Kuyini ukukhula komnotho futhi yiziphi izimbangela zako eziyinhloko?

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Uma sikhuluma ngokuthuthuka komnotho, elinye lamagama asetshenziswa kakhulu ngokungangabazeki ukukhula komnotho . Liwumqondo oyinhloko wokuqonda ukuthi izwe lithuthuka kanjani, ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo kushintsha kanjani, ngakho-ke, ukuthi ikhwalithi yokuphila yabantu balo ithuthuka kanjani—noma cha. Nakuba kuyalinga ukucabanga ngokukhula komnotho njengento esho ngqo ukuchuma, iqiniso liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi liyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.

Lesi sihloko sihlola ukuthi ukukhula komnotho kusho ukuthini ngempela, ukuthi kulinganiswa kanjani, yiziphi izici ezikubangelayo, nokuthi umthelela wangempela uyini empilweni yethu. Sizosebenzisa imithombo evelele kakhulu ehola imiphumela yokusesha njengamanje, sihlanganise konke okuqukethwe kwayo ekuhlaziyeni okuphelele nokuqinile, okuvezwa ngolimi olucacile nolufinyelelekayo.

Kusho ukuthini ukukhula komnotho?

Kalula nje, ukukhula komnotho kubhekisela ekukhuleni okuqhubekayo kwamandla okukhiqiza komnotho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Okusho ukuthi, kukhona ukwanda kwaminyaka yonke kwenani lezimpahla nezinsizakalo zokugcina ezikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwezwe. Lokhu kuthuthuka kungenxa yezici eziningi esizozihlaziya kamuva, kodwa umongo wako ulele eqinisweni lokuthi umphakathi ukhiqiza okwengeziwe futhi, ngokombono, unezinsiza ezengeziwe zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zezakhamuzi zawo. Ukuze ujule kulesi simo, ungabheka isihloko esithi " Kuyini ukukhula komnotho ?"

Indlela evame kakhulu yokulinganisa lesi simo iwukusebenzisa i-Gross Domestic Product (GDP) , ikakhulukazi ezinguqulweni zayo zangempela neze-per capita . I-GDP yangempela ilungisa ukwehla kwamandla emali futhi ikhombisa inani lomkhiqizo wezwe ngokwemibandela engaguquki. I-GDP yomuntu ngamunye, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ihlukanisa lesi samba ngesibalo sabantu, okusenza sazi ukuthi umuntu ngamunye ezweni ukhiqiza malini, ngokwesilinganiso. Le ndlela yokugcina iwusizo kakhulu ekwenzeni ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwezizwe ezahlukene, njengoba izwe elinabantu abaningi lingase libe ne-GDP ephezulu kodwa libe nomholo ophansi kakhulu womuntu ngamunye.

Izingxenye namafomula e-GDP

Ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuthi ukukhula komnotho kwakhiwa kanjani, kuyasiza ukwazi izakhi ezakha i-GDP . Kunezindlela ezimbili zokubala ngokuyinhloko:

Indlela Yokusebenzisa Izindleko

Le ndlela ihlaziya indlela umkhiqizo wezwe osetshenziswa ngayo futhi imelelwa yifomula:

I-GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)

• C (Ukusetshenziswa kwangasese): konke okuchithwa yimindeni ezimpahleni nasezinkonzweni.
• Mina (Ukutshalwa Kwezimali): ukusetshenziswa kwemali ezimpahleni ezinkulu, ekwakheni nasekuqongeleleni impahla.
• G (Ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi): lokho uHulumeni akutshalayo ezinsizeni ezifana nemfundo, ezempilo noma ingqalasizinda.
• X – M (Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphelele): umehluko phakathi kwalokho okuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe (X) nalokho okuthengwayo (M).

Indlela yokuthola imali

Lokhu kuhlola ukuthi ubani othola imali engenayo ngokubamba iqhaza ekukhiqizeni:

I-GDP = Rl + Rk + Rr + B + A + (Ii – S)

• I-Rl, i-Rk kanye ne-Rr: amaholo, imali engenayo yenhloko-dolobha kanye nemali engenayo yomhlaba.
• B: izinzuzo zebhizinisi.
• A: ukukhokhelwa kwezimali.
• II – SIzintela ezingaqondile ngaphandle kwezibonelelo.

