- Indlela yomlando ihlanganisa ukuhlelwa kwezinto, ukugxeka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwazo ukuze kuchazwe ngokucacile izinqubo zesikhathi esidlule.
- Ukugxekwa kwangaphandle kuqinisekisa ubuqiniso nobuqotho; ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi kuhlola ukwethembeka kokuqukethwe.
- Ayikho indlela eyodwa: ukuba nezimbangela eziningi kanye nokuzibandakanya okuhlukahlukene kuyizimpawu ezibalulekile.
Uma sikhuluma ngendlela yomlando, sibhekisela kusethi yamathuluzi nemithetho umlando ozithatha ngokungathi sína ngayo njengesifundo. Ngalezi ziqondiso, izazi-mlando zisebenza imithombo eyinhloko kanye nobunye ubufakazi ukwakha kabusha nokuchaza izinqubo zesikhathi esidlule ngokuzimisela okukhulu ngangokunokwenzeka, wazi ukuthi umkhiqizo wokugcina uzoba incazelo ephikiswana ngayo, hhayi imfundiso engaguquki.
Empeleni, le ndlela iqala ngokwakhiwa kwenkinga kanye nokusesha okuhlelekile kobufakazi, kuyaqhubeka nge- ukuhlola okubalulekile kusuka emthonjeni ngamunye futhi kuphetha ngokuhlanganiswa okunengqondo okudluliselwa emphakathini wezemfundo. Inhloso yayo ukuqonda okwamanje kusukela ezimpandeni zayo zesikhathi esidlule, ukugwema ukudida umlando ngenkumbulo elula ekhethiwe noma ngezindaba ezizisebenzelayo, noma ngabe zingase zikhange kangakanani. Inhloso Isondela emaqinisweni ngezinqubo ezingaqinisekiswa.
Iyiphi indlela yomlando?
Indlela yomlando iyibhokisi lamathuluzi ocwaningo lomlando: inqubo ehlelekile esuka embuzweni iye ku- ukuhumusha komlandoLokhu kuhlanganisa ukuthola ubufakazi nokubuhlola ngokucophelela. Kuhilela ukutadisha izenzakalo nezinqubo zesikhathi eside, ukuthola amaphethini, kanye nokwakha imibono echazayo, nakuba iwusizo ekuqondeni izenzakalo zamanje, kodwa ayivumeli iziphetho eziqondile. izibikezelo zesikhathi esifushane.
Le ndlela igcwele izingxoxo zefilosofi neze-epistemological: ingabe umlando uyisayensi esezingeni elifanayo nefiziksi noma i-biology? Impendulo evamile ikhomba ukuthi, njengesayensi yezenhlalo, umlando ubhekana nezimbangela eziningi kanye nezimo ezibaluleke kakhulu, ngakho-ke Ukungakhethi cala kuyinto eyenzeka ngempela okufiswayo ngemithetho ehlanganyelwe, ukugxekwa okuhlobene nemibono kanye nokushicilelwa okuvulekele ukuqhathanisa.
Izici kanye nobubanzi bendlela yomlando
Kunezici ezithile okungafanele zinganakwa. Okokuqala, ayikho indlela eyodwa evumelekile: Ayikho indlela yomlando eyodwa kuphelakodwa imindeni nezikole ezihlanganyela izimiso ezifanayo (ukuqonda izinto ngendlela ehlelekile, ukugxeka kanye nokuhlanganisa) futhi ezingafani ngokugcizelela, amasu kanye nezinhlaka zokuhumusha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela isebenza ngezikali zesikhathi ezibanzi; indawo yayo yemvelo ingamashumi eminyaka, amakhulu eminyaka, ngisho nezinkulungwane zeminyaka, ukuze Akuyona ithuluzi elifanele. ukulindela imiphumela esheshayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ayigcini nje ngokulandisa "okwenzekile," kodwa ifuna ukuxazulula inkinga ngani futhi kanjaniukwakha imibono mayelana nezimbangela zezehlakalo, ngokusekelwe njalo ebufakazini.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa ziwubufakazi bangesikhathi (imibhalo, izinto, izithombe, izinsalela zezinto ezibonakalayo, amarekhodi alalelwayo nezithombe, isiko lomlomo), okuhambisana nobufakazi imithombo yesibili lapho abanye ababhali sebevele becubungule ulwazi lwangaphambilini. Konke lokhu kuqhathaniswa kahle futhi kubekwa esimweni ukuze kugwenywe ukungaqondani nokuguquguquka kwezikhathi.
Imithombo yomlando: isiko lokuqala, lesibili kanye nelomlomo
Imithombo eyinhloko ubufakazi obuqondile beqiniso elifundwayo: kusukela kumadokhumenti asemthethweni kanye nezincwadi zangasese kuya ezintweni zobumba, izingubo, amathuluzi, imidwebo, izithombe noma okuqoshiweIphinde ihlanganise ubufakazi bomlomo nobokubukwayo ezimweni zakamuva. Ukuhlaziywa kwayo kudinga amasu asukela ku-paleography kuya ku-archaeometry.
Imithombo yesibili (noma yomlando) ingumphumela wocwaningo lwangaphambilini: izincwadi, izihloko, amakhathalogi, ama-monograph, izizindalwazi, imibiko yezinto zakudala kanye neyezenhlalo, phakathi kokunye. Ukusebenza nazo kuhilela ukuhlola uhlaka lwethiyori, indlela yabo kanye nendawo yabo empikiswaneni yomlando, ngoba nabo badinga ukufundwa ngokuhlolisisa.
Isiko lomlomo liyindaba ekhethekile: izindaba nezinkumbulo ezidluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ezingasebenza njengomthombo oyinhloko noma wesibili kuye ngombuzo wocwaningo. Ukuze lihlanganiswe ngempumelelo, ukungaguquguquki kwangaphakathi, ukuhlukahluka kwayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nobunye ubufakazi.
Izigaba zendlela yomlando
Empeleni, indlela yomlando ivela ezinyathelweni ezintathu ezinkulu: i-heuristics (ukusesha nokukhethwa kwemithombo), ukugxekwa (ukuqinisekisa nokuqinisekisa), kanye ukuhlanganiswa komlando (ukubhala izincazelo kanye nemibono). Ezindaweni zemfundo nezobungcweti, lolu hlelo luthuthukiswa ngezinyathelo ezingcono eziqinisekisa inqubo yomsebenzi ehlelekile.
1. Ukuqonda izinto ngendlela ehlelekile: ukuthola nokuhlukanisa imithombo
Konke kuqala ngokuchaza isihloko kanye nombuzo wocwaningo ochazwe kahle. Ukusuka lapho, kwakhiwa uhlelo lokusesha oluhlukanisa phakathi kwemithombo eyinhloko neyesibili, luhlole ukufinyeleleka kwayo, kanye ukusebenziseka kwezinto ezibonakalayo (izinsiza, isikhathi, izimvume, ibanga), bese usungula ifayela elisebenzayo (amakhadi ezinkomba, izizindalwazi, izindawo zokugcina zedijithali) ukuze ugweme ukushiya noma yiziphi iziphetho ezikhululekile.
I-heuristic ihlanganisa "isimo sobuciko": isibuyekezo sezincwadi esikhomba lokho osekuhloliwe kakade, imibono ephikiswayo, kanye izikhala zolwaziLe mephu ikuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukugxila, ugweme ukuphindaphindwa, futhi ubeke iphrojekthi ngaphakathi kwempikiswano ekhona.
2. Ukugxekwa kwemithombo: ubuqiniso, ubuqotho, kanye nokwethembeka
Ukugxekwa kuhlukanisa ukolweni namakhoba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxekwa kwangaphandle kuqinisekisa ukuthi umthombo yilokho okuthi uyikho; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi kunquma yiliphi inani elibonakalayo Inokuqukethwe kwayo. Eyokuqala ibuza imibuzo mayelana nesimo kanye nemvelaphi; eyesibili ilinganisa okuqukethwe kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nomongo.
Ukugxekwa kwangaphandle kungahlukaniswa amazinga amabili. Ukugxekwa okukhulu (noma komlando) kubheka usuku, indawo, ubunikazi bombhali, kanye nemvelaphi: umthombo wakhiqizwa nini? Kuphi? Ubani owadala? Yiziphi izinto noma izinguqulo zangaphambilini ezasetshenziswa? Ukugxekwa okuncane (noma kombhalo) kugxila kakhulu ubuqotho bombhalo: izinhlobo, amakhophi, ukulahlekelwa kanye nokwakhiwa kabusha.
Ukuze lokhu kuqinisekiswa kusebenze, kuvamile ukwakha uchungechunge lwemibuzo: Ubufakazi bakhiqizwa nini futhi kuphi? Ubani obukhiphe futhi ngenhloso yani? Yiziphi izimpawu ezibonakalayo ezifakazela ubuqiniso balo (amasignesha, izimphawu, iphepha, uyinki)? Kungani buhambisana nenkinga efundwayo? Phendula ngobufakazi Futhi ukungathembeli ekuqondeni kuyisihluthulelo.
Ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi, okunomumo omuhle, kuhlola okuqukethwe: ukwethembeka, ukuvumelana, ukucwasa, ukushiywa, kanye nobuhlobo bakho neminye imithombo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezindaba zofakazi bokuzibonela kanye... ababhali abathintekayo empeleni, kucatshangelwa isikhundla sabo, ukufinyelela kolwazi, izintshisekelo kanye nokwenzeka kwephutha noma ukukhohliswa.
3. Ukuhlanganiswa: ukucabanga nokubhala komlando
Uma ukuhlolwa sekuqediwe, sekuyisikhathi sokwakha indaba echazayo: ukwakha imibono, ukuchaza izimpikiswano, nokubhala umbhalo ochaza ukuthi izinqubo zenzeke kanjani nokuthi kungani. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kubizwa ngokuthi umlando Futhi akuyona nje "indaba" yasendulo: kumele iveze isisekelo sayo esingokobufakazi, iziphetho zayo, kanye nemikhawulo yayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuhle kuhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwamaqiniso asunguliwe, iziphetho ezinengqondo, kanye nezibikezelo ezivulekile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kufaka isandla sayo esimweni samanje socwaningo, okubonisa ukuthi yini faka isandla futhi futhi ichaza ukuthi yiziphi izindlela ezisazohlolwa, uma sicabanga ukuthi konke ukwakhiwa kabusha komlando kungafezeka futhi kungabuyekezwa.
Ukugxekwa okukhulu nokuncane: kusukela ekubeni yiqiniso kuya ekubeni qotho
Ukugxekwa okuphezulu noma okuthuthukisiwe kugxila ekuboneni umbhali, usuku, kanye nomongo womthombo. Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, kusebenzisa amasu amaningana: ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe (ukungalingani kwezikhathi, izinkomba zedatha, ukuhambisana nendawo yamasiko), ukuqhathanisa neminye imibhalo, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe- izakhiwo zomzimba yokusekela (iphepha, uyinki, izitembu). Umugqa ngamunye wobufakazi unezela amaphuzu okunokwenzeka.
Ukugxekwa okuncane, noma ukugxekwa kombhalo, kubhekana "nendlela" yombhalo: lapho owokuqala ungakasindi, amakhophi namasiko kuqhathaniswa ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha ukufundwa okungenzeka kakhulu. Izindlela ezifana nokukhetha inguqulo echaza kangcono ezinye) kanye nezinhlelo (ukulandelela) ziyasetshenziswa. imiphini yokushayela) kanye ne-cladistics (amathuluzi ezibalo okuhlanganisa izinhlobo), phakathi kwezinye.
