- Izinkampani ezizimele zingabamele izinhlangano ezingezona ezikahulumeni futhi zingase zifakwe ohlwini noma zingafakwa ohlwini lwe-stock exchange; umgomo wazo ojwayelekile ukwenza inzuzo ngaphakathi komthetho.
- Izinhlobo ezivamile: ubunikazi bomuntu oyedwa, inhlangano, i-LLC kanye nenkampani, enamazinga ahlukene omthwalo wemfanelo kanye nokuphatha.
- Ihlukile emkhakheni womphakathi ngobunikazi, izinhloso, ukuxhaswa ngezimali, ukucaca kanye nokwenza izinqumo; kukhona amamodeli axubile.
Ngolimi lwansuku zonke, sivame ukuqhathanisa izinkampani ezizimele nezikahulumeni ukuze sihlukanise phakathi kwezinhlangano eziphethwe ngasese kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulwa nguhulumeni . Lo mehluko wobunikazi uthinta izinhloso, izindlela zokuxhasa ngezimali, amazinga okucaca, kanye nezinqubo zokwenza izinqumo kumodeli ngayinye.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi, kuye ngezwe, igama elithi "inkampani yangasese" lingabhekisela ezinkampanini ezimbili ezihlobene kodwa ezihlukile: ngakolunye uhlangothi, noma iyiphi inkampani engeyona ingxenye yomphakathi ; ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlangano "engabhalisiwe", okusho ukuthi leyo amasheya ayo angathengiswanga ekushintshaneni kwamasheya. Kunoma ikuphi, noma ngabe iyimfihlo, lezi zinkampani zisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ethile , imithethonqubo yomkhakha, kanye nezibopho zentela .
Iyini ngempela inkampani yangasese?
Inkampani yangasese yinhlangano lapho imali kanye nokulawula kungokwabantu ngabanye, imindeni, amaqembu abatshalizimali, noma ezinye izinkampani ezizimele . Ukuphathwa kwayo kuzimele kuhulumeni, futhi inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukukhiqiza inzuzo ngokukhiqiza noma ukuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo emakethe.
Ezimakethe eziningi ezithuthukile, leli gama lisetshenziswa futhi ukubhekisela ezinkampanini ezingathengiswa esidlangalaleni . Ngalo mqondo, amasheya noma izibambiso zabo zithengiswa ngasese phakathi kwenani elilinganiselwe labanikazi bamasheya noma abatshalizimali futhi azitholakali emphakathini jikelele.
Izinkampani eziningi ezizimele ziphethwe ngabasunguli bazo noma imindeni yazo, yize kuvamile ukuthi abasebenzi nabaphathi babe namasheya . Ngokufanayo, inkampani engaphansi kwenkampani ethengiswa esidlangalaleni ingaba "yimfihlo" esakhiweni sayo esisemthethweni, kodwa izibalo zayo zihlanganiswe ezitatimendeni zezimali zeqembu elibalwe ngenxa yezimfuneko zokubalwa kwezimali kanye nokulawula izibambiso.
Izinkampani ezizimele zilawulwa uhlaka lwezomthetho lwezwe ezisebenza kulo, ngezibopho ezihlukahluka kuye ngendawo. Isibonelo, e-United States ngokuvamile azidingeki ukushicilela ama-akhawunti wonyaka , kuyilapho eYurophu izidingo zokucaca zivame ukuba zinkulu. E-Australia, Ingxenye 2E yoMthetho Wezinkampani ka-2001 idinga izinkampani ezisohlwini ukuthi zifake amadokhumenti athile kwiKhomishini Yezokuphepha Nokutshalwa Kwezimali, okuyisibopho esingasebenzi ezinkampanini ezizimele.
Izici ezibalulekile zebhizinisi elizimele
Nakuba uhla lwamacala lubanzi, kunezici ezivamile ezisivumela ukuthi sithole lezi zinhlobo zezinhlangano, ikakhulukazi uma ziqhathaniswa nezasemphakathini. Ngokubanzi, lezi zimpawu zifaka phakathi ubunikazi bangasese, ukugxila enzuzweni, ukunamathela emthethweni, kanye nokuguquguquka kokusebenza.
- Ubunikazi Nokulawula KwangaseseInhloko-dolobha ingeyabantu abazimele noma ezinye izinkampani ezingezona ezikahulumeni; ukuphathwa kuhlelwe ngokukhululeka ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezomthetho.
