Izinkampani ezinkulu kakhulu eNyakatho Melika: ubani oholayo futhi kungani

Ikhaya » Umnotho » Izinkampani Ezinkulu Kakhulu eNyakatho Melika: Ubani Oholayo Nesizathu

Izinkampani ezinkulu zaseNyakatho Melika azigcini nje ngokubeka ijubane leWall Street, kodwa futhi zithonya izintambo zokuhlinzeka, ukutshalwa kwezimali emhlabeni wonke, kanye nokuqashwa kulo lonke izwekazi. Ukuqonda ukuthi ubani oholayo emalini engenayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali emakethe kusiza ekuchazeni umnotho wangempela kanye nemizwa yemakethe.

Ekuqhathaniseni kwamazwe ngamazwe, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kosayizi ngokuthengisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali emakethe, njengoba kungalingani into efanayo. Ukufakwa kwezikhundla ngokusetshenziswa kwemali emakethe kubonisa okulindelwe kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali , kuyilapho ukufakwa kwezikhundla ngemali engenayo kubonisa amandla okusebenza eqembu ngalinye. Kuwo wonke lo mbhalo, uzobona zombili imibono ehlanganiswe nomongo wezomnotho we-United States kanye nokubhekisela eYurophu naseShayina.

Umbono Wezomnotho we-United States

Naphezu kwezinselelo zangaphakathi kanye nesimo somhlaba esishintshayo, umnotho wase-United States usalokhu ungomkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni , ubala cishe u-20% womkhiqizo womhlaba wonke futhi ungomunye wezinga eliphezulu kakhulu le-GDP per capita (PPP), ngokusho kwe-IMF. Izwe liqhutshwa umkhakha wezinsizakalo osezingeni eliphezulu omelela cishe u-80% we-GDP yalo.

Ngaphezu kobuholi bayo kwezinsizakalo, umkhakha wokukhiqiza wase-US ubamba cishe u-15% we-GDP futhi uhamba phambili ezimbonini ezinenani eliphezulu njengezimoto, izindiza, imishini, ezokuxhumana, kanye namakhemikhali. Ezolimo, nakuba zimele ngaphansi kuka-2% we-GDP, zenza i-US ibe ngumthengisi ophelele wokudla ngenxa yomhlaba wayo omkhulu wokulima kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe.

Lokhu kusebenza kusekelwa izici zesakhiwo: inqwaba yezinsiza zemvelo, ingqalasizinda esezingeni eliphezulu kanye nezisebenzi ezikhiqiza kakhulu , konke ngaphakathi kohlaka lwesikhungo nolwemakethe yamahhala oluthanda amabhizinisi, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusungula izinto ezintsha.

Umlando wezomnotho wakamuva

Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, kwaqala inkathi yegolide, ephawulwe yinzuzo enkulu yokukhiqiza kanye nokukhula kwesigaba esiphakathi. Phakathi kwasekupheleni kwawo-40 nasekuqaleni kwawo-70, i-GDP yakhula cishe ngo-4% minyaka yonke . Ukushintshela emnothweni osekelwe ezinsizeni kwaqina ngawo-70, iminyaka eyishumi ephawulwa yi-stagflation kanye nezinguquko ezifana nokuphela kweBretton Woods kanye nezinkinga zikawoyela.

Ngawo-80, izinqubomgomo zikaReagan zazibeka phambili ukuncishiswa kwentela, ukususwa kwemithetho, kanye nokuzithiba kwezezimali . Ukukhula kanye nokukhiqiza kwanda, yize isikweletu somphakathi sanda kakhulu, futhi kwaba noshintsho olukhulu oluya ezimakethe ezikhululekile uma kuqhathaniswa nendlela yendabuko yamaKeynesian.

Iminyaka yawo-1990 yazuza ekwakhiweni komhlaba wonke kanye nokwamukelwa kabanzi kobuchwepheshe bolwazi, kanye nesikhathi eside kakhulu sokwanda kuze kube manje (1993-2001) kanye nokuqashwa okugcwele. Ukuchuma kwe-dot-com kanye nokuwa okwalandela kwanciphisa lesi sivinini, okwaba kubi kakhulu ngemiphumela yokuhlaselwa kuka-9/11 kanye namahlazo ezinkampani ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.

Impendulo ye-Federal Reserve yamazinga enzalo aphansi kakhulu ibhekwa njengenye yezinto ezabangela ukuqubuka kwezindlu kanye nokuwohloka okukhulu komnotho ngo-2008. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, umnotho ubonise ukuqina, okusekelwa ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okuqinile.

Ukuhweba kwangaphandle kanye nezivumelwano

I-United States ingumthengisi wesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni kanye nomthengisi omkhulu kunabo bonke . Ngokwesiko ibilokhu igcina ukuntuleka kokuhweba ngenxa yesidingo esikhulu sasekhaya, futhi esikhathini esidlule, ukuthembela emandleni; leli gebe lancipha ngokukhuphuka kukawoyela negesi ongavamile. Abalingani bayo abakhulu bokuhweba yiCanada, iChina, iMexico, kanye neJapan.

Leli zwe liyisidlali esibalulekile ohlelweni lokuhweba lwamazwe ngamazwe, lisekela ukunciphisa izithiyo nokusayina izivumelwano. Linezivumelwano zokuhweba ezikhululekile ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili , ikakhulukazi isivumelwano samazwe amathathu neCanada neMexico, futhi lihlanganyela ngenkuthalo kwi-WTO.

Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe: ukuthi yini okufanele uyithengise nokuthi yini okufanele uyithenge

Ukuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kuyaqhubeka nokubala izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe, kanti ingxenye enkulu ihlanganisa izimpahla ezinkulu kanye nezimpahla ezenziwe (imishini, izindiza, izimoto, amakhemikhali). Ezinkonzweni, i-U.S. ingumholi emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi kwezezimali kanye nezinsizakalo zobungcweti, kanye nokuhamba kanye nezokuthutha.

Ngokuphathelene nokungeniswa kwempahla kwamanye amazwe, okungaphezu kuka-80% kuyizimpahla . Lokhu kufaka phakathi izimpahla zabathengi (cishe ikota), izimpahla ezinkulu (esinye ikota), imishini nezinto ezidingekayo, kanye nezimoto nezingxenye. Izinsizakalo zibiza cishe u-20%, ikakhulukazi ezezimali, ezokuhamba, kanye nezokuthutha.

Inqubomgomo yezomnotho, yezezimali neyezimali

Iziphathimandla zasabela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngezinqubomgomo zezimali nezokukhulisa, zihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni, ukunciphisa intela, kanye nezinsimbi zebhange eliphakathi ezingavamile . Emthethweni wezezimali, uMthetho we-Dodd-Frank ka-2010 wawumele ushintsho oluphelele kakhulu kusukela ngawo-30.

Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaDonald Trump , ukuncishiswa kwentela, izingxabano zokuhweba ezihilela amanani entela (ikakhulukazi ngokumelene neChina), imizamo yokuqeda i-Obamacare, kanye nokususwa kwemithetho ekhethiwe kwakuvelele . Umphumela waba umnotho oqinile ekuqaleni, kodwa ngokuntuleka okukhulu kanye nokwanda kwenani labantu abangenawo umshwalense, ngokusho kwe-CBO. Ubhubhane lwadinga izimpendulo ezengeziwe eziphuthumayo.

Ngokwezimali, uhulumeni uvame ukuba nesikweletu, esifinyelela ku-9,8% we-GDP ngo-2009. Lokhu kukhuphuke kwaba ngu-2,4% ngo-2015, yize kusalokhu kuqhubeka njalo. Cishe u-60% wokusetshenziswa kwemali kuyimpoqo (Social Security, Medicare/Medicaid, njll.), kanti okusele kungokwesinqumo, ikakhulukazi kubekelwe ezokuvikela.