Uma kubhekwa konke, ukugxekwa kwangaphandle kusebenza njengomsebenzi wokuvimbela: ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo engamanga noma exubile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukugxekwa kwangaphakathi kuqondisa ukusetshenziswa kwemithombo yangempela: isisindo sayo, ukuthi ihlanganiswa kanjani, nokuthi yini ububanzi bokuhumusha Bayakuvumela. Zombili azihlukaniseki futhi akukhuthazwa ukweqa noma yikuphi.
Indlela yokusebenzisa le ndlela kuphrojekthi yocwaningo
Emsebenzini wezemfundo, indlela ivame ukucaciswa ngokulandelana okusebenzayo: yakha umbono ochazwe kahle; bukeza izincwadi ukuze uzibeke esimweni ingxoxo yamanje; thola imithombo eyinhloko neyesibili; hlela umsebenzi wasensimini (izingobo zomlando, amaqoqo, izingxoxo); hlela izinto bese ubhala ngokucophelela nangokucacile.
Indlela yokubhala ifanela izethameli: isihloko sezemfundo asifani nesiqeshana sezilaleli ezijwayelekile. Kuzo zonke izimo, kungcono ukugwema amagama anzima obuchwepheshe bese uphikisana ukucaca nobufakazifuthi ubhale phansi isimangalo ngasinye. Isigaba sokugcina sihlanganisa iziphetho kanye nohlu lwezincwadi olushicilelwe olunezindinganiso zokucaphuna ezingaqinisekiswa.
Inhloso, ubuningi bezimbangela kanye nokwahlukana kwezifundo
Umlando usebenza ngezimbangela eziningi: izehlakalo zezepolitiki, zenhlalo, ezomnotho, noma zamasiko ezihlangana ezinkingeni eziyinkimbinkimbi lapho imiphumela yanamuhla iba khona... izimbangela zekusasaYingakho i- izincazelo eziningi ezibangela Zivame ukuba zi-reticular futhi ziqhathaniseke, hhayi eziqondile noma ezibangela i-monocausal.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lo mkhakha uhilela ezinye isayensi: i-geography inikeza izinhlaka zendawo, ukumba izinto zakudala kanye nezinsuku, i-paleography ifunda ukubhala kwasendulo, kanye ne-chemistry enquma ukwakheka kwezinto zokwakhaIzibalo zisiza ekutholeni amaphethini. Lokhu kubambisana kwengeza amandla emiphumeleni.
Isikhathi, isikhala, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemibono
Izifundo zisebenza ngezikali zesikhathi ezahlukene: isikhathi eside, isikhathi esimaphakathi (imijikelezo kanye nezihlanganisi), kanye nesikhathi esifushane (izenzakalo ezithile). Ukukhetha isikali esifanele kuthonya imibuzo nezimpendulo Ophenyweni.
Kukhona futhi amazinga endawo: emhlabeni wonke, kuzwelonke, esifundeni, noma endaweni. Ukuhlaziywa kwendawo kunganikeza ukuqonda okubalulekile chaza izinqubo ezibanzifuthi okuphambene nalokho. Yingakho ukuhlanganisa izikali kuyithuluzi elinamandla kangaka ezandleni zesazi-mlando.
Izincazelo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngesikhathi, imibono, isizinda sombhali, noma ukuhlangana kwazo nezikole zomlando (i-positivism, i-Annales, i-Marxism, ukuhlaziywa kwenani, phakathi kwezinye). Ukuqaphela la malensi akuwenzi umlando ube yize: kusiphoqa ukuthi sizijwayeze ukufunda okujulile futhi kusukela emithonjeni yesibili.
Imibuzo eqondisayo yokuhlola idokhumenti
Ukuze uhlele ukugxekwa, kuyasiza ukubuza imibuzo eyisithupha eyisisekelo yawo wonke umthombo wedokhumentari: 1) Nini? (ukuqomisana), 2) Kuphi? (indawo), 3) Ubani? (umbhali), 4) Kuvelaphi? (izinto zangaphambilini), 5) Kuyiphi indlela yokuqala? (ubuqotho) kanye no-6) Iyiphi inani lokufakazela elinayo? (ukwethembeka). Ezinhlanu zokuqala zakha ukugxekwa kwangaphandle; okwesithupha kungokwengaphakathi.