- Inhloso yokwenza inzuzoBazalelwa ukuncintisana nokwenza inzuzo; impumelelo yabo ilinganiswa ngemiphumela yezomnotho kanye nokudala inani labanikazi.
- Kuncike kumthethonquboKumelwe bakhokhe intela, balandele imithetho yezabasebenzi, yokuncintisana kanye neyomkhakha (impilo, imfundo, amandla, ezokuxhumana, njll.).
- Ukucaca kanye nokubikaNgokuvamile, isibopho sokudalula ulwazi silinganiselwe kakhulu kunasezinkampanini ezisohlwini; e-EU ngokuvamile kuba nzima kakhulu kunase-US, lapho izinkampani eziningi ezizimele zingashicileli khona izitatimende zazo zezimali.
- Imikhawulo yozakwethuE-U.S., uMthetho Wokushintshana Kwezibambiso ka-1934 (isigaba 12(g)) udinga ukubhaliswa nokubika lapho imingcele ethile yabanikazi bamasheya nezimpahla idlula, ngokwesiko abanikazi bamasheya abangu-2.000 (noma abanikazi bamasheya abangagunyaziwe abangu-500). UMthetho Wenkampani Yokutshalwa Kwezimali ka-1940 udinga ukubhaliswa kwezimali ezingaphezu kuka- Amafoloko ayi-100phakathi kwezinye izindlela.
- Ukuvumelana nezimoNgokunganciki emihlanganweni yabanikazi bamasheya abanzi noma ezinhlosweni zezepolitiki, abaphathi bangagxila ku isikhathi eside futhi uphendule ngokushesha.
Ngokombono womlando, amabhizinisi azimele anamuhla ahlanganiswa ngemva kokuvuselelwa kanye nokukhula kokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye kamuva neNguquko Yezimboni. Izifundazwe zobukhosi nezombuso zasebenzisa lezi zakhiwo njengezinjini zokukhula kwezomnotho nezepolitiki ngesikhathi seMercantilist, zivula indlela yobungxowankulu besimanje.
Izinhlobo zezinkampani ezizimele
Ubunikazi bomuntu oyedwa . Leli ibhizinisi eliphethwe ngumnikazi oyedwa. Lezi yizakhiwo ezilula zokuqala ibhizinisi, umnikazi enokulawula okuphelele, futhi ngokuvamile, unesibopho esingenamkhawulo sezikweletu nezibopho. Nakuba incazelo engakahleleki ngezinye izikhathi ingacacile, iphuzu elibalulekile ukuthi lolu hlobo lwebhizinisi luhlanganyela ekukhiqizweni noma ekushintshisaneni kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo futhi lusebenza ngqo emakethe.
Ubambiswano noma inkampani . Abantu ababili noma ngaphezulu bahlangana ukuze basebenzele inzuzo. Bangaba ubudlelwano obujwayelekile, izinkampani ezinesibopho esilinganiselwe, noma izinkampani ezinesibopho esilinganiselwe kubalingani, kuye ngemithetho yendawo. Kubudlelwano, isibopho sezikweletu singaba siphelele futhi singenamkhawulo; ezinkampanini ezinesibopho esilinganiselwe, sinqunyelwe enanini lokutshalwa kwezimali.
Inkampani enesibopho esilinganiselwe (LLC) . Ivikela izimpahla zomuntu siqu zabalingani: ngamunye unesibopho kuphela kuze kufike emkhawulweni wesabelo sakhe. Kuvamile lapho kufiswa ukuhlukanisa ngokucacile ubuntu obusemthethweni benkampani kobamalungu ayo kanye nokuba nemithetho eguquguqukayo yenhlangano yangaphakathi.
Inkampani noma inhlangano yomphakathi elinganiselwe . Inhlangano enobuntu bayo obusemthethweni kanye nesakhiwo semali esihlukaniswe ngamasheya. Ingase ibe nesibopho esilinganiselwe futhi kusukela kubaninimasheya abambalwa kuya ezinkulungwaneni, futhi ingase ithengiswe esidlangalaleni noma ingathengiswa. Ukulawula okuphumelelayo kuncike ekubeni namasheya futhi kwenziwa ngebhodi labaqondisi kanye nezinhlangano ezibusayo.
Njengenothi elengeziwe, amamodeli ebhizinisi ezinkampani nawo asetshenziswa emkhakheni wesifundazwe ngamabhizinisi kahulumeni , anamasheya amaningi kakhulu kuHulumeni; inhloso yawo ibeka phambili intshisekelo evamile kunenzuzo.