Imali engenayo kahulumeni ivela cishe ku -50% enteleni yengeniso yomuntu siqu, u-10% enteleni yengeniso yezinkampani, kanye no-35% eminikelweni yomholo kanye neyokuphepha komphakathi . Ngokwesilinganiso, imali engenayo yentela ikhuphuke cishe ku-19% we-GDP phakathi kuka-1970 no-2010, cishe i-18% ngo-2015.

Kunqubomgomo yesilinganiso sokushintshana, idola liyimali eyinhloko egciniwe emhlabeni, ebalelwa cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zezindawo zokugcina zomhlaba . Ukungenelela kwesilinganiso sokushintshana akuvamile, futhi izinqumo ze-Treasury zihlanganiswa ne-Fed; imakethe kanye nenqubomgomo yezimali yasekhaya ngokuvamile kuqondisa izinga lokushintshana.

Imali engenayo uma iqhathaniswa nokwakhiwa kwemakethe: izindlela ezimbili zokulinganisa "enkulu kunazo zonke"

Uma sikhuluma ngama-giants ezinkampani, kungcono ukungahlanganisi izibalo. Imali engenayo ilinganisa ukuthengisa; ukwenziwa kwezimali emakethe kuqinisekisa okulindelwe . Ngokwenziwe kwezimali emakethe, eziyi-10 eziphezulu e-United States zinenani elihlangene elingaba ngu-$20,4 trillion, kuyilapho eziyi-10 eziphezulu eYurophu zingu-$2,8 trillion kanti ezaseShayina zingu-$2,6 trillion.

IYurophu neShayina ngokubona

EYurophu, iNovo Nordisk, i-LVMH, kanye ne-SAP zihola ekutshalweni kwezimali emakethe ngezibalo ezilinganiselwa ku-€389.000 billion, €359.000 billion, kanye ne-€303.000 billion, ngokulandelana, kulandelwe yiHermès, i-ASML, kanye ne-Accenture. EShayina, iTencent (cishe i-€513.700 billion), i-ICBC (€310.100 billion), kanye ne-Alibaba (€265.600 billion) yizona eziholayo. Ukutshalwa kwezimali emakethe akufani nenzuzo noma inzuzo; kubonisa ukulinganiswa kwemakethe.

Ezi-5 eziphezulu ngokwezimali zemakethe e-US (2025): ukubuka konke okufushane

Ama-Big Five — i-Microsoft, i-Apple, i-NVIDIA, i-Alphabet, ne-Amazon — anomnotho wemakethe ohlangene odlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-15. Izinqumo zabo zithinta izinkomba zesitoko, abahlinzeki, kanye nezigidi zabasebenzisi kanye nabalondolozi.

1) I-Microsoft (MSFT)

Njengoba imali yemakethe ingaphezu kuka-$3,26 trillion, iMicrosoft ihamba phambili ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwesofthiwe yebhizinisi, i-cloud computing (i-Azure), kanye nendlela yokusebenza ehlanganisa imisebenzi eminingi ye-AI . Imali engenayo idlula u-$232.000 billion, kanti ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhono afana ne-Copilot ku-Microsoft 365 kukhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokugcinwa kwawo.

Ukuhlukahluka kuyimandla abo: I-Windows, i-LinkedIn, i-Xbox, kanye nezixazululo zebhizinisi ziqinisa uhlelo lwe-ecosystem olune-margin ephezulu. Ukuzibophezela kwabo ekukhiqizeni i-AI, ngokubambisana namamodeli abo ebhizinisi ayisisekelo, kusekela inzuzo yabo yokuncintisana.

2) I-Apple (AAPL)

Le nkampani eseCupertino inomnotho wemakethe ongaba ngu-$2,95 trillion futhi igcina isisekelo semali engenayo esihlukahlukene ngehadiwe nezinsizakalo . Ngonyaka wayo wezimali odlule, ukuthengiswa kufinyelele cishe ku-$383.000 billion, kanti i-iPhone ingumkhiqizi wayo oyinhloko wemali engenayo.

Uphiko lwezinsizakalo (iCloud, i-Apple Music, i-TV+, i-App Store) luyazuza futhi luyanda imali engenayo. Ama-chip e-M-series kanye nokuqhubekela phambili kwe-augmented reality ngemikhiqizo efana ne-Apple Vision Pro kuqinisa ukulawula kwayo okuqondile kanye nokwethembeka kwayo ohlelweni lwe-ecosystem.

3) I-NVIDIA (NVDA)

Njengoba inemali ecishe ibe yizigidigidi ezingama-$2,89, i-NVIDIA isibe yimbangela ebangela ukubalwa kwekhompyutha okusheshayo kanye ne-AI . Imali engenayo yayo idlula izigidigidi ezingama-$80.000, eqhutshwa yizikhungo zedatha, ukuqeqeshwa kwamamodeli, ukushayela okuzenzakalelayo, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zesayensi.

I-chip ye-H100 ifanekisela ukukhula kwe-AI ekhiqizayo. Le nkampani yandisa ukufinyelela kwayo ngesofthiwe, amapulatifomu okulingisa (i-Omniverse), kanye nezixazululo eziqondene nomkhakha , okubeka ijubane lobuchwepheshe embonini yonke.

4) Izinhlamvu Zamagama (GOOGL)

Inkampani engumzali we-Google igcina imali emakethe ecishe ibe yi-1,87 trillion, esekelwa ukukhangisa kwedijithali (Usesho, i-YouTube, Izikhangiso) kanye nokukhula kwe-Google Cloud , ethuthuka ngaphezu kwama-25% ngonyaka futhi kakade ingumdlali oyinhloko wengqalasizinda.

Ihlanganisa i-AI ekhiqizayo ohlelweni lwayo lwe-ecosystem ne-Gemini kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-Workspace kanye nokusesha. I-Waymo (ukuhamba okuzimela) kanye ne-Verily (impilo yedijithali) ziqinisa iphrofayili yayo entsha, naphezu kwezinselele zomthetho zobumfihlo kanye nokuncintisana.

5) I-Amazon (i-AMZN)

Njengoba inemali engaphezu kuka-$2,01 trillion emakethe, i-Amazon ihlanganisa i-e-commerce, i-cloud computing (AWS), ukukhangisa, kanye ne-logistics ethuthukisiwe . Imali engenayo yonyaka idlula u-$574.000 billion, kanti i-AWS ihlanganisa ngaphezu kuka-60% wenzuzo yokusebenza.

Ukuthengisa kwezikhangiso kudlula amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50.000, kanti i-AI ekhiqizayo igcwele insizakalo yamakhasimende, izincomo, kanye namanethiwekhi okuthutha . Ukutshalwa kwezimali kwabo ku-automation kanye ne-robotics kusekela umnotho wabo omkhulu.

I-FAQ Esheshayo

Iyiphi inkampani ezoba yigugu kakhulu ngo-2025 ? I-Microsoft iphethe indawo ephezulu emakethe yamasheya yase-US ngenzuzo yemakethe engaphezu kwama-$3,26 trillion.

Kusho ukuthini ukuba "oyigugu kakhulu " emakethe? Kuyimali yemakethe (intengo ngesabelo). Kulinganisa okulindelwe kanye nokuzethemba, hhayi ukuthengisa kwamanje noma inzuzo.

Yiziphi izinkampani eziyi-10 ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni ? Phakathi kwalabo abancintisana kakhulu kukhona iMicrosoft, i-Apple, i-NVIDIA, i-Amazon, i-Alphabet, i-Saudi Aramco, i-Berkshire Hathaway, i-Meta, i-Tesla, kanye ne-Johnson & Johnson.

Kungenzeka yini ukutshala imali ngaphandle kokuthenga amasheya ngamanye ? Yebo, ngokusebenzisa ama-ETF kanye nezimali zezinkomba eziphinda izinkomba ezinkulu ngokuchayeka kulezi zinkampani.

