwa kwempahla, kanye nokuxhumana ngezokuthutha kanye nokukhiqiza.
Umklamo wesakhiwo onebanga elincane lokuhamba
Isinyathelo sokuqala ukubuyekeza umklamo wendlu yokugcina impahla Ukuze kuncishiswe ukuhamba okungadingekile ngama-forklift kanye nabaqhubi, izindawo zokwamukela, zokugcina, zokuqoqa, zokuhlanganisa, kanye nezokuthumela impahla kumele zihlelwe ukuze ukuhamba kwezimpahla kulandele indlela enengqondo, kube nokuwela okuncane futhi kungabi nezithiyo.
Ukuhlelwa okuhle, okuhambisana nefilosofi ye-Just in Time, kwenza kube lula ukugeleza kwezinto ngaphakathi nangaphandle. okusheshayo nokubikezelekayoukusekela imijikelezo emifushane nephindaphindayo yokugcwalisa kabusha. Ezimweni eziningi, kungadingeka ukuhambisa amashalofu, ukucacisa izindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, noma ukudala izindawo ezithile zemikhiqizo eshintshashintshayo kakhulu.
Ukukhetha uhlelo lokugcina olufanele
Uhlobo lweshelufu kanye ne-logic yokuphathwa kwesitoko nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile. Ezindaweni ze-JIT, kuvamile ukukhetha izinhlelo ezenza kube lula ukugeleza nokulawula ukujikeleza, njengezixazululo ze-FIFO (okungena kuqala, okuphuma kuqala) noma amashelufu ashukumisayo.
Ukuze kwandiswe ukusebenza kahle, izinkampani eziningi zikhetha izinhlelo ezenzakalelayo Izinhlelo zokugcina izinto, njengezindawo zokugcina impahla ezizenzakalelayo, izinhlelo zokulayisha izinto ezincane zamabhokisi alula, noma ama-shuttle azenzakalelayo kancane, anciphisa ukuphathwa ngesandla, athuthukisa ukunemba kwempahla, futhi avumela izikhathi zokujikeleza eziqinile kakhulu.
Ukwamukelwa nokuthunyelwa okusheshayo kakhulu
Kumodeli ye-Just-in-Time, ukwamukelwa kuvame ukuba kaningi futhi ngamaqembu amancaneLokhu kudinga izinqubo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu zokulayisha, ukuqinisekisa, nokugcina izimpahla. Okufanayo kusebenza nasekuthunyelweni kwezimpahla: ama-oda kumele alungiswe ngokushesha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezikhathi ezibekiwe eziqinile.
Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, kuvamile ukufaka izinhlelo zokulayisha nokulayisha ngokuzenzakalelayoAma-docks amakhulu, amathuluzi okuhlonza amabhakhodi noma i-RFID, kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile ezinciphisa amaphutha kanye nesikhathi sokungasebenzi.
Ukulawulwa okuqinile kwempahla
Njengoba kunamazinga aphansi kangaka esitokweni, noma yikuphi ukungafani phakathi kwempahla ekhona kanye namarekhodi ekhompyutha kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. Yingakho i-Just-in-Time (JIT) warehouse idinga ukulawulwa kwempahla okuqhubekayo nokunembile kakhuluokusekelwa izinhlelo zokuphatha (i-WMS, i-ERP/MRP) ezinikeza ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela.
Ukubalwa kwemijikelezo, ukuqopha ukunyakaza njengoba kwenzeka, kanye nama-alamu azenzakalelayo lapho izinga liwela ngaphansi komkhawulo othile kuyimikhuba ejwayelekile. Ukuzithiba kule misebenzi kubalulekile. Iphutha elincane lingaholela ekushoneni kwempahla okuvimba ukukhiqiza noma okuvimbela ukugcwalisa i-oda.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinhlelo ze-Just in Time kanye ne-ERP/MRP
Namuhla, i-Just-in-Time ivame ukuhambisana nezixazululo zesofthiwe ezithuthukisiwe, ikakhulukazi Izinhlelo ze-ERP kanye ne-MRP okwazi ukuxhumanisa ukukhiqizwa, ukuthenga, isitokwe kanye nokuthengisa kusuka kusizindalwazi esisodwa esihlanganisiwe.