Umehluko phakathi kwezinkampani ezizimele nezikahulumeni
Umngcele oyinhloko ubunini: uma iningi lenhloko-dolobha liphethwe ngabantu abazimele, silibiza ngokuthi liyimfihlo; uma umbuso ungumnikazi walo, lingowomphakathi. Ukusuka lapho, izinhloso , izikhuthazo, kanye nezinqubo ziyashintsha.
- Ubunikazi kanye nenhlosoUmkhakha ozimele ufuna ukukhulisa inzuzo; umkhakha womphakathi ungase ubeke phambili imigomo yomphakathi, ukufinyelela kwabantu bonke, ukuzinza, noma ukuvikela imikhakha yamasu.
- Ukwenza izinqumoEmkhakheni ozimele, indikimba ebusayo yezinkampani (ibhodi labaqondisi, abaphathi) yenza izinqumo ezithinta abanikazi bamasheya. Emkhakheni womphakathi, lesi sinyathelo sivela kuHulumeni, obeka imigomo kanye ilawula umsebenzi.
- Ukuphathwa kwezinsizakusebenzaIzinkampani ezizimele zivame ukuba nenkululeko yokusebenza eyengeziwe; ezinkampanini zomphakathi, ukuthengiswa kwezimpahla noma izinguquko zamasu ezifanele kudinga ukuvunyelwa nguhulumeni.
- IzimaliUmkhakha ozimele uxhaswa ngezimali imithombo yoxhaso njengemali yangasese, isikweletu sebhange noma izimakethe; umkhakha womphakathi, onezabelomali zikahulumeni, intela kanye nemali engenayo evela emisebenzini yawo.
- Ukucaca kanye nokwengamelaIzikhungo zomphakathi zilawulwa kakhulu kwezepolitiki kanye nokuphatha; izikhungo ezizimele zibika ngaphakathi kwemingcele edingekayo ngumthetho futhi, uma zithengiswa esidlangalaleni, ngaphansi [kohlelo/umthethonqubo othile]. izidingo zemakethe.
Umehluko awuphelele. Kunezinkampani ezixubile ezinemali yomphakathi neyangasese, kanye nezinqubo zokwenza kube ngokobuzwe (okwangasese kube ngokomphakathi) kanye nokwenza kube ngokobuzwe (umphakathi udluliselwa ekubeni ngumnikazi wangasese). Ezinye izingxoxo zigcizelela ukuthi izinkampani ezizimele zivame ukukhiqiza lokho okunenzuzo ephezulu kakhulu kunokuthi "kubaluleke kakhulu" ezweni; empeleni, ohulumeni balungisa lokhu kwehluleka kwemakethe okungenzeka ngokulawula, intela, kanye nokuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo ngqo lapho kufanele khona.
Ukuphathwa kwebhizinisi: ingozi yebhizinisi kanye nesinqumo sokuhweba
Ezinkampanini ezinkulu, ikakhulukazi lezo ezisohlwini lwe-stock exchange, umehluko uvame ukwenziwa phakathi kwezindima ezimbili. Umtshali-zimali othatha ingozi ungumnikazi wamasheya onikela ngemali futhi acabangele ukuguquguquka kwenzuzo kanye nentengo yamasheya kuye ngokusebenza kanye nokulindelekile.
Inhlangano eyenza izinqumo yithimba eliphezulu labaphathi (umongameli, amalungu ebhodi, kanye nabaphathi) eliklama futhi lisebenzise isu. Kumelwe liziphendulele kubaninimasheya, abanquma ukuthi bazogcina yini ukwethenjwa kwabo noma cha. Abaphathi abaphezulu kumele bahlukanise ngokucophelela phakathi kwemibono yokungaqiniseki kanye nengozi : ukwenza ibhizinisi ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi amathuba awukuthi ukungaqiniseki; ukwenza ngamathuba aziwayo kuyingozi, futhi kokubili kuthonya indlela inkampani yangasese ephathwa ngayo.
Indima yezomnotho nezenhlalo, kugxilwe emazweni asathuthuka
Izinkampani ezizimele zakha umongo womkhakha ozimele futhi ziyinjini yokukhula, ukuqashwa, kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha. Zitshala imali ku-R&D, zikhiqiza imikhiqizo nezinsizakalo ezintsha, futhi ziphakamisa ikhwalithi yempilo ngokuncintisana kanye nokusebenza kahle.
