Iyini iBhange Lomhlaba: imvelaphi, imisebenzi kanye nezingxoxo

Inicio » Umnotho » Iyini iBhange Lomhlaba: imvelaphi, imisebenzi kanye nezingxoxo

Uma uzibuza ukuthi iBhange Lomhlaba liyini ngempela, ufike endaweni efanele: sizochaza ngokuthula imvelaphi yalo, ukuthi lihlelwe kanjani, ukuthi litholaphi imali yalo, ukuthi lixhasa ngani, ukuthi liphumelela kanjani, nokuthi yiziphi izigxeko eliziqongele. Kuwo wonke umlando walo, lesi sikhungo siye saqala ukuxhasa ngokwakha kabusha kanye nengqalasizinda saya ekukhuthazeni izinhlelo zomphakathi, ezemvelo, kanye nezinye. isenzo sezulu esikhuluekhona emazweni angaphezu kwe-130.

Sikhuluma ngenhlangano enethonya elikhulu ekuthuthukisweni komhlaba wonke: inikeza izikweletu, izikweletu ezithambile, iziqinisekiso, kanye nosizo lobuchwepheshe kohulumeni, kanye nasemabhizinisini ngezinhlaka zayo zomkhakha ozimele. Indlunkulu yayo iseWashington, D.C., futhi umongameli wayo wamanje ukhona. Ajay Banga futhi lesi sikhungo sisebenza njengenhlangano yamazwe anamasheya, enohlelo lokuphatha oluyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuvota lapho i-United States, iJapan, iJalimane, iFrance kanye ne-United Kingdom kungabanikazi bamasheya abakhulu.

Iyini iBhange Lomhlaba futhi laqala kanjani?

IBhange Lomhlaba liyinhlangano yezezimali ehlanganisa amazwe amaningi eyakhiwe ngaphansi komongo we- Izivumelwano zikaBretton Woods (1944)Ingqophamlando lapho owayenguNobhala Wezezimali wase-US ngaleso sikhathi, uHenry Morgenthau Jr., aqhuba khona ingqungquthela eyazala ne-IMF. Imvelaphi yayo kwakuyiBhange Lomhlaba Wonke Lokwakha Kabusha Nokuthuthukiswa (i-IBRD), elalihloselwe isikhathi sangemva kwempi futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, landisa ukugxila kwalo emazweni anengeniso ephakathi naphansi anemali efanelekile yokubolekwa.

Yaqala ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni ngemva kokuvunyelwa kwezivumelwano ngasekupheleni kuka-1945, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umgomo wayo obekiwe bekuwukunciphisa ubumpofu nokukhuthaza intuthuko esimeme. Emashumini eminyaka edlule, iBhange Lomhlaba lathuthuka laba umndeni wezikhungo ezinhlanu esizazi namuhla ngokuthi Iqembu Lebhange Lomhlaba (i-WBG), kanye nemiyalelo ehambisanayo yomkhakha kahulumeni, umkhakha ozimele kanye nokuxazululwa kwezinkinga zokutshalwa kwezimali.

Imali mboleko yokuqala eyavunyelwa yilesi sikhungo yayiyiFrance: amaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-250 ngemibandela eqinile kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela ukusetshenziswa kwezimali. Eqinisweni, ngaphambi kokuyigunyaza, uhulumeni waseFrance kwakudingeka akhiphe ongqongqoshe abaxhumene neQembu LamaKhomanisi; uphawu lwe ithonya lezepolitiki langaleso sikhathi kanye nokuhlakanipha kokuqala kweBhange ekuqiniseni ukwethembeka kwalo nezimakethe.

Ngemva kokwethulwa koHlelo lweMarshall ngo-1947, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kokwakhiwa kabusha kweYurophu kwaqondiswa kabusha futhi iBhange Lomhlaba lasheshe lashintsha ukunaka kwalo kumaphrojekthi angaphandle kweYurophu: ingqalasizinda ekhiqiza imali engenayo njengezikhumulo zemikhumbi, imigwaqo, amagridi kagesi kanye nokunye ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzosiza amazwe ukuthi akhokhe imali mboleko ngendlela ehlelekile.

Ukwakheka Kweqembu Lebhange Lomhlaba

I-World Bank Group inezinhlaka ezinhlanu ezinemisebenzi ehlukile. Ngokuvamile, uma abantu bebhekisela ku-“World Bank,” bavame ukusho i-IBRD kanye ne-IDA, kodwa leli qembu lihlanganisa ne-IFC, i-MIGA, kanye ne-ICSID. Ndawonye, ​​bakhonza amazwe angaphezu kwamalungu ayi-180 futhi bahlela imizamo yabo yokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezezimali. ukuxhaswa ngezimali, iziqinisekiso, izeluleko kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano kuhlobene nokutshalwa kwezimali.

IBhange Lomhlaba Lokwakha Kabusha Nezinguquko (BIRF)Iboleka amazwe anengeniso ephakathi nendawo kanye nalawo anengeniso ephansi anekhono lokukhokha. Iyisisusa esikhulu sezimali zangaphandle ngenxa yesilinganiso sayo sesikweletu esiphezulu, ngokusekelwe ekubhaliseni kwemali evela kumalungu kanye nokukhishwa kwamabhondi ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe.

Inhlangano Yentuthuko Yamazwe Ngamazwe (i-IDA)Kuyingalo yamazwe ampofu kakhulu, ehlinzeka ngemali mboleko yesikhashana kanye nezibonelelo ezihlose ukukhula, ukunciphisa ukungalingani, kanye nokuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila. Ixhaswa ngemali yokugcwalisa kabusha iminyaka emithathu evela kubanikeli, ukukhokha imisebenzi edlule, ukudluliselwa kwangaphakathi okuvela kwi-IBRD, kanye, muva nje, ukufinyelela ezimakethe zezimali ngokusekelwa ngabalingani. Sekukonke, i-IDA isebenzisa izigidigidi zamaRandi ngonyaka ngemibandela emihle kakhulu futhi, ezimweni zobungozi bokukweleta ngokweqile, ingahlinzeka iminikelo emsulwa.

I-International Finance Corporation (IFC)Yasungulwa ngo-1956 ukukhuthaza intuthuko ngomkhakha ozimele, itshala imali ekwakhiweni kwezimali kanye nasezikweletini, ihlinzeka ngeziqinisekiso, futhi iphatha izingozi zezinkampani emazweni asathuthuka, ngaphezu kokwenza kube lula ukufinyelela kwazo ezimakethe zezimali kanye nokunikeza izinsizakalo zokweluleka. Umsebenzi wayo uhlose ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese lapho imvelo ingathandeki, ngezinhloso ezicacile zokudala imisebenzi kanye ukuqoqwa kwemali.

I-ejensi Yesiqinisekiso Sokutshalwa Kwezimali Eziningi (i-MIGA)Ihlinzeka ngomshuwalense wezingozi ezingezona ezentengiselwano (ukuthathwa kwempahla, ukungaguquki, imikhawulo yokudluliselwa kwempahla, izingxabano, njll.) zokutshalwa kwezimali ezimakethe ezisafufusa, ikhuthaza ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali bamazwe ngamazwe futhi isize ukuvala izikhala zezingozi.

Isikhungo Samazwe Ngamazwe Sokuxazulula Izingxabano Zotshalomali (i-ICSID)Inikeza izinsizakalo zokubuyisana kanye nokulamula ezingxabanweni phakathi kwabatshalizimali kanye nezifundazwe, ngenhloso yokuqinisa ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni kokutshalwa kwezimali kwamanye amazwe. Le ngxenye iqedela uhlelo lwe-ecosystem yeQembu ngokuhlinzeka ngenkundla ezimele ye ukuxazulula izingxabano.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Institute for Economic Development yangaphambili yaba yi- I-World Bank Institute (WBI) Ngo-2000, yagxila ekufundeni kwezikhulu zikahulumeni kanye nochwepheshe bezentuthuko. Ngo-2006, Iqembu Lokuhlola Elizimele (i-IEG), iyunithi ezimele ehlola ukusebenza kahle kwemisebenzi ye-IBRD, IDA, IFC kanye ne-MIGA ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yini esebenzayo nokuthi kungani, bese kuthuthukiswa imiphumela.

Ukuphatha, ukuvota kanye nabanikazi bamasheya: indlela izinqumo ezenziwa ngayo

Izwe ngalinye eliyilungu limelelwe ku- Ibhodi LabaphathiIbhodi liyigunya eliphakeme kakhulu, elenza izinqumo zokugcina ezindabeni ezibalulekile njengokwamukelwa noma ukumiswa kwamalungu, ukwenyuka noma ukuncipha kwemali, ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo, kanye neminye imisebenzi yamasu. Ababusi (ngokuvamile ongqongqoshe bezezimali noma bentuthuko) bahlangana minyaka yonke futhi isikhathi sabo ngokuvamile siba yiminyaka emihlanu, kanye nethuba lokuqokwa kabusha.

Njengoba uMhlangano Jikelele ubanjwa kanye kuphela ngonyaka, abaphathi bansuku zonke banikezwa iBhodi Yabaqondisi elakhiwe Abaqondisi Abaphezulu abangu-25 (kusukela ngo-2010). Abanikazi bamasheya abahlanu abakhulu ngamunye uqoka umqondisi oyedwa ngqo, kuyilapho amazwe asele ehlelwe ngamaqembu noma “izihlalo” ezikhetha abaqondisi abangu-20 abasele. Ngakho-ke, ukumelwa kuxubile: ukuqokwa ngesabelo semali kanye nokukhethwa ngamavoti.

Ngokomlando, inani labaqondisi lashintsha ngokwanda kwamalungu: ngaphambi kuka-1992 babengu-22, base bengu-24, futhi kusukela ngoNovemba 2010 liye lazinza e- Izikhulu Eziphezulu Ezingama-25Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, abaQondisi bahlangana izikhathi eziningana ngesonto ukuze bavume izimali mboleko, iziqinisekiso, izinqubomgomo ezintsha, izabelomali, kanye namasu ezwe. UMongameli Weqembu uhola imihlangano kodwa akanalo ivoti; indima yakhe ukuhola isikhungo, ukuqoka nokuhlela abasebenzi, futhi ekugcineni aphathe imisebenzi yansuku zonke yeBhange.

Amalungelo okuvota anqunywa kakhulu ngokubhalisela imali, okulingana nengcebo yezwe ngalinye. EBhange Lomhlaba, isibonelo, ithebula lamandla okuvota libonise cishe lezi zilinganiso ezilandelayo: I-United States (15,98%), iJapan (6,89%), iShayina (4,45%), iJalimane (4,03%), iFrance (3,78%), i-United Kingdom (3,78%), iNdiya (2,93%), iRussia (2,79%), iSaudi Arabia (2,79%), i-Italy (2,66%), iCanada (2,45%), iBrazil (2,25%), iNetherlands (1,93%), iSpain (1,86%) kanye neMexico (1,69%).

Esinye isitatimende siveze ukuthi i-US ilawule amavoti angu-16,38%, ilandelwe yiJapan (7,86%), iJalimane (4,48%), iFrance (4,30%), kanye ne-UK (4,30%), kanti amazwe angu-24 ase-Afrika, ehlangene, awanawo u-2,85%. Lezi zibalo zibonisa isisindo esilinganiselwe seminotho emikhulu, yize kunjalo. kuyahlukahluka ngokuphila ngaphakathi kweQembu uqobo.

Kunezinye izinhlangano ezisekelayo, njenge- I-Consejo Consultivo Iqokwe yiBhodi Yababusi, ehlanganisa abameleli abavela emikhakheni yamabhange, yezimboni, yezolimo kanye neyezisebenzi ukuze beluleke ngezindaba zenqubomgomo ezijwayelekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwesiko elingabhaliwe, umongameli weBhange Lomhlaba uvame ukuqokwa yi-United States; ngoFebhuwari 2023, uJoe Biden wamemezela ukuqokwa kuka-Ajay Banga, manje ohola lesi sikhungo nge-ajenda yokuguqulwa kanye nokubambisana.

Ivelaphi imali futhi isebenzisa ziphi izinsimbi?