Umthetho owusizo, owakhiwe ngokwesiko lendlela yokusebenza, ugcizelela ukuthi ukwethembeka kumele kusungulwe embhalweni ngamunye ngokwehlukana, noma ngabe umbhali uthembekile ngokuvamile. Kalula nje: irekhodi elihle alikhululi umbhalo othize ekuhlolweni okubucayi. ukuhlolwa okuthile.
Izici ezibalulekile okufanele uzikhumbule
- Indlela yomlando ayihlukile futhi ayiqinile: Yamukela izinhlobo ezahlukene yokugxila kanye nobuchwepheshe.
- Akufanelekile ukubikezela okusheshayo: isebenza ngezinga elikhulu kanye namaphethini akude.
- Akugcini nje ngokulandisa izehlakalo: kuchaza izimbangela futhi yakha imibono esekelwa ubufakazi.
- Usebenza nemithombo evela kuleso sikhathi kanye nezidingo qinisekisa ubuqiniso bayo ngezinqubo eziqinile.
Izibonelo ezibonisa indlela esebenza ngayo
Icala elidumile yileli lama-messer atholakala ethuneni likaTutankhamun. Kusukela ekuqaleni, le nto yadonsela ukunaka: insimbi endaweni lapho kwakungekho khona imboni yensimbi nensimbi esungulwe. Uphenyo luhlole ama-papyri akhuluma "ngezinto eziwile esibhakabhakeni," ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi (i-nickel ne-cobalt ngezilinganiso ezingavamile), kanye ukuqhathaniswa nama-meteorite kusukela emgodini iKamil. Ubufakazi bukhomba ensimbini ye-meteoric, bususa izincazelo ezimangalisayo futhi bubonisa ukuthi inhlanganisela yemithombo namasu ixazulula kanjani izimfihlakalo ngobuciko.
Esinye isibonelo sihlobene nendima yabesifazane eMesopotamiya yasendulo. Ukutholakala nokutadisha amathebulethi ase-Uri naseNippur kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukubiza izinkondlo zika-Inanna ngombhali othile, u-Enheduanna, indodakazi kaSargon wase-Akkad. Kusukela lapho, ubufakazi obusha obubhaliwe bubonise ukuthi abesifazane bangakwazi ukwamukela, ukuhlukanisa ngenkathi begcina impahla, kanye sebenza ngokuzimela ezimweni ezithile. Ukubuyekezwa okubucayi kwemithombo eyaziwayo kakade, kanye neminikelo yemivubukulo, kwalungisa kabusha isithombe esivamile.
Umbono ophathelene nobudlelwano phakathi kokusungulwa kokubhala kanye nokwenziwa kobhiya nawo uyathakazelisa. Izitsha eziqukethe izinsalela zobhiya bebhali zitholakale endaweni yaseGodin Tepe, futhi isithombe sobhiya sivela kaningi kakhulu ezibhebheni zaseSumerian. Ukuhlangana kobufakazi bezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nobombhalo kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukuphathwa imikhiqizo ebalulekile Yakwazi ukukhuthaza izinhlobo zokuqala zokubhala.
Ukushicilelwa, ingxoxo, kanye nokuqamba amanga
Uma ukuhlanganiswa sekuqediwe, umsebenzi awupheli: kumele kushicilelwe ngezindlela ezinokwethenjelwa (omagazini ababuyekezwe ontanga, ama-monograph ezemfundo, izindawo zokugcina eziqashelwayo) ukuze abanye ochwepheshe bakwazi ukukugxeka, futhi uma kufaneleka, bakwazi imizamo yokuphikisaLokhu kuboniswa esidlangalaleni akuyona into evamile: yindlela enikeza ulwazi lomlando ikhwalithi kanye nokufaneleka.
