Ukukhululeka: umlando, izimiso kanye nokuvela kombono oyinhloko

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inkululeko Kuyindaba yempikiswano nokuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo, kokubili emibuthanweni yezemfundo naphakathi komphakathi jikelele. Uma sikhuluma ngale ndlela yokucabanga, asibhekiseli nje kuphela kumbono wezepolitiki, kodwa nasesimweni esiye sabumba umlando, umnotho, kanye nendlela esiqonda ngayo inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye neyeqembu. Ukuqonda ukukhululeka Kuhilela ukuhlola imvelaphi yayo, izici zayo eziyinhloko, amagatsha ahlukene akha yona, kanye nomthelela ewube nawo emhlabeni jikelele.

Ngokufanayo, kubalulekile ukubona ukuthi iguquke kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izibalo ezazibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwayo.kanye nokuhlaziya izindlela ezahlukahlukene ezisuselwe kuzo. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo eYurophu ngekhulu le-17 kuya ezindleleni zanamuhla, ukukhululeka kube khona ezinguqukweni eziningi zenhlalo nezepolitiki. Ngezansi, sinikeza incazelo ephelele neningiliziwe, sihlanganisa lonke ulwazi olufanele ngale ndaba futhi sihlela ulwazi ukuze ukwazi ukuluhlola ngokucacile nangokwemvelo.

Iyini inkululeko?

Ukukhululeka kungachazwa njengemfundiso yezepolitiki, yefilosofi, kanye neyezomnotho ekhuthaza inkululeko njengenani eliyisisekelo enhlanganweni yomphakathi.Kusukela yasungulwa, lo mqondo ugcizelele ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, ukulingana phambi komthetho, kanye nokulinganiselwa kwamandla kahulumeniInhloso eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuzimela kwabantu ngabanye, okuvumela umuntu ngamunye ukuba enze izinqumo mayelana nokuphila kwakhe kwangasese, izinkolelo, ubudlelwano, kanye nemisebenzi yezomnotho, uma nje lokhu kungabathinti kabi abanye.

Esinye sezici eziyinhloko zokukhululeka ukuvikela amalungelo abantu ngabanye, njengempahla yomuntu siqu, inkululeko yokukhuluma, ilungelo lokuphila, kanye nokuphishekela injabulo.Kusukela kulo mbono, Umsebenzi oyinhloko woMbuso ukuvikela la malungelo nokusebenza njengesiqinisekiso sokuhleleka komphakathiukugwema noma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhaphaza noma ubudlova ekusebenziseni amandla.

Ezingeni lezenhlalo, ukukhululeka kukhuthaza ukubekezelelana, ubuningi, kanye nokuhlala ndawonye ngokuthula.Iphikisana ngokuqinile nazo zonke izinhlobo zobuqaba, ubushiqela, noma ubumbano oluphika ukuzimela komuntu siqu. Ngokufanayo, ilwela amalungelo abantu futhi ikhuthaza amathuba alinganayo kubo bonke izakhamuzi, inciphisa amalungelo asekelwe esikhundleni, isigaba senhlalo, noma izinkolelo zenkolo.

Emkhakheni wezomnotho, ukukhululeka kwezomnotho kuvikela ukuncintisana okukhululekile, ukungangeneleli kukahulumeni, kanye nokuvikelwa kwempahla yangasese.Lo mbono wezomnotho uthi imakethe, eqondiswa yisinyathelo somuntu ngamunye kanye nobuciko, iyakwazi ukusabalalisa ingcebo nokukhuthaza intuthuko yomphakathi ngempumelelo kakhulu kunanoma yikuphi ukuhlela okuhlanganisiwe.

Ukukhululeka kuyisimiso semibono esihlose ukudala imiphakathi evulekile, lapho inhlonipho yenkululeko kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo womuntu ngamunye kuyizinto eziyisisekelo..

Umsuka kanye nokuguquka komlando kwe-liberalism

Ukukhululeka kwavela eYurophu, ikakhulukazi eNgilandi, phakathi nekhulu le-17njengendlela yokusabela ngokumelene nobukhosi obuphelele kanye namalungelo obukhosi. Izimpande zayo zobuhlakani ziphawuleka ngokujulile yi umcabango okhanyiselwe kanye nokuvikela ingqondo njengamandla ashukumisa intuthuko yomuntu. Ukuthuthukiswa kobushiqela kwahambisana nokuhlanganiswa kobunxiwankulu kanye nokuvela kobungxowankulu bezentengiselwano kanye nezimboni.izinqubo ezishintshe kakhulu ubudlelwano bezenhlalo nezepolitiki.

UJohn Locke (1632-1704), owayebhekwa njengoyise wobu-liberalism bakudala, wayengomunye wabacabangi bokuqala ukugcizelela ukubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nelungelo lempahla yangasese. ULocke wagcizelela ukuthi bonke abantu banamalungelo emvelo nangenakwephulwa—ukuphila, inkululeko, kanye nempahla—okumelwe avikelwe umbuso osemthethweni wawo ovela emvumeni yababuswayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze uqonde ukuthi imibono yobu-liber ithonye kanjani izinkathi ezahlukene, kuyasiza ukubonisana nezici ze- umnotho omkhulu kanye nobudlelwano bawo ne-liberalism.