Uma amazwe ejoyina, abhalisela imali futhi akhokha ingxenye encane kuphela; okusele "kungashintshwa" njengesibambiso, okusekela izinga eliphezulu lesikweletu seBhange. Kodwa-ke, iningi lezinsiza zemali mboleko livela udaba lwebhondi kusukela ku-IBRD uqobo ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke, kubhekwa njengokutshalwa kwezimali okuphephile kakhulu uma kubhekwa ukusekelwa okuhlangene kohulumeni abanamasheya.

Izindlela zezimali ziye zahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesiko, iBhange liphathe izinhlobo ezinhlanu eziyinhloko zamathuluzi: izimali mboleko zephrojekthi (imigwaqo, amandla, amanzi kanye nokuhlanzeka, njll.); izimali mboleko zemikhakha eziqondisa izinqubomgomo kanye nezinto eziza kuqala ezindaweni ezifana ezolimo noma amandlaImali mboleko yezikhungo yokuguqulwa nokuqinisa isimo; imali mboleko yokulungisa (kufaka phakathi imali mboleko yokulungisa isakhiwo, esetshenziswa kabanzi ngawo-80); kanye nezibonelelo ezimweni ezithile. Kuzo zonke izimo, imisebenzi ifaka phakathi izimo zezimali kanye nokuqaliswa kokusebenza kanye nokuqapha iminyaka eminingana.

Imali mboleko ye-IBRD ivame ukuxoxiswana ngayodwana, ngezikhathi zomusa kanye nemigomo yokukhokha yeminyaka eyi-15-20 ngamanani emakethe. Ngokomlando, iBhange aliyilungisi kabusha noma likhansele imali mboleko, okuqinisa idumela layo elihlala njalo. Ngo-2002, isibonelo, usizo emazweni asathuthuka lwalufinyelela cishe ku-$8.100 billion, kanye nemali mboleko eyengeziwe yesikhathi eside engu-$11.500 billion; izibalo ezibonisa indima yeBhange njengomthombo we uxhaso lwezimali oluphikisana nomjikelezo futhi uzinzile.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iQembu lisebenza ngeziqinisekiso (i-MIGA), izimali mboleko kanye nemali yomkhakha ozimele (i-IFC), kanye nezinsizakalo zokwahlulela (i-ICSID), ngaleyo ndlela lihlanganisa konke kusukela ku- ukwesekwa kwesabelomali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, kuze kufike ekuhlanganisweni kwemali yangasese, ukunciphisa ubungozi kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano.

Umlando wokusebenza: izinguquko, amaphrojekthi kanye nokwanda kwezihloko

Emashumini eminyaka okuqala, iBhange lagxila iphothifoliyo yalo engqalasizinda ekhiqizayo. Isibonelo esihle ukwakhiwa ngo-1965 komzila wesitimela iSarajevo-Ploče endaweni eyayiyiYugoslavia ngaleso sikhathi, ngokusekelwa ngezimali yiBhange Lomhlaba. Lapho iMarshall Plan ihola ekwakhiweni kabusha kweYurophu, lesi sikhungo sasheshisa ukuthunyelwa kwaso kwamanye amazwekazi, saxhasa amachweba, imigwaqo, kanye nezitshalo zikagesi ngombono wokuzinza kwezezimali kanye imbuyiselo yezomnotho.

Ngawo-70, ukugxila kwanda: ngo-1973, isibonelo, yasekela ukwakhiwa kwechibi eSão Paulo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinsizakalo zamanzi nokuhlanzeka, okungenye yezinhlelo zokuqala zemvelo ezinendlela ephelele yokufinyelela emifuleni. Kusukela ngo-1968, ngaphansi kukaRobert McNamara, iBhange landisa kakhulu inani kanye nobubanzi bemali mboleko yalo, likhuthaza izinhlelo ezibhekana nezidingo eziyisisekelo futhi landisa isisekelo salo sokuxhaswa ngemali ngokukhishwa kwezimali emhlabeni wonke okuholwa ngu-Eugene Rotberg. Lolu shintsho, ngenkathi luphindaphinda umthelela, luphinde lwahambisana nokukhula okusheshayo ukwanda kwezikweletu emazweni asathuthuka phakathi kuka-1976 no-1980.

Iminyaka yawo-1980 yaletha isahluko esisha: kwasungulwa i-World Bank's Administrative Tribunal (80) ukuze kuxazululwe izingxabano zangaphakathi zabasebenzi, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, izimali mboleko zokulungisa isakhiwo zasakazeka kabanzi ukuze kuxazululwe inkinga yezikweletu. Ekupheleni kweminyaka eyishumi, i-UNICEF yaxwayisa ngemiphumela emibi yezenhlalo yezinguquko ezithile, ikakhulukazi empilweni, ekudleni, kanye nasemfundweni yezingane eziyizigidi e-Asia, e-Afrika naseLatin America. Ekuphenduleni ukugxekwa, iBhange lafaka Izinhlangano ezingezona ezomthetho kanye namaqembu ezemvelo ekwakhiweni kwemisebenzi futhi kwamukelwa izinqubomgomo eziqinile zokuvikela imvelo, okuhlanganisa nesinqumo sika-1991 sokungaxhasi amaphrojekthi anethonya eliqondile elibi emahlathini afana ne-Amazon.

Kwezempilo yomphakathi, iBhange likhuthaze izimpahla zomphakathi zomhlaba wonke: lamemezela “impi yokulwa nengculazi” ngo-2000, kwathi ngo-2011, lajoyina inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze “Liyeke Isifo Sofuba.” Laphinde lasekela iMontreal Protocol ngenhlangano ezinikele ukusheshisa ukususwa kwezinto eziqeda i-ozone. Ngo-2010, laqala iphrojekthi ye-MAGIC eSeychelles ukukhuthaza ezokuvakasha zasendaweni, kwalandelwa ngo-2012 uhlelo lwe-TIME; futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lixhase izinhlelo zokuqeqesha, njengephrojekthi ka-1980 eKorea (iPusan ​​​​Vocational Training Institute, ngamaRandi ayizigidi ezingama-23) noma izindlela zokwenza lokhu. intuthuko eqhutshwa umphakathi, njengalezo ezathunyelwa e-Afrika ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21.

Indlela yezenhlalo neyomphakathi yathola amandla nge-ajenda yeMillennium Development Goals, futhi kamuva, Izinjongo Zokuthuthukiswa OkusimemeIsibonelo, ngo-2008, amaphrojekthi abandakanya abesifazane eKenya aqokonyiswa, okuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwamaqembu asengozini, ukuhlanganiswa kosizo kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu ekwenzeni izinqumo.

Izinhlelo, amahhovisi kanye nohlelo olubanzi lwe-CSR

IBhange Lomhlaba linamahhovisi emazweni angaphezu kuka-130 kanye nabasebenzi abangaphezu kuka-10.000, kanye nabeluleki abangaba ngu-5.000 kanye nabasebenzi besikhashana. Lokhu kufinyelela okubanzi kuvumela ukuthunyelwa kosizo lobuchwepheshe kanye nokuqapha amaphrojekthi endaweni, ngesikhathi esifanayo kuhlanganiswa izinqubomgomo ezingeni eliphakathi nezifunda. imikhuba yomhlaba wonke kanye nezixazululo ezihlanganisa konke.

Endabeni Yomthwalo Wemfanelo Wezenhlalo Yezinkampani (CSR), iBhange likhuthaze izinhlelo ezifana nalezi: Uhlelo lwe-CSR kanye Nokuncintisana Okuqhubekayo; Ihhovisi Lokusebenza le-CSR ngaphakathi koMnyango Wezinsizakalo Zokweluleka Zemboni Ezimele; IDiploma ku-CSR; Ukubambisana KwaseNingizimu-Ningizimu ku-CSR; izinhlelo zemikhakha (isibonelo, kwezamandla eLatin America naseCaribbean); Indima ye-IFC njengomshayeli wezindinganiso zokusebenza; kanye isitifiketi sokushayela indiza yezinkampani ngokulingana ngokobulili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ihlela imicimbi yokufinyelela umphakathi efana neNgqungquthela yaseMelika mayelana ne-CSR ethi “Ubambiswano Lwentuthuko”.