Emazweni asathuthuka, indima yabo ibonakala kakhulu: banikela ngemali engenayo ngentela kanye nezimali , kanti emisebenzini yokukhipha imali banezela imali yokuqasha, izinsiza ezixhasa ingqalasizinda kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi eziheha utshalomali futhi zithuthukise izinsizakalo.
Kodwa-ke, la mazwe abhekene nezinkinga. Lapho ubunikazi bemikhakha yamasu (amandla, amanzi, ezokuthutha) buwela ezandleni zabantu ngaphandle komthetho ofanele, ukufinyelela noma ikhwalithi yabantu kungathinteka. Ngakho-ke, izifundazwe zilungisa izinhlaka zomthetho, zisungule izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezibalulekile , futhi, lapho kufaneleka khona, zisebenzise amabhizinisi kahulumeni.
Umlando wamuva nje wamanye amazwe aseLatin America ubonisa amamodeli okuvikela lapho ingxenye yomkhakha webhizinisi yahlanganiswa khona eduze nombuso. Isibonelo, eColombia, izinhlangano ezifana ne -SENA kanye ne-ICBF , kanye nezimali zesinxephezelo, zadalwa ukukhuthaza ukuncintisana kwebhizinisi nokufeza imisebenzi yomphakathi (ukuqeqeshwa, inhlalakahle, kanye nokuvikelwa kwezingane).
Ngaphezu kwendima yazo yezomnotho, izinkampani eziningi ezizimele zikhuthaza ngokuzithandela izinhlelo zomthwalo wemfanelo yomphakathi kanye nokubambisana komphakathi nezizimele ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinsizakalo, kusekelwe imfundo, noma kwenziwe ingqalasizinda ibe yesimanje, okuhambisana nesenzo sikahulumeni.
Izibonelo zezinkampani ezizimele
Uma sisebenzisa incazelo ebanzi yegama elithi "yangasese" njengelithi "engeyona eyesifundazwe," lokhu kufaka phakathi izinkampani ezinkulu kanye nama-SME; kukhona uhlu lwezinkampani ezinkulu ezizimele ezibonisa isimo somkhakha. Phakathi kwezinkampani ezaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni wonke kukhona i-Amazon, i-Costco, i-Alphabet (Google), i-Toyota, i-Samsung Electronics, i-AT&T, i-ExxonMobil, i-Foxconn, kanye ne-Mercedes-Benz Group . Zonke zisebenza ngemali engeyona eyesifundazwe futhi zincintisana ezimakethe ezivulekile.
Emkhakheni we-Hispanic kanye nesifunda, singakhuluma futhi nge -BBVA (ibhange), i-LATAM Airlines (izindiza), i-Anagrama Publishing House (ukushicilela), kanye ne -Hyundai Motor Company e-Asia, okubonisa imikhakha nezilinganiso ezahlukene. Ezinye zithengiswa esidlangalaleni kanti ezinye azithengiswa, kodwa kuzo zonke izimo, sikhuluma ngezinkampani eziphethwe ngasese.
Kulabo abafuna ukwazi nokukhula, izincwadi ezikhethekile ezifana neForbes ziqoqa uhlu lwezinkampani ezizimele ezinkulu e-United States ngezikhathi ezithile, eziwusizo ekuthatheni umbono wendawo yokuncintisana kanye nemikhakha ekhula ngokushesha.
Izici zomthetho nezemakethe: ukufaka ohlwini noma ukungafaki ohlwini
Umugqa phakathi kwe-"private" kanye ne-"public" ungabhekisela ekufakweni ohlwini lwemakethe yamasheya. Ezimakethe ezifana ne-United States, "inkampani yomphakathi" isho ukuthi inkampani ithengiswa esidlangalaleni futhi kumele ihambisane nemithetho eqinile yokudalula. "Inkampani yangasese" yileyo engathengiswa esidlangalaleni futhi, ngakho-ke, inezibopho ezimbalwa zokunikeza ulwazi emphakathini jikelele.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi kusebenza ngaphandle kwezilawuli: kunemingcele (njengaleyo esesigabeni 12(g) soMthetho Wokushintshana ka-1934) edinga ukubhaliswa lapho inani elithile labanikazi nezimpahla lidluliwe, futhi izinkampani zokutshala imali ziwela ngaphansi kwesambulela soMthetho Wenkampani Yokutshalwa Kwezimali ka-1940 lapho zidlula imikhawulo efana nabatshalizimali abayi-100.
EYurophu, ngisho nezinkampani ezingafakwanga ohlwini ngokuvamile kudingeka ukuthi zifake ama-akhawunti futhi zihambisane nezindinganiso zokubalwa kwezimali kanye nokuhlola. Futhi e-Australia, izinkampani ezifakwe ohlwini kumele zithumele amadokhumenti kuKhomishini Yezokuphepha Nokutshalwa Kwezimali (Ingxenye 2E yoMthetho Wezinkampani ka-2001), okuyisidingo esingasebenzi ezinkampanini ezizimele.
Esinye isici esivamile: izinkampani ezingaphansi kwamaqembu asohlwini zingaba izinkampani ezizimele ngokombono wezomthetho, kodwa izimpahla zazo, izikweletu kanye nemisebenzi yazo kufakiwe emibikweni ehlanganisiwe yenkampani engumzali, njengoba kudingeka yizindinganiso zokubalwa kwezimali kanye nabalawuli bezibambiso.
Usomabhizinisi, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nebhange lamabhizinisi
Noma ubani ofisa ukuqala ibhizinisi angakhetha isakhiwo esifanelana kahle nephrojekthi yakhe (ubunikazi bomuntu siqu, inkampani enesibopho esilinganiselwe, inkampani, njll.). Ukuhweba ibhizinisi kuyindlela evame kakhulu yokungena emkhakheni ozimele, futhi kuyalulekwa ukufuna iseluleko sokukhetha isakhiwo esinentela efanele, umthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nokuphatha.
Kubaphathi emkhakheni womphakathi, kunezinhlelo ezikhethekile ze-postgraduate ekuphathweni komphakathi kanye nokuphathwa , eziwusizo ekuqondeni ukuthi izinkampani ezizimele zixhumana kanjani nohulumeni. Ngasohlangothini lwezezimali, amabhange anikeza ama-akhawunti ebhizinisi kanye nezinsizakalo ezenza kube lula ukuqoqwa, ukukhokha, kanye nokuphathwa kwemali, okubalulekile ekukhuleni ngempumelelo.
Imigomo nezinsiza ezihlobene
Ukuze kwandiswe umongo kanye nesilulumagama salo mkhakha, nansi ukukhethwa kwemibono kanye nemigqa yokufunda efana nokuhlaziywa kwe-PESTEL okuxhumana nezinkampani ezizimele kanye nesimo sazo sezomnotho nezomthetho :
- Ibhizinisi, Usomabhizinisi, Ibhizinisi lomndeni y Izinhlobo zezinhlangano zebhizinisi.
- Impahla yangasese, Imboni ezimele, Ubungxiwankulu y Umnotho wemakethe.
- Inkampani yomphakathi, Inkampani yomphakathi (e-United States), Ukwenziwa kwangasese y Ukukhululeka.
- Uhlu lwemikhakha kanye nezikhundla, njengalezo ze- izinkampani ezinkulu ezizimele e-USA
Ngaphambi kokuphetha, kufanelekile ukugqamisa amaphuzu ambalwa awusizo: ezindaweni eziningi, izinkampani ezizimele zinezibopho ezimbalwa zokudalula kunezinkampani ezidayiswa esidlangalaleni; futhi uma zingathengiswa esidlangalaleni, zingavikela ulwazi olubucayi kubancintisani, zilondoloze ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende kanye nababambiqhaza. Njengokubuyisela, kumele zilandele ngokuqinile imithetho yentela, yabasebenzi kanye neyemboni, futhi zamukele imikhuba emihle yokuphatha kanye nokuthobela imithetho.
Konke okungenhla kuveza isithombe esicacile: izinkampani ezizimele, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihweba esidlangalaleni noma cha, ezincane noma zamazwe ngamazwe, ziqhuba umnotho wemakethe, zincintisana ngokunikeza izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile , futhi zisebenzisana nohulumeni ngentela, imithethonqubo, kanye, lapho kufaneleka khona, nokubambisana. Ukukhetha isakhiwo sezomthetho esifanele, ukubusa ngokuhlakanipha, nokuqonda uhlaka lwezomthetho lwezwe ngalinye kwenza umehluko phakathi kwephrojekthi esebenza nje kanye nephrojekthi ehlala njalo futhi ekhula.