Ikhulu le-18 labona ukwanda kobushiqela ngeNguquko Yezimboni kanye nemicimbi yomlando efana neNguquko Ekhazimulayo eNgilandi (1688), iNguquko yaseMelika (1776) kanye neNguquko YaseFrance (1789)..

EFrance yangaphambi koguquko, ababhali abafana no Lakho y Rousseau kungaba negalelo ekubekeni izisekelo zomcabango wenkululeko, kuyilapho eScotland, Adam Smith (1723-1790) wathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yomnotho wemakethe kanye nendima ebalulekile ye- impahla yangasese kanye nokuncintisana kwamahhalaUkuze singene shí ezicini zomnotho, kungase kube mnandi futhi ukubonisana [nereferensi].

Phakathi nekhulu le-19 nelama-20, ubushiqela bashintshashintsha futhi bahlukahluka, kwavela izindlela ezahlukene. eyayikhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nokuvota kwabantu bonke, amalungelo alinganayo, imfundo yezwe kanye nendima yoMbuso emnothweni.

Ukukhululeka kwasebenza futhi njengogqozi lwezinhlangano zokuzimela eLatin America, futhi ithonya lazo lazwakala ekwakhiweni kwe imibuso yentando yeningi kanye nemithethosisekelo esekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwamandla, ekubusweni komthetho, kanye neziqinisekiso zomuntu ngamunye.

Izimiso eziyisisekelo zokukhululeka

Ukukhululeka kusekelwe ochungechungeni lwezimiso ezihlale zinjalo phakathi nokuvela kwayoLezi zimiso zibhekisela kokubili esimweni somuntu kanye nokuphila emphakathini:

• Inkululeko yomuntu ngamunyeUmuntu ngamunye unelungelo lokunquma ngempilo yakhe, ukuvikela ukuzimela kwakhe kanye nokuphishekela izintshisekelo zakhe, inqobo nje uma zingavimbeli amalungelo abanye.
• Ukulingana phambi komthethoZonke izakhamuzi ziyalingana, ngaphandle kobandlululo olungenasizathu. Umthetho kumele usetshenziswe ngokulinganayo futhi usebenze njengesivikelo ekusetshenzisweni kabi kwamandla.
• Ukuvikelwa kwempahla yangaseseImpahla ibhekwa njengokwandiswa kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye futhi ibhekwa njengengenakuphulwa, incike kuphela emithethweni nasekuvikelweni koMbuso.
• umthethoWonke umuntu, kuhlanganise neziphathimandla, kumele alandele imithetho yamanje. Akekho ongaphezu komthetho.
• Ukwehlukaniswa kwamandlaAmandla ezepolitiki kufanele ahlukaniswe ngamagatsha okuphatha, omthetho, kanye nawezobulungiswa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukugxilisa amandla kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwawo.
• Ukubekezelelana kanye nobuningi: Kukhuthazwa ukuhlonipha imibono eyahlukahlukene, izinkolelo kanye nendlela yokuphila.
• Ukuthanda izinto zezwe: Ikhuthaza ukuhlukaniswa kweSonto noMbuso, ikhuthaza indawo yomphakathi engathathi hlangothi.
• Ukungenelela okuncane kwesimoUhulumeni kumele anciphise ukungenelela kwakhe emkhakheni wangasese kanye nakwezomnotho kulokho okudingekayo ukuqinisekisa amalungelo ayisisekelo kanye nokuhleleka komphakathi.

Lezi zimiso zihunyushwe futhi zasetshenziswa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngomongo womlando kanye nowendawo, okwadala imiphumela eyahlukahlukene ngaphakathi kwe-liberalism uqobo..

Izici ezibalulekile ze-liberalism

Phakathi kwezici eziningi ze-liberalism, kunezici eziningana ezikuhlukanisa ngokucacile.:

• Ukubaluleka kwenkululekoInkululeko ibhekwa njengento ebalulekile kuzo zonke izici zokuphila, kusukela enkolweni kuya ekuvezeni imizwa kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho.
• Ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo ayisisekeloUkukhathazeka njalo ngamalungelo emvelo, njengelungelo lokuphila, impahla, kanye nokuphishekela injabulo.
• Izikhungo zentando yeningi: Ukukhuthazwa kwezinhlelo zezepolitiki lapho abantu bekhetha khona abameleli babo futhi kunezinhlangano eziningi kanye nemibono.
• Ukwahlukaniswa nokulawulwa kwamandlaUmbuso uhlelwe ngamagatsha ahlukene amandla ukuvimbela inkohlakalo noma ubushiqela.
• Imfundo kanye nombuso wezwe: Imfundo engenazo izimfundiso zenkolo kanye nokuphathwa komphakathi ngaphandle kwezinkolelo kuyakhuthazwa.
• Ukuzimela komuntu ngamunyeUmuntu ngamunye kufanele abe nekhono lokuthuthukisa uhlelo lwakhe lokuphila ngaphandle kwemingcele yangaphandle.
• Inkululeko yezomnothoUmnotho kufanele ulawulwe yizindlela zemakethe, ukuncintisana okukhululekile kanye nesinyathelo sangasese, okukhawulela ukungenelela kukahulumeni kulokho okudingwa kakhulu.

Lezi zici zakha umnyombo womcabango wenkululeko futhi ziye zasebenza njengesisekelo sezinhlangano zezepolitiki kanye neziphakamiso zenhlangano yezenhlalo nezomnotho emazweni ahlukahlukene.

Imithombo eyinhloko ye-liberalism

Ukukhululeka akuyona imfundiso eyodwa, kodwa kunalokho kuveza izikole ezahlukene kanye nezitayela ezibonisa izingxoxo zomlando kanye nokuguquguquka.Ama-current amakhulu afaka:

• Ukukhululeka kwakudalaIkhuthaza ukungenelela okuncane kombuso kanye nokubaluleka kwenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye nemakethe. Yayibaluleke kakhulu eYurophu ngekhulu le-17 nele-18 futhi yabeka isisekelo sobungxowankulu besimanje.
• Ukukhululeka kwezenhlalo noma ukukhululeka kwezenhlaloIbheka ukuthi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kumele ilinganiswe nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. Ithanda ukungenelela kukahulumeni ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani futhi kuqinisekiswe amathuba alinganayo, okudala lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi umbuso wenhlalakahle.
• UbuMinarchismIkhuthaza umbuso omncane ophatha imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokuvikela, ukuphepha kanye nobulungiswa kuphela. Yenqaba noma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lokungenelela kukahulumeni.
• I-Anarcho-capitalismIphakamisa ukunyamalala ngokuphelele koMbuso kanye nenhlangano ephelele yomphakathi ngokusebenzisa izinkontileka zokuzithandela kanye nezimakethe ezikhululekile, ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphoqelelwa kombuso.
• Ubandlululo olulawulwa yi-Ordoliberalism: Ikhuthaza uhlaka lokulawula lukahulumeni oluqinisekisa ukuncintisana futhi luvimbele ukubusa ngentando yeningi, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ukuhlela umnotho okuhlanganisiwe.
• UkukhululekaKufana ne-anarcho-capitalism ekugcizeleleni kwayo ubukhosi bomuntu ngamunye kanye nokwenqaba ukuphoqelelwa kombuso, kodwa ngezinguquko ezamukela amazinga ahlukene kahulumeni olinganiselwe.

Kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka angama-20 nama-21, kuye kwavela amanye amagama anjengelithi "neoliberalism" achaza ukuvuselelwa noma ukuchazwa kabusha kwe-liberalism, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezinguquko zomnotho, nakuba kungavunyelwana ngaso sonke isikhathi ngencazelo yazo eqondile..

Ukukhululeka kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho: ukufana nomehluko

Ukukhululeka kungahlaziywa ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: ezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, okuthi, nakuba kuhlobene, kungahlali kuhambisana ezindleleni zazo.:

• Ukukhululeka kwezenhlaloKubhekisela ekuvikeleni inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye ezicini zomuntu siqu nezenhlalo. Kwenqaba ukungenelela kukahulumeni empilweni yangasese, ekuziphatheni okuhle, nasebudlelwaneni bomuntu siqu. Kubeka phambili ukuzimela ekukhetheni izinkolelo, izinhlangano, ukuthambekela kobulili, kanye nezindlela zokuphila ezahlukahlukene, njalo ngaphakathi kohlaka lomthetho.
• Ukukhululeka kwezomnothoIgcizelela ukubaluleka kwempahla yangasese kanye nokuncintisana okukhululekile njengabaqhubi bentuthuko. Igcizelela ukuthi umnotho kufanele ulawulwe yimakethe nokuthi ukungenelela kombuso kufanele kukhawulelwe ekudaleni uhlaka lwezomthetho nokuqinisekisa ukuqiniseka kwezomthetho, ngaphandle kokungenelela ngokuqondile ekukhiqizeni noma ekuhwebeni.

Nakuba zombili izindlela zivumelana ngokuhlonipha inkululeko, ngayinye igcizelela izici ezahlukene zokuphila komuntu ngamunye kanye nokweqembu. Ngezinye izikhathi, ungathola abantu abalwela inkululeko abavikela ukungenelela kombuso ezindaweni zomphakathi ngaphandle kokuyeka umnotho wemakethe (abalwela inkululeko emphakathini), kanye nabanye abalwela inkululeko kuzo zombili izindawo futhi benqaba noma yiluphi uhlobo lomthetho (abalwela inkululeko bakudala noma abalwela inