- Amandla avuselelekayo ahlanzekile, ahlukahlukene futhi awapheli; izindleko zawo ziyancipha kuyilapho ezabaphethiloli zingaguquguquki.
- Izinzuzo: ukukhishwa kwegesi okuncane, ukuzimela, ukunakekelwa okuncane, ukuqashwa kanye nokuzisebenzisa; izinselele: ukuphumula, ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nendawo engaphezulu.
- Amabhethri kanye nesitoreji esinompompi kuthuthukisa isitoreji samandla; i-EU kanye neSpain ziyashesha ngezimali kanye nemigomo emikhulu.
- Imiphumela nezinzuzo ziyahlukahluka ngobuchwepheshe (ilanga, umoya, amanzi, i-biomass, i-geothermal, i-marine) futhi zidinga ukuhlela okuhle.
Ingxoxo yamandla ishintshe ngokushesha: namuhla sikhuluma ngogesi, ukwenza izinto ngokuzenzakalela, kanye nokususa i-carbon dioxide cishe kuyo yonke into. Kulolu shintsho, amandla avuselelekayo abe yisihluthulelo sokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi, ukuthola ukuzimela, kanye nokwehlisa izindleko, yize konke kungeyona into elula. Kulesi sihloko sibuyekeza, ngokuningiliziwe futhi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, ukuthi ziyini, ukuthi zinjani izinhlobo zazo nokuthi ziyini izinzuzo nezinkinga zazo zangempela..
Ngaphandle kwezihloko zezindaba, kunezinto ezibalulekile okufanele zikhunjulwe: kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kwamabhethri kanye nokwanda kokuzisebenzisa, kuya ezinseleleni zokugcina, izindawo ezidingekayo noma imiphumela yendawo kuye ngobuchwepheshe. Sizobona nezibalo eSpain, e-EU nase-Argentina, kanye nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nezitayela esezivele zibumba imakethe..
Ayini amandla avuselelekayo futhi kungani ebalulekile?
Uma sikhuluma ngemithombo yamandla evuselelekayo, sibhekisela emithonjeni yamandla evuselela ngokwemvelo futhi engaphelelwa yisikhathi, kuyilapho futhi inokukhishwa okuphansi kakhulu ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwayo. Zihlanzekile, ziyancintisana kakhulu, futhi zikhona cishe kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba..
Umehluko wayo oyinhloko kumafutha emvelo (amalahle, uwoyela, igesi) uphindwe kathathu: ukuhlukahluka kobuchwepheshe, ukutholakala kwendawo kanye, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukunciphisa amagesi okushisa angaphansi komhlaba kanye nokungcola kwendawo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindleko zayo ziye zehla kancane kancane kuyilapho uphethiloli wezinto zasendulo ubonise ukuguquguquka kanye nokwenyuka kwentengo..
I-International Energy Agency ilinganisela ukuthi, ngo-2040, ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo buzomboza ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokwanda kwesidingo sikagesi emhlabeni wonke, kanye ne-wind-photovoltaic tandem ehamba phambili. Ukucindezela kokugcina ibhethri kuxazulula lokho okwakuyisithende sika-Achilles: ukusebenzisa amandla lapho kungekho ilanga noma umoya.
Izinhlobo zamandla avuselelekayo
Ububanzi bobuchwepheshe bubanzi futhi, okuthakazelisayo kakhulu, buhambisana. Ukukhetha inhlanganisela efanele kuncike ezinsizeni ezitholakalayo, indawo, inethiwekhi, kanye nezinhloso zephrojekthi..
- UmoyaAmandla omoya akhiqiza ugesi ovela emoyeni esebenzisa ama-wind turbine. Amandla omoya ashukumisa ama-blade futhi anike amandla i-generator.
- I-SolarKunemindeni emibili eyinhloko: i-photovoltaic (iguqula ukukhanya kube ugesi ngamaphaneli) kanye ne-solar thermal (isebenzisa ukushisa kwelanga ukuze kusetshenziswe ukushisa, futhi ezitshalweni ezinkulu ezigxilisa ugesi, ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi).
- Ugesi ophehlwa ngamanziIkhiqiza ugesi isebenzisa amanzi ahambayo (imifula, amadamu, kanye nezixazululo zokugcina ezipompiwe, amadamu ezindaweni eziphakeme ezahlukene ezivumela ukugcinwa kwamandla). Eziqhingini zaseCanary, isibonelo, kukhuthazwe iphrojekthi yesitshalo sokugcina esipompiwe njengeChira-Soria.
- I-BiomassAmandla avela ezintweni eziphilayo ezivela ezitshalweni noma ezilwaneni. Angahlukaniswa ngemvelaphi yawo: emvelo (amaqabunga, amagatsha), owomile (uthuli lwesawdust, amakhoba), okusalayo (imfucuza yasemadolobheni, umquba, imfucuza yezolimo), okukhiqizwayo (izitshalo zamandla) kanye ne-biofuel (kusuka kumafutha asetshenzisiwe noma izitshalo ezifana nommbila noma i-sunflower).
- i-biogasIgesi evuselelekayo ekhiqizwa ukugaywa kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo engena-anaerobic (engenawo umoya-mpilo), ewusizo kugesi, ekushiseni nasekuhambeni.
- I-GeothermalIsebenzisa ukushisa okuvela enhlabathini engaphansi ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ezindaweni ezinokushisa okuphezulu, futhi ngezinhlelo ezisebenzisa umoya omncane, ukuze kufakwe umoya opholile kahle.
- Amandla olwandle y igagasi motorZikhipha amandla emagagasini nasemagagasini, ngokulandelana, zisebenzisa amadivayisi aguqula ukunyakaza kolwandle kube ugesi; kwezinye izindawo zingahlanganiswa namandla omoya asogwini lolwandle.
- I-Bioethanol kanye ne-biodiesel: amafutha e-biofuel okusetshenziswa kwezimoto kanye nezimboni atholakala kumafutha e-biomass kanye nemifino.
Okuvuselelwayo uma kuqhathaniswa nokungasebenzi kabusha
Ngakolunye uhlangothi lwebhodi kunemithombo engavuseleleki, elinganiselwe enethonya elikhulu kwezemvelo: amafutha asetshenziswa kudala (amalahle, uwoyela, igesi yemvelo) kanye namafutha enuzi (i-uranium, i-plutonium kanye neminye efanelekile ukuqhekeka). Ukutholakala kwayo kunqunyelwe, ukukhishwa kwayo kanye nomthelela wayo kwezepolitiki kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukukhishwa kwayo noma imfucuza kudinga ukulawulwa okuqinile..
Phakathi kwezinzuzo nezingozi zendabuko, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi uwoyela uvumela ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eminingi futhi unikeza amandla nokujwayelekile, amalahle ashibhile futhi anenani eliphezulu lama-calories, kanti igesi yemvelo, phakathi kwamafutha emvelo, inomthelela ophansi kanye nokusebenza okuphezulu. Kodwa ukusha kwayo kukhipha ukungcola kanye ne-CO₂, ukukhipha kwayo kushintsha izindawo kanye nezindawo zemvelo, futhi izindawo ezigciniwe zinqunyelwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi..
Amandla enuzi agxila amandla amaningi ngophethiloli omncane futhi akhiqiza imfucuza encane kakhulu kunamafutha emvelo, kodwa imfucuza yawo iyinkimbinkimbi ukuyiphatha futhi idinga izinyathelo zokuphepha ezibizayo. Lo mongo uchaza ukwanda kwemikhiqizo evuselelekayo, kanye nezindleko ezinciphayo kanye nengozi ephansi yokusebenza kwemvelo..
Izinzuzo zamandla avuselelekayo
Ubuhle bokuqala obukhulu ukuthi inegalelo eliphansi kakhulu ekushiseni kwegesi ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwayo, kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola okufana ne-NOx noma i-SO₂ uma kuqhathaniswa namafutha emvelo. Ukukhishwa okuncane komoya ongcolile kusho impilo yomphakathi engcono, umoya ohlanzekile, kanye nomthelela omncane emanzini nasenhlabathini..
Enye inzuzo esobala: ziyimithombo engapheli ngokwesikhathi somuntu. Imijikelezo yelanga, umoya, namanzi izobe isakhona, yize ukutholakala kwayo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngendawo kanye nesizini. Ngokuhlela okuhle, bangakwazi ukumboza ingxenye enkulu yezidingo zamandla zesifunda..
Izinzuzo zokuzimela kwamandla: ukukhiqiza endaweni kunciphisa ukuchayeka ekuthengeni kwamanye amazwe kanye nokushaqeka kwezepolitiki okusebenza njenge izici zangaphandleEYurophu, kulandela ukwehla kokuthengwa kwama-hydrocarbon avela eRussia, ukukhiqiza kabusha kwaphula amarekhodi futhi kwaba cishe u-44% wengxube kagesi ye-EU ngo-2023. Imithombo eminingi evuselelekayo ihumusha ibe yigridi ezinzile neqinile.
Ngokuphathelene nokusebenza nokugcinwa, ubuchwepheshe obuningi bulula futhi buqinile. I-Photovoltaics, isibonelo, ayinazo izingxenye ezinyakazayo futhi idlula kalula iminyaka engu-25 yokuphila okuwusizo; amandla kagesi ahlanganisa ukusebenza kahle nemishini ehlala isikhathi eside. Ukunakekelwa okuncane kusho izindleko eziphindaphindayo eziphansi kanye nezikhathi zokungasebenzi ezinciphile..
Impikiswano yezomnotho ishintshile: njengoba amanani kaphethiloli akhuphukile, izinsiza ezivuselelekayo seziphenduke ezinye izindlela ezishibhile ezimakethe eziningi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe amaphrojekthi amasha amakhulu elanga nawomoya asevele ekhiqiza amandla ngentengo ephansi kunezikhungo ezintsha zamalahle noma zegesi. Lokhu kuncintisana kusiza futhi ekunciphiseni izikweletu zikagesi zebhizinisi nezendlu..
Ukuzisebenzisa ngokwakho kanye nokuzikhiqiza ngokwakho kungenye indlela enamandla: amaphaneli ophahleni, ama-wind turbine amancane ezindaweni ezifanele, noma inhlanganisela yamaphampu okushisa nama-photovoltaics okupholisa umoya. Ukwandisa isizukulwane esiseduze nokusetshenziswa kunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuthembela kubantu besithathu..
Ngokuphathelene nokumbozwa kwendawo, izinsiza ezivuselelekayo azigxilile emazweni ambalwa anezimali ezithile, kodwa zisakazeke emhlabeni wonke. Ngezinsiza ezifanele kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okunengqondo, cishe noma yisiphi isifunda singasebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obuvuselelekayo..
Ukubonakala kwezindleko kukhulu: amandla omoya kanye nelanga awathengiswa ezimakethe ezifana nowoyela; ukutshalwa kwezimali kugxile ku-CAPEX kanti izindleko zokusebenza zibikezelwa kalula. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ukuhlela amaphrojekthi nokuqinisa amanani esikhathini eside..
Imisebenzi eluhlaza ithuthuka ngokushesha. Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zibeka ukudalwa kwemisebenzi ezindaweni ezivuselelekayo phambili kakhulu kunemikhakha engcolisa kakhulu: kulinganiselwa ukuthi izigidi zemisebenzi emisha uma kuqhathaniswa nezigidi ezizonyamalala ezimbonini zikaphethiloli. ESpain, amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu asevele esebenza kulo mkhakha, futhi kulindelwe ukuthi leli nani lizodlula isigidi esisodwa maphakathi neminyaka eyishumi ezayo..
Ngokuphathelene nokufinyelela, i-renewables ingaletha amandla ezindaweni ezikude lapho ukwandisa amanethiwekhi avamile kubiza kakhulu noma kungenzeki, ikakhulukazi ngezixazululo zelanga ezihambisanayo kanye nesitoreji. Ukuletha isizukulwane eduze kwendawo nakho kuthuthukisa umnotho wendawo.
Izinkinga kanye nezinselele okufanele uzinqobe
Inselele yokuqala ingokomzimba: ukuvama kwezikhawu. Uma kungekho ilanga noma umoya ungavunguzi, umkhiqizo uyawa, futhi ukukhiqizwa akuhlali kuhambisana nesidingo. Isixazululo sobuchwepheshe sisekuhlukeni kobuchwepheshe, amanethiwekhi aguquguqukayo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, isitoreji..
Amabhethri athuthuke kakhulu futhi izinhlelo zokugcina amanzi ezipompiwe zisabalulekile, kodwa izindleko zokuqoqa amandla amaningi nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza zisabonakala ekutshalweni kwezimali. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi, unyaka nonyaka, amanani okugcina ayaqhubeka nokwehla futhi ukuthembeka kwawo kuyaqhubeka nokukhula..
Ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala (i-CAPEX) kuphezulu ezimweni eziningi, noma ngabe izindleko zokusebenza ziphansi. Izibonelelo, izinkokhelo, kanye nemali mboleko ethambile kuyasiza, kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu ongakwazi ukukhokhela izindleko zangaphambilini. Ezindaweni zasekhaya, imbuyiselo ivame ukushesha, kanti esikalini sezinsizakusebenza, umnotho wesilinganiso ulinganisa amabhuku..
Indawo nendawo kubaluleke kakhulu. Akukhuthazwa ukwakha ama-wind turbine lapho izinsiza zomoya zimbi khona, noma ukufaka izinhlelo ezinkulu ze-photovoltaic ezweni elinenani eliphezulu lezolimo. Ukuhlela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba kanye nokuhlolwa kwemvelo kubalulekile ekunciphiseni imiphumela..
Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kobuchwepheshe
La I-Solar photovoltaic Ayishisi uphethiloli, ayikhiqizi ukukhishwa kwegesi ngesikhathi sokusebenza, isebenzisa umthombo ongapheli, futhi ayidingi ukulungiswa okuningi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhiqizwa kwamaphaneli kuyinkimbinkimbi, ukufakwa okukhulu kungadinga izindawo ezinkulu, kanti ezinye izitshalo zamandla okushisa elanga ezigxilile zidinga amanzi ukuze ziphole..
Emaphrojekthini amakhulu, kuyaqashelwa ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokubulala ukhula kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwendawo, kanti ukuthuthukiswa kokusetshenziswa kabusha kwamaphaneli amaningi ekupheleni kwesikhathi sawo sokusebenza kusalindile. Ukusebenza kuyahlukahluka kuye ngesimo sezulu kanye nokuqondiswa, okudinga usayizi omkhulu noma ukuhlanganiswa nendawo yokugcina izinto..
La amandla omoya Ayikhiphi igesi ngesikhathi sokusebenza, iyahambisana nezinye izindlela zokusetshenziswa komhlaba (njengokufuya imfuyo), futhi i-wind turbine ibuyisa ngokushesha amandla asetshenziswe ekukhiqizweni kwayo. Izithiyo zayo ezicashunwe kakhulu umthelela obonakalayo kanye nengozi ezinyonini uma indawo kanye nomklamo kungakhethwanga ngokucophelela; ngaphezu kwalokho, uma kungekho moya, akuvezi.
La amandla okugeleza kanye namagagasi Basebenzisa ithuba lokuhlala njalo kolwandle ezindaweni ezifanele futhi basebenza ngokuqapha umsindo. Kodwa-ke, izindleko zokufakwa kwazo ziphakeme futhi zingathinta ukuguquguquka kogu kanye nezilwane nezitshalo ezizungezile..
La ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi Ihlanzekile lapho isebenza futhi ivumela ukugcinwa kwamandla (ikakhulukazi uma kupompa), ngaphezu kokulawula amazinga okugeleza. Ukwakha amadamu amakhulu kuyabiza futhi kunemiphumela emibi: ukulahlekelwa inhlabathi ngenxa yezikhukhula, ukushintsha kokugeleza kwemifula, umonakalo ezindaweni zemvelo, kanye nokwanda kokuthambekela kwesomiso esihlala isikhathi eside..
La i-biomass Iyalawuleka (ayixhomekile esimweni sezulu futhi ingahlelwa) futhi isebenzisa imfucuza enemfucuza embalwa yokugcina. Idinga inani elikhulu lezinto zokusetshenziswa kanye nomhlaba, isivuno sayo siphansi kunesokubasa, futhi uma ishiswa, ikhipha i-CO₂ (yize ibhekwa njengengxenye yomjikelezo omfushane uma ilawulwa ngendlela eqhubekayo)..
La i-geothermal Inikeza amandla azinzile futhi ingangenisa ugesi noma isimo somoya ngokusebenza kahle okukhulu. Kwezinye izindawo ezijulile, ukukhishwa kwegesi noma ukuba khona kwezinto ezifana ne-arsenic noma i-ammonia emanzini angaphansi komhlaba kuyabonwa, kanye nomthelela wokushisa kanye nokwakheka komhlaba uma kungancishiswa kahle..
Izindleko, umsebenzi kanye nokugcinwa kwempahla: lapho simi khona
Umkhuba wezindleko uthanda izinsiza ezivuselelekayo, futhi unyaka ngamunye, ukuncintisana kwazo kuyathuthuka uma kuqhathaniswa nezitshalo ezintsha zamandla amalahle noma igesi. Ngaphezu kokwehlisa intengo ye-MWh, ukusetshenziswa kwayo kukhuthaza ukuphathwa kwesidingo kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza kahle ezinciphisa izindleko zamandla eziphelele..
Ngokuphathelene nemisebenzi, imisebenzi ehlobene namandla ahlanzekile ikhula ngokushesha kunaleyo ehlobene namafutha emvelo futhi kakade ihlanganisa imisebenzi engaphezu kwengxenye yayo yonke emkhakheni wamandla womhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuchuma kudonsela ukuqeqeshwa kabusha kochwepheshe kanye nokuqeqeshwa okusha kobuchwepheshe kulo lonke uchungechunge lwenani.
Ukwanda kwesitoreji kushintsha isithombe: namuhla kungenzeka ukukhulisa amabhethri ukuze anganciki kugridi amahora noma ngisho nezinsuku, futhi amaphrojekthi okugcina ampompiwe kanye nezinye izixazululo zengeza ukuqina. Lo mthamo usebenza njengesivikelo ekulweni nesidingo esikhulu futhi unciphisa ingozi yokuphela kogesi..
Amanye amazwe aseYurophu athathe izinyathelo zokuvimbela lapho ebhekene nokuntuleka kokunikezwa, aqinisa izindawo zokugcina kanye nokusheshisa izinto ezivuselelekayo kanye nokugcinwa kwazo ukuze avikele uhlelo. Umqondo ucacile: ukukhiqizwa okusabalele kakhulu kanye nomthamo omkhulu wokugcina amandla kuletha ukuphepha ekuxubeni kwamandla..
Amamephu nezinqubomgomo: iSpain, i-EU kanye ne-Argentina
ISpain inenzuzo ethile ngogesi ovuselelekayo: cishe u-40% wokukhiqiza ugesi usuvele uvela emithonjeni ehlanzekile kanti imigomo ka-2030 ihlose ukudlula u-70% kagesi futhi isondele ku-42% kumandla okugcina. Ngo-2050, kulindeleke ukuthi izinto ezivuselelekayo zizosusa uphethiloli wezinto ezilahliwe ohlelweni lonke.
I-European Union iqhuba ushintsho ngezimali kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho. Izimali ezifana ne-Next Generation zabela izinsiza ezithile ukuze kusheshiswe ukuthunyelwa; eSpain, amakhulu ezigidi akhishwe ukuze azisebenzisele wona, azilungise, futhi azigcine. Lokhu kusekelwa kunciphisa umzamo wokuqala futhi kuvumela imindeni kanye nama-SME ukuthi asheshe aqale ukusebenza..
E-Argentina, ukukhula nakho kuyabonakala: ngo-2020, cishe u-9,7% wesidingo sikagesi sahlangatshezwa ngemithombo evuselelekayo, ukwenyuka okukhulu kusukela ngo-2019 (cishe u-5,9%). Umthetho 27.191 ubeka umgomo wokufinyelela ku-20% wesidingo sikagesi esivela emithonjeni evuselelekayo ngo-2025..
La maphesenti ayahlukahluka ngokwezwe kanye nemithombo, kodwa umkhuba uyabiwa: ama-photovoltaic amaningi kanye namandla omoya ahlanganisiwe, ukuqinisa ugesi wamanzi opompiwe, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphathekayo (i-biomass, i-biogas, i-geothermal) ukuze kuhlinzekwe ukuzinza. Isihluthulelo kuzoba ukulinganisela ukukhiqizwa okuguquguqukayo, isitoreji, kanye namagridi ahlakaniphile..
Ukusetshenziswa ngokwakho kanye nokuhlanganiswa
Ukuhlanganiswa kwepompo yokushisa ne-photovoltaics kuvela njengenye yezindawo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezakhiweni zokuhlala nezebhizinisi, ezimboza ukushisa namanzi ashisayo ngogesi ovela emithonjeni yelanga. Le ndlela inciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi kanye nezindleko, futhi ifanele kokubili izakhiwo ezintsha nezilungisiwe..
Emiphakathini ehlukanisiwe noma okunzima ukuyifinyelela, ama-solar kit anamabhethri, futhi uma umthombo uvuma, ama-generator amancane omoya, aletha ukukhanya nokuxhumana ngaphandle kwesidingo sengqalasizinda enkulu. Umphumela uba ukuzimela kwamandla kanye nokuthuthuka okuqondile kwekhwalithi yokuphila.
Embonini, ama-PPA (izivumelwano zokuthenga ugesi) nezitshalo zamandla elanga nezomoya avumela amanani entengo yesikhathi eside futhi amboza ingxenye enkulu yokusetshenziswa ngogesi ovuselelekayo. Ukuphathwa kwesidingo okusebenzayo kanye nokugcinwa kwendawo kuqedela ukonga.
Izinsizakusebenza, ukuqeqeshwa kanye nemisebenzi eluhlaza
Isidingo sochwepheshe abaqeqeshwe emikhiqizweni evuselelekayo sikhula kakhulu: kusukela ekuklameni nasebunjiniyelani kuya ekusebenzeni, ekulungiseni, ekwenziweni kwedijithali kanye nokugcina. Amanyuvesi nezikhungo ezikhethekile ziphindaphinde uhla lwezifundo, iziqu ze-master kanye nezinhlelo ze-postgraduate ezinikezwayo..
Ngaphezu kwezincwadi zemiyalelo kanye neziqondiso zobuchwepheshe, kunemibhalo eminingi enolwazi kanye neyobuchwepheshe ngefomethi yedijithali neye-PDF esiza izinkampani kanye nezakhamuzi ukuqonda ubuchwepheshe, usizo kanye nezinqubo. Ukuba nezinto ezicacile kusheshisa ukwenza izinqumo futhi kugwema amaphutha abizayo..
Inothi ngezaziso zomthetho lapho ubheka imibhalo yenkampani
Uma ufinyelela izingxenye zezinkampani ngemibhalo yokuthengiselana kwezinkampani (njengokuhlanganiswa kwezinkampani kwamanye amazwe) kuvamile ukuthola izaziso zomthetho eziqinile: lezi zinto zenzelwe izinjongo zolwazi kuphela, zisebenza kusukela ngosuku lokushicilelwa futhi azisho ukuthi uzothengisa noma uzocela ukuthenga izibambiso. E-EU, imithethonqubo ye-prospectus idinga ukuvunyelwa kwedokhumenti yigunya elifanele ngaphambi kokuba amasheya avunyelwe ukuhweba ezimakethe zamasheya..
Ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke, lolu hlobo lolwazi luvame ukuvinjelwa yigunya: alusatshalaliswa kubantu emazweni lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwalo kungekho emthethweni noma kudinga ukubhaliswa, noma e-U.S. ngaphandle kwangaphansi kokukhululwa okuthile (isibonelo, ukuthengiselana ngaphansi koMthethonqubo S noma okuqondiswe kuphela “kubathengi bezikhungo abafanelekayo” ngaphansi koMthetho 144A kanye neSigaba 4(a)(2) soMthetho Wezokuphepha ka-1933). Ukuze uthole ukufinyelela, uvame ukucelwa ukuthi uqinisekise ukuthi usifundile isaziso, ukuthi awuhlali ezindaweni ezivinjelwe, nokuthi ngeke ukopishe noma uthumele izinto..
Kuvamile futhi ukucacisa ukuthi inkampani ayizibophezeli ukuvuselela ulwazi ngaphandle kokuthi kudingeke ngokomthetho nokuthi ukufinyelela kuncike ekwamukelweni kwesaziso ngokusobala (inkinobho evamile ethi "Ngiyamukela/Angiyamukeli"). Lezi zilawuli zihlose ukuhambisana nemithetho yemakethe nokuvikela abatshalizimali kanye nabakhiphi..
Ukuqaliswa kwamandla avuselelekayo kuyaqhubeka kancane kancane futhi ngokuqiniseka okukhulu kunokungabaza: izindleko eziwayo, ubuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe, ukuqashwa okukhulayo, kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho ezinhle. Kusekhona izinselele, njengokugcinwa kwezindawo eziningi, ukuhlanganiswa okuhle kwemvelo, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala, kodwa isiqondiso sesibekiwe, futhi izinzuzo zemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezenhlalo sezivele zizwakala nsuku zonke..