I-ERP enhle yokukhiqiza isiza ekuqaliseni i-JIT ngokuhlinzeka ukubonakala kwesikhathi sangempela kwamazinga esitokoAmathuluzi okuhlela ukukhiqiza (kufaka phakathi ukuhlela emuva kuze kuqedwe ngosuku lokulethwa), ukuphathwa kwabaphakeli okuhlanganisiwe, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwedatha ukuthola izithiyo noma ukungasebenzi kahle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-ERP izosiza ekuthuthukisweni kwe ukuxhumana kwangaphakathi okugelezayoUma umthengisi efaka i-oda, ulwazi lufika ngokushesha ekuhleleni, ekuthengeni, kanye nasesitolo, ukuze yonke inhlangano ivumelane nokukhiqiza nokuletha ngesikhathi. Ngaphandle kwalokhu "ubuchopho obuvamile," kunzima kakhulu ukugcina uhlelo oluzinzile ngesikhathi esifanele.
Futhi kuyisihluthulelo se- ukulandelelwa nokuhambisana ukulawulwa, njengoba kuvumela ukulandelwa kwezinto zokwakha kanye nezingxenye kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka, into ebaluleke kakhulu emikhakheni elawulwayo noma kulezo ezinesidingo sokuphatha ukubuyiswa kwemikhiqizo.
Kunini lapho kufaneleka khona ukusebenzisa i-Just in Time nokuthi kuziphi izigaba
I-Just-in-time (JIT) ifanelana kahle kakhulu ezimweni lapho isidingo singabikezelwa kalulaIzinguquko ezisheshayo azivamile, futhi abahlinzeki abathembekile kakhulu batholakala emabangeni afanele. Ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, kungenzeka ukuhlela ngokunembile nokusebenza ngempahla encane ngaphandle kokufaka engcupheni enkulu.
Umkhakha lapho imodeli ye-JIT ifinyelele khona ukuvuthwa okukhulu yi- ezezimotolapho abakhiqizi abaningi besebenza namapaki abaphakeli aseduze kakhulu nezitshalo zabo zokuhlanganisa, ngokuvamile axhunywe ngisho nangamabhande okuhambisa. Kuye kwasakazekela nase- aeronautics nasezindaweni ezithile ze- ubuchwepheshelapho imikhiqizo inenani eliphezulu kanye nesidingo esizinzile.
Ezinkampanini ezincane noma ezimakethe ezishintshashintsha kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa okuqinile kwe-Just-in-Time kungaba nzima kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, izimiso zayo eziningi—nciphisa imfucuza, thuthukisa ukugeleza, nciphisa izikhathi zokukhokha— zisebenza kancane kancane, zivumelanisa izinga lesitoko sokuphepha neqiniso lebhizinisi ngalinye.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umkhakha unjani, ukuya ku-Just-in-Time kuyisinqumo esibalulekile esithinta imodeli yobudlelwano bomhlinzeki, inhlangano yangaphakathi, kanye nephrofayili yengozi inkampani ezimisele ukuyicabanga. Akuyona nje iphrojekthi yokusebenza, kodwa ushintsho olukhulu kwifilosofi yokuphatha.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Just-in-Time kuzuze i- udumo ngoba, kusetshenziswe nge ukuqina kanye nokuqonda okuvamile, kuvumela ukusebenza ngempahla encane, imfucuza encane, kanye nesivinini esikhulu ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ikhwalithi; noma kunjalo, impumelelo yayo incike ekuhlanganisweni okubucayi kwe isiko langaphakathiUkuziphatha kahle, ubuchwepheshe obusekelayo, kanye nenethiwekhi yabaphakeli ethembekile kubalulekile, ngakho-ke inkampani ngayinye kumele ihlole ukuthi ingasondela kangakanani kule modeli ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ukuqhubeka kwenkonzo yayo.