Ukucaca kwendlela (ukuchaza ukuthi imithombo ifunwe kanjani, ukuthi ihlolwe kanjani, nokuthi yimaphi amasu asetshenziswayo) kwenza kube lula ukuphindaphindwa kanye nempikiswano. Ngakho-ke, ukusatshalaliswa okunesibopho kuletha ulwazi eduze komphakathi jikelele, kugwenywe amagama avamile kanye nokwenza kube lula ngokweqile okuhlanekezela okutholakele. ubunzima kwezinqubo zomlando.
Amathiphu awusizo okuhlela uphenyo
Ukukhetha umbono ophathekayo nokuchaza kahle ububanzi bawo kusindisa ukukhungatheka. Kunconywa ukucacisa into efundwayo (isibonelo, ukuyikhawulela ku-portal ethile ye-Romanesque esikhundleni "sazo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko besikhathi esiphakathi"), ukuhlola izinsiza ezitholakalayo, nokubeka uhlelo. ikhalenda elingokoqoboUma ukuya endaweni yokugcina izinto kungenzeki, kuzodingeka kuhlolwe ezinye izindlela zedijithali noma kucatshangelwe kabusha ukugxila.
Ngemva kokubukeza isimo samanje socwaningo, ukusebenza nemithombo kudinga ukubeka ubufakazi phambili nokuqaphela ngokucophelela izinkomba eziphelele. Isakhiwo sokuqala (inkomba yokulinganisa) sisiza ukuhlela ukubhala, ukugwema ukuphindaphinda kanye ukulahlekelwa ukugxilaEkubhaleni, kubalulekile ukuveza ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ze-hypothesis ezisekelayo nokuthi yiziphi ezidinga ukuguqulwa ngokucabangela okutholakele.
Iziphetho kufanele zibe zifushane futhi zihambisane nomzimba womsebenzi; akukhuthazwa ukwethula imibono engakathuthukiswa. Okokugcina, uhlu lwezincwadi kumele lube olunembile: yonke ingcaphuno nayo yonke imibhalo esetshenzisiwe kumele ikhonjwe ngendlela efanele. kuhlonzwe kahle ukuze noma ubani akwazi ukuzilandelela.
Inkumbulo, ukungakhethi cala, kanye nokusetshenziswa komphakathi
Umlando awuyona inkumbulo, yize udla ngezinkumbulo nobufakazi. Inkumbulo ingakhetha futhi ikwenze ube ngcono; umlando ulwela ukuhlolwa Lezi zindaba nokuqonda umongo lapho zavela khona kubalulekile. Inzuzo yazo ewusizo itholakala ekukhanyiseni isikhathi samanje ngolwazi lwezimbangela zazo, ngaleyo ndlela kuvinjelwe ukulula ngokweqile kanye nokuxhashazwa.
Ubuningi bemibono, hhayi nje ubuthakathaka, kuyimbangela: kusiphoqa ukuba sibeke izimpikiswano etafuleni, siqhathanise idatha, futhi samukele ukuthi ulwazi luyaqhubeka ingxoxo enolwaziUkungakhethi, kulolu hlaka, kuwumgomo olawulayo: intuthuko yenziwa lapho izindlela zicacile futhi ubufakazi buqinile.
Ekugcineni, indlela yomlando isebenza njengesivumelwano esithule phakathi kwabacwaningi nabafundi: ungibonisa imithombo yakho, izizathu zakho, kanye nemibono yakho. izinquboNgiyahlola ukuthi lokho okushoyo kulandela lokho okufaka isandla kukho. Uma kunjalo, umlando uziphatha njengesayensi yezenhlalo, kanye nayo yonke ingcebo kanye nemikhawulo yawo.
Ukufunda isikhathi esidlule kudinga ukwazi ukuthi ungacinga kanjani, ungabaza kanjani, nokuthi ungachaza kanjani. Inhlanganisela ye-systemic heuristics, ukugxeka okuqinile, kanye isifinyezo esicacile Kusenza sikwazi ukubona izinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ngaphandle kokulahleka endleleni. Lokhu kugwema ugibe lwemithombo edukisayo, kuhlola ukwethembeka kobufakazi, futhi kunikeza umphakathi ukulandisa okunengqondo esingafunda kukho.