Zombili lezi zindlela zinikeza amathuluzi awusizo okuhlaziya kokubili isidingo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo, okuyisisekelo sokuhlola umthelela wokukhula. Ukufunda kabanzi ngalezi zindlela kungaba yinto ebalulekile ekuqondeni [inkinga].

Izici ezikhuthaza ukukhula komnotho

Ukukhula akwenzeki ngokuzenzakalelayo. Izifundo eziningi zezomnotho ziveze izici eziningana ezinqumayo :

• Ukutshalwa kwezimali ezimalini ezibonakalayoLokhu kuhilela ukuhlinzeka abasebenzi ngamathuluzi angcono kanye nengqalasizinda, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle.
• Imfundo nokwakheka: eyaziwa nangokuthi i-human capital, ivumela labo abahlanganyela emnothweni ukuthi benze kanjalo ngolwazi namakhono amakhulu.
• UbuchwephesheIntuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ithuthukisa izinqubo zokukhiqiza, ivumela ukuthi kukhiqizwe okuningi ngokuncane, futhi iyimbangela yezinguquko eziningi zomnotho.
• Izikhungo eziqinileUkuvikeleka kwezomthetho, ukuzinza kwezepolitiki, ukuthula kanye nenkululeko kuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze kwakhiwe ukuzethemba nokuheha utshalomali.
• Ukuhweba ngaphandleUkuvulela ezinye izimakethe kukhuthaza ubuchwepheshe kanye nokufinyelela ezinsizeni ezintsha kanye nobuchwepheshe.
• Ukulindela ibhizinisiUmbono ngekusasa uthinta ngqo izinqumo zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuqasha.

Lezi zici azisebenzi zodwa; kunalokho, ziyaqinisana. Isibonelo, ukutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe emfundweni kungasiza ekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zemali. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngalezi zingxenye, bheka [isixhumanisi/ireferensi].

Kungani amanye amazwe ekhula kakhulu kunamanye?

Kuwo wonke umlando, akuzona zonke izifunda zomhlaba ezikhule ngesivinini esifanayo. Kusukela ngeNguquko Yezimboni, isibonelo, iNtshonalanga Yurophu kanye namazwe afana ne-United States, iCanada, i-Australia, neNew Zealand abe nezikhathi zokukhula okusheshayo . Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Afrika ibonise isivinini esihamba kancane kakhulu eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu edlule.

Ngokusho kwezifundo ezifana nalezo ezenziwe yisazi sezomnotho u-Angus Maddison , isintu sibhekane nokukhula okungakaze kubonwe eminyakeni engama-200 edlule: inani labantu likhuphuke ngokuphindwe kahlanu, i-GDP yomhlaba wonke ngokuphindwe kangamashumi amane, kanye nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-500. Izikhathi ezinhle kakhulu zale ntuthuko kwakuyilezi:

• Kusukela ngo-1950 kuya enkingeni kawoyela ngawo-70.
• Isikhathi esiphakathi kuka-1870 no-1913.
• Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuze kube yinkinga yezimali ka-2008.

Lokhu kukhula okungalingani kungenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwezici zangaphakathi (imfundo, ezombusazwe, izikhungo) kanye nezici zangaphandle (ubukoloni, ukuhweba ngamazwe ngamazwe, izingxabano ezihlomile). Ukuze ngijule kulezi zihloko, ngincoma ukufunda nge-[isihloko esingekho].

Ukukhula komnotho vs. intuthuko yomnotho

Nakuba kuvame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kokukhula komnotho kanye nentuthuko yomnotho . Eyokuqala ibhekisela enanini lomkhiqizo, kanti eyesibili ihlanganisa izici zekhwalithi njengezempilo, imfundo, ukulingana, kanye nenhlalakahle iyonke.

Izwe lingakhula kakhulu ngaphandle kokuthi lokhu kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwezimo zokuphila zeningi labantu. Lokhu kwenzeka, isibonelo, lapho ingcebo igxile ezandleni zabambalwa, noma lapho ukukhula kusekelwe emisebenzini ebhubhisa imvelo (njengokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwezinsiza zemvelo).

Ngakho-ke, abanye ochwepheshe baphakamisa izinkomba ezihlukile ku-GDP , njenge-Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), elungisa idatha yokukhiqiza ukuze ihambisane nezici ezifana nokungcola, ukuncipha kwezinsizakusebenza, kanye nezinye izindleko zomphakathi. Ukuze uhlole lesi sihloko kabanzi, bheka [isixhumanisi semibhalo efanele].

Imikhawulo ye-GDP njengesibonakaliso sokukhula

I-GDP ngokungangabazeki iyithuluzi eliwusizo, kodwa inemikhawulo ebalulekile okumele icatshangelwe:

• Akulinganisi ukwabiwa kwemali engenayoI-GDP inganda ngenkathi ukungalingani nakho kukhula.
• Akubandakanyi umnotho ongakahleleki.Imisebenzi engabhalisiwe, njengomsebenzi wasekhaya noma umsebenzi ongadalulwanga, ayifakiwe ekubalweni kwayo.
• Ayicabangi ngezinto zangaphandle ezimbiIsibonelo, ukusebenzisa imali ekuhlanzeni ukuchitheka kukawoyela kukhulisa i-GDP, kodwa kusobala ukuthi akuyithuthukisi inhlalakahle.
• Ayinaki izici zekhwalithi: njengekhwalithi yokuphila, impilo yengqondo, isikhathi samahhala noma injabulo.

Yingakho osomnotho abaningi ngokwengeziwe bephakamisa ukuthi bahlaziye nezinye izinkomba zomphakathi nezemvelo lapho bexoxa ngentuthuko yangempela yesizwe. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe ngale mpikiswano, ungafunda nge-[link missing].

Umjikelezo wezomnotho kanye nezigaba zawo

Ukukhula komnotho akuhlali kuqondile noma kungaguquguquki. Zonke izomnotho zidlula ezigabeni zokwanda nokuncipha , okwaziwa ngokuthi umjikelezo webhizinisi . Lo mjikelezo uvame ukuhlukaniswa kanje:

• I-Boom: isigaba sokukhula okunamandla kanye nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi okuphansi.
• Ukuma: Umnotho uyayeka ukukhula, izinkomba ziyazinza noma ziyashintshashintsha.
• Ukwehla Komnotho: ukuncishiswa okuqhubekayo komsebenzi okhiqizayo.
• Ukubuyisela: Umsebenzi uyanda futhi, yize kancane kancane.

Isigaba ngasinye sinemiphumela ehlukile emisebenzini, ekutshalweni kwezimali nasekusetshenzisweni. Isihluthulelo sisekutheni lezi zigaba ziphathwa kanjani ngenqubomgomo yezomnotho ukuze kuncishiswe imiphumela yazo emibi. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe, kunconywa ukuthi ufunde mayelana [nokubhekisela kumadokhumenti afanele].

Ingabe ukukhula kungaqhubeka isikhathi eside?

Impikiswano ekhona njengamanje igxile ekukhuleni okusimeme . Okusho ukuthi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwanda komnotho akubeki engcupheni izinsiza zesikhathi esizayo, kubhubhise imvelo, noma kudlule imingcele yamaplanethi.

Amanye amazwe aseqalile ukusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla avuselelekayo.
• Imfundo yezemvelo.
• Umnotho ojikelezayo, lapho izinsiza zisetshenziswa kabusha esikhundleni sokulahlwa.
• Ukulinganisa umthelela wekhabhoni kanye nezinye izinkomba zokusimama.

Inselelo yamashumi eminyaka ezayo izoba ukufeza imodeli yokukhula ebandakanya wonke umuntu, elinganiselayo neqhubekayo engacabangeli nje kuphela i-GDP, kodwa futhi nenhlalakahle yamanje neyesikhathi esizayo yabantu kanye nomhlaba.

Ukukhula komnotho kungumqondo oyinhloko embonweni wezomnotho kanye nasekwenzeni, kodwa akufanele kuhunyushwe kalula. Kuyisenzakalo esiyinkimbinkimbi esibonisa ukuvela kokukhiqiza, kodwa kumele sihlaziywe kanye nezinye izinkomba zomphakathi kanye nezemvelo ukuze siqonde umthelela waso wangempela empilweni yezakhamuzi. Ukuqonda izimbangela, imikhawulo, kanye nemiphumela yaso kuvumela ukuqaliswa kwezinqubomgomo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezihloselwe inhlalakahle yobumbano.