Izinkampani eziyi-10 ezinkulu kakhulu zase-US ngokwemali engenayo

Ngokuphathelene nemali engenayo, izindawo eziyishumi eziphezulu zase-US zibonisa umfutho womnotho wangempela. Imali engenayo ehlanganisiwe yezinkampani eziyi-10 eziphezulu icishe ibe yizigidi ezingama-3,566,730 zamaRandi , kanye nokuba khona okunamandla emikhakheni yokuthengisa, yezempilo, yezobuchwepheshe kanye neyamandla.

1) I-Walmart

Njengoba ithengisa cishe ama-€676.890 billion kanye nokuba khona kweziteshi eziningi emazweni angu-27 , iqinisa ukuhweba kwayo nge-inthanethi, ezokuthutha, kanye nemikhiqizo yamalebula azimele ukuze incintisane nezinkampani ezinkulu zedijithali.

2) I-Amazon

Imali engenayo icishe ibe yizigidigidi ezingama-575.980 zamaRandi. Inwebeka ku-AI kanye ne-robotics, ezempilo kanye nezinsizakalo zokubhalisela , ngaphezu kwemakethe kanye ne-AWS.

3) I-apula

Ngokuthengisa okungu-$387.540 billion, ihlanganisa amadivayisi ahamba phambili nezinsizakalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu . Igxila kuma-chip ayo kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okujulile.

4) I-Exxon Mobil

Imali engenayo engu-344.560 billion. Ukuhlola, ukukhiqizwa kanye nokuhluzwa kwama-hydrocarbon , kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okwandayo ekubanjweni kwekhabhoni kanye namandla akhipha ukukhishwa okuncane.

5) Impilo ye-CVS

Imali engenayo engu-357.770 billion. Ihlanganisa ikhemisi, umshwalense kanye nokunakekelwa okuyisisekelo/i-telemedicine kanye nohlelo lokunakekelwa kwezempilo olukhulayo.

6) I-UnitedHealth

Ukuthengiswa okungu-$371.600 billion. Umshwalense, ukuphathwa kwezempilo, kanye nezixazululo zedijithali ezifinyelela emhlabeni wonke nge-UnitedHealthcare kanye ne-Optum.

7) Izinhlamvu (Google)

Ngemali engenayo engu-$324.690 billion, ihlanganisa ukukhangisa, ifu kanye ne-AI ekhiqizayo , ngaphezu kwamapulatifomu afana ne-Android, i-YouTube kanye ne-Chrome.

8) UMcKesson

Inzuzo engamabhiliyoni angu-264.040. Umholi ekusabalalisweni kwemithi kanye nezinsiza zezokwelapha , ukwenza izinto zibe sesimweni sedijithali kanye nokulandelelwa kwazo.

9) I-Berkshire Hathaway

Ukuthengiswa okungu-302.090 billion. Inkampani ephethe ehlukahlukene enomshwalense, amandla, ezokuthutha kanye nezimpahla zabathengi ; igxile ekukhiqizweni kwemali kanye nokwabiwa kwemali.

10) I-Cencora (i-AmerisourceBergen)

Imali engenayo engu-262.170 billion. Umthengisi wemithi othengisa ngobuningi onezinkampani ezingaphansi kwe-Alliance Healthcare kanye ne-MWI Veterinary , okuqinisa ubuchwepheshe kanye nokuqina kochungechunge lokuhlinzeka.

I-Dow Jones Index: iyini nokuthi kungani ibalulekile

I-Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) inezinkampani ezinkulu ezingu-30 ezimele umnotho wase-US. Ihlanganisa izinkampani ezidumile njenge-Apple, i-Microsoft, i-Boeing, i-Goldman Sachs, ne-Coca-Cola , futhi isebenza njengesilinganiso sokuzethemba kwabatshalizimali.

Ngokungafani nezinye izinkomba ezilinganiselwe ngosonhlamvukazi, i-Dow ilinganiswa ngentengo yamasheya , okunikeza ithonya elikhulu ezinkampanini ezinamanani aphezulu amasheya, yize kungezona lezo ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu.

Kukhona ama-ETF afana ne -DIA aphinda i-DJIA , awusizo ekutholeni ukuchayeka okuhlukahlukene ku-index ngaphandle kokuthenga ingxenye ngayinye ngayinye.

Izinzuzo zayo zifaka phakathi ukuzinza kwamalungu ayo kanye nokuvezwa kwayo emikhakheni eminingi . Njengemikhawulo, indlela yayo esekelwe emananini kanye nokufakwa kwamasheya angu-30 kuphela kunciphisa ukuhlukahluka uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkomba ezibanzi njenge-S&P 500.

I-panorama yaseYurophu kanye ne-geopolitics

Lesi simo esibalulekile sithinta nomkhakha webhizinisi. Abaholi abavela emazweni ayisikhombisa aseYurophu bahlangane eParis ukuzoxoxa ngokusekelwa kwe-Ukraine kanye nokuma kwabo ngenqubomgomo yase-US ; leli qembu limelela cishe u-65% wezindleko zokuvikela zezwekazi kanye no-35% wabasebenzi balo bezempi.

Lesi simo sibalulekile kubakhiqizi bezindiza, ezokuvikela, zamandla, kanye nezinkampani zokuhlinzeka ngempahla eNyakatho Melika naseYurophu, uma kubhekwa ukuncika kwezimboni kanye nemiphumela yokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kanye nokwangasese.

Umongo wemakethe yezabasebenzi ezinkampanini: abaqashi abakhulu

Ngale kokulinganisa kanye nemali engenayo, ukuqashwa kubonisa umkhondo walezi zinkampani. I-Walmart inabasebenzi abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-2,1 kanye ne-Amazon cishe izigidi ezingu-1,56 , ngaphezu kwabasebenzi abaningi e-Accenture, UPS, Home Depot, Costco, Target, kanye neBerkshire Hathaway, phakathi kwabanye.

Kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nezinsizakalo zabathengi, i-IBM, iMicrosoft, i-Alphabet, i-Meta, kanye ne-Starbucks ziyagqama , kanti kwezokuthuthwa kanye nezokuthuthwa kwempahla, i-FedEx, i-UPS, i-American Airlines, kanye ne-Delta zivelele. Ingxube ihlanganiswe yizinsizakalo zezempilo (i-UnitedHealth, i-HCA, i-CVS), ukukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe (i-Caterpillar, i-RTX, i-Lockheed Martin), kanye nokuthengisa okukhethekile.

Imithombo namanothi

Idatha nezincazelo zifaka ulwazi oluvela ku- Fortune (Global 500), imibiko yezinkampani, kanye nezinkomba ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezifana neBhange Lomhlaba . Ukuqhathanisa amazinga ngokuthengisa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali emakethe kusiza ukugwema ukudideka okuvamile.

Engxoxweni yomhlaba wonke mayelana nezikhungo zomnotho ezidonsela phansi, abahlaziyi abanjengoSergey Karpenko bagcizelele ukuvela kwe-Asia , okuyisikhumbuzo esiwusizo sokuthi ubuholi bemikhakha bunamandla futhi buncike kubuchwepheshe kanye nomjikelezo wokutshalwa kwezimali.

Uma sibheka isithombe sonke—umongo we-US macro, ubuholi bemikhakha, umehluko phakathi kokuthengisa kanye nenani lemakethe yesitoko, kanye nendima yeziqhwaga ezifana neMicrosoft, Apple, NVIDIA, Alphabet, Amazon, noma iWalmart— kuvela imephu ecacile yokuthi kungani iNyakatho Melika igxila amandla ezomnotho, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nemali , nokuthi lokho kubusa kuhambisana kanjani nezikhungo zokuncintisana eYurophu naseShayina.