Ukubambisana kuncike futhi ezikhwameni ze-trust ezihambisa izinsiza zabaxhasi emigomweni ethile. ISpain, isibonelo, ihlanganyele njengomnikeli oyedwa noma njengengxenye yenhlangano ezikhwameni eziningi zeBhange Lomhlaba, futhi yabelana "ngesihlalo" neMexico, iVenezuela, iGuatemala, i-El Salvador, iCosta Rica, iHonduras, neNicaragua, yafinyelela Ukuphathwa Kwabaphathi njalo eminyakeni emibili.

Ngokuphathelene nolwazi kanye nokuhlela, kufanelekile ukusho ukuthi, ngokusho kohlu oluthile lwezikhungo, iBhange Lomhlaba lihlukaniswa njengenhlangano yezinsizakalo zezimali enendlunkulu eWashington DC, eyakhiwe yi-IBRD kanye ne-IDA, efakwe ngaphakathi kwezivumelwano zeBretton Woods, futhi izinkomba zikhonjisiwe ngisho naku- I-Confederation of Open Access Repositories kanye ne-DataCite Kweminye i-metadata, kunobufakazi bokuhlukahluka (futhi ngezinye izikhathi ukungavumelani) kwemithombo yesibili.

Isenzo sesimo sezulu: imigomo, uxhaso lwezimali kanye namathuluzi

IBhange Lomhlaba liqinise isifiso salo sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Uhlelo Lwalo Lokusebenza Kwesimo Sezulu 2021–2025 lubeka umgomo wokunikela isilinganiso esingu-35% sezimali eziphelele ezinhlelweni zesimo sezulu, okungenani u-50% wemizamo ye-IBRD ne-IDA igxile kuyo. ukujwayelaI-IFC kanye ne-MIGA, bona ngokwabo, babeka phambili ukugqugquzelwa kwemali yangasese ukuze kusheshiswe ukususwa kwe-carbonization kanye nokuqina.

Ngonyaka wezimali ka-2024, iBhange labela inani eliqopha umlando Ama-dollar ayi-42.600 kumaphrojekthi esimo sezulu (ngaphezu kuka-10% kunonyaka odlule), okuhlanganisa amandla ahlanzekile, ezokuthutha ezisimeme, kanye nokuqina komphakathi. Ngaphansi kobumongameli buka-Ajay Banga, ukwanda okuya ku-45% wephothifoliyo eyabelwe isimo sezulu kumenyezelwe, kusukela ngonyaka wezimali ka-2025, okubonisa indima ebalulekile iBhange elifisa ukuyidlala ku ezezimali eziluhlaza emhlabeni jikelele.

Amaphrojekthi aphambili akamuva afaka: izindawo zokukhosela iziphepho ezingaphezu kuka-900 eBangladesh; ukulima irayisi ngokukhipha ukungcola okuncane kanye nemikhuba eqhubekayo eMekong Delta (eVietnam), okuzuzisa imindeni eyizigidi ezingu-1,4; kanye nezinhlelo zokuhamba zomphakathi ngokukhipha ukungcola okuncane eSenegal (amabhasi kagesi eDakar) kanye nephrojekthi yokuhlola eCairo. Lokhu kungenelela kuhlose imiphumela emibili: ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye thuthukisa ikhwalithi yempilo.

Ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinsiza, iBhange lisebenzise amathuluzi afana nemali mboleko eluhlaza kanye nezibopho zentuthuko esimeme, eziye zadlulisela imali efinyelela ku-$60.000 billion minyaka yonke ezixhunywe kuma-SDG; ukuxhaswa ngezimali okunezinkontileka (ngaphansi kwamanani emakethe ngosizo lobuchwepheshe kanye nobambiswano lwesikhathi eside); kanye nezivumelwano ze-ERPA (izinkokhelo zokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi) ezivumela ukudluliselwa kwezikweletu zekhabhoni, njengasehlelweni lwe- Ukuphathwa Kwendawo Okuhlanganisiwe KwaseZambézia eMozambique ukuqeda ukugawulwa kwamahlathi.

Ukuhlanganisa isimo sezulu emisebenzini kuhilela amathuluzi okuhlaziya nokuqapha: ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezulu kanye nezingozi zezinhlekelele, ukubalwa kokukhishwa kwegesi engcolile, amanani e-carbon shadow ekuhlaziyweni kwezomnotho, kanye, ezingeni lezwe, Imibiko Yesimo Sezulu Nentuthuko (CCDR)Ngokuphathelene nokudalula, iBhange liye lathuthuka ngokuhambisana nohlaka lwe-TCFD, futhi ukuze liqondise ukwakhiwa kwephrojekthi lisebenzisa iSistimu Yokulinganisa Ukuqina (A, B noma C) okulula ukuthi abangebona ochwepheshe bayichaze.

Kodwa-ke, akusikho konke ukunconywa. Umbiko we-Oxfam ukhombisile ukuthi phakathi kuka-$24.000 billion no-$41.000 billion wokuxhaswa kwesimo sezulu phakathi kuka-2017 no-2023 kwakuntuleka ukulandelelwa okwanele komphakathi, okuvimbela ukuhlolwa komthelela. Lolu hlobo lwemibuzo luholele ezicelweni zokuthi obala okwengeziwe kanye nokubhalwa kangcono kwezinsizakusebenza, ikakhulukazi ekulungiseleleni izingqungquthela ezifana ne-COP.

Ukugxekwa, izimpikiswano, kanye nezingxoxo ezivulekile

Eminyakeni edlule, iBhange Lomhlaba liye lagxekwa ngomthelela weminye imisebenzi emvelweni nasemiphakathini yasendaweni. Izibonelo ezivame ukucashunwa zifaka phakathi iDamu laseSarovar eMfuleni iNarmada (eNdiya), elasusa amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu; uhlelo lokuthuthukisa iPolonoroeste eBrazil, oluhambisana nokugawulwa kwamahlathi okukhulu; iDamu lasePak Mun eThailand, elinemiphumela emibi kakhulu ekudobeni; kanye nokwandiswa kwezimayini eSingrauli (eNdiya), okuhlobene nokungcola kanye ukufuduselwa kabusha ngenkani.

Iphinde yasolwa ngokuthanda izintshisekelo zamazwe athuthukile, kungaba ngokukhuthaza ukuthunyelwa kwemfucuza eyingozi noma ngokukhuthaza ukuthuthwa kwezimboni ezingcolisayo ziye emazweni asathuthuka. Ezindaweni zasemakhaya, abanye abagxeki bathi abalimi abancane Ababonanga izinzuzo zokunisela kanye namandla avela emadamini amakhulu, futhi ukufakwa kwezitshalo zokuzilibazisa esikhundleni sezitshalo zezimboni kuye kwaphoqeleka lapho kungafanele khona, kwaba nemiphumela emibi ebuphofwini.

Endabeni yamalungelo abantu, izinhlangano ziye zangabaza izimali mboleko eziya kohulumeni abanomlando wokwephulwa kwemithetho, zithi noma ngabe izimali zingasetshenziswa ngqo emisebenzini yokucindezela, ukuvunyelwa kwazo kukhulula izinsiza zangaphakathi ukuze zisetshenziswe kabi. Amacala adlule afaka phakathi ukubusa kobushiqela eNingizimu Melika kanye nemibuso yobushiqela e-Asia. Muva nje, ukwabiwa kwemali ngokwesimo sezingxabano kuye kwangatshazwa, okuvuselela impikiswano mayelana izimo zezepolitiki kanye nemikhawulo yesibopho seBhange.

Izinqubo zokufuduka ezihlobene nengqalasizinda ziye zaba umthombo wokuhlupheka lapho zihlelwe kabi, njengoba kubonakala e-Indonesia naseBrazil. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubudlelwano ne- abantu bomdabu Lokhu kube omunye umthombo wokungezwani: naphezu kweziqondiso zokuqala, kwabikwa ngaphakathi ukuthi azilandelwanga njalo, okwadala izinkinga zemvume, isinxephezelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwamasiko.

Ngokuphathelene nokubusa, ithonya elikhulu le-US, ngenxa yamandla ayo okuphatha amasheya kanye namandla e-veto angempela, liyagxekwa. Izazi zezomnotho ezifana noJoseph Stiglitz nazo zikhombe umthwalo wemfanelo waseYurophu wokugcina lokhu kusatshalaliswa, yize izinguquko zaqaliswa ngo-2010 ukuze kwandiswe isisindo sezinhlangano zaseYurophu. amazwe asafufusaNgaphakathi, lesi sikhungo siphinde sabhekana namacala adumile, njengokwesula kukaPaul Wolfowitz ngo-2007 ngenxa yokukhetha okusolwayo, noma imibiko yokuhlukunyezwa ngokocansi egcizelela isidingo sokuqinisa amazinga abasebenzi nobuqotho.

Ngokwengqondo, iBhange ligxekwe yizinhlangano ezilwa nobumbano lomhlaba wonke ngokuchema okusolwayo ezinkampanini ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokukhuthaza izinqubomgomo zokukhululeka, emehlweni abanye, ezingabavikelanga ngokwanele abasengozini enkulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, abanye bakhomba ukuthi iBhange alizange libe lukhuni ngokwanele njalo enkohlakalweni noma ekufuneni ukhetho olukhululekile. umdonsiswano wamazwi Bakhuthaze izinguquko eziningi kanye nezingxoxo mayelana nokusobala, ukubamba iqhaza, kanye nokuvikela.

ISpain, ukumelwa kanye nolwazi olusebenzayo

ISpain inesihlalo esihlanganyelwe neMexico, iVenezuela, iGuatemala, i-El Salvador, iCosta Rica, iHonduras, kanye neNicaragua. Lesi sihlalo sikhetha uMqondisi waso Omkhulu kwiBhodi Yabaqondisi beBhange Lomhlaba, kanti iSpain isenza njalo eminyakeni emibili ngokushintshana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain inikela ezikhwameni ze-trust zeBhange ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene (njengomnikeli oyedwa noma ngokubambisana) ezindaweni ezifana nokuphatha, ukulingana ngokobuliliisimo sezulu kanye nentuthuko yabantu.

Uma unemibuzo ngezikhungo, ulwazi oluyinhloko lokuxhumana lweBhange Lomhlaba luthi: 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA. Ucingo: +1 (202) 473-1000. Ifeksi: +1 (202) 477-6391. I-imeyili: [i-imeyili ivikelwe]Iwebhusayithi esemthethweni: http://www.bancomundial.org. Nakuba iBhange lisebenza njengenhlangano yamazwe enamalungu angu-189 (eminye imithombo ikhomba u-184 ngezikhathi ezithile), isakhiwo sayo sokuvota kanye nephothifoliyo yamathuluzi kubuyekezwa njalo, ngakho-ke kuyalulekwa ukuthi ubheke iwebhusayithi esemthethweni ukuthola ulwazi lwakamuva. idatha yamanje.

Ngale kwedatha eqinile, kubalulekile ukukhumbula uhlu lomongameli oluye lwabumba inkambo yesikhungo: u-Eugene Meyer; uJohn J. McCloy; u-Eugene R. Black; uGeorge D. Woods; uRobert McNamara; u-Alden W. Clausen; uBarber B. Conable; uLewis T. Preston; uJames Wolfensohn; uPaul Wolfowitz; uRobert Zoellick; uJim Yong Kim; uDavid Malpass; kanye, kusukela ngo-2023, u-Ajay Banga. Isiko elingabhaliwe lokuthi ubumongameli buye kumuntu ozongenela ukhetho oqokwe yi-United States lisaphila futhi liyingxenye ye izingxoxo zokufaneleka kanye nokumelwa.

Njengoba sekuphele cishe iminyaka eyisishiyagalombili, iBhange Lomhlaba lidlule ezigabeni ezahlukene kakhulu: ukwakha kabusha, ingqalasizinda, izidingo eziyisisekelo, ukulungiswa kwesakhiwo, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ukukhulisa umkhakha ozimele, ukuvikelwa komphakathi, futhi manje kuyinto eza kuqala ezindaweni eziningi. Amandla ayo afaka phakathi ikhono lokuhlanganisa izinsiza, ukufinyelela emhlabeni wonke, kanye nosizo lobuchwepheshe; izinselelo zayo, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zikhomba ekuhlelweni okukhulu, ukulinganiswa okungcono komthelela, izwi eliqinile lezomnotho ezisafufusa, kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi okuqinile okubeka abantu esicongweni sezinqubomgomo zayo. ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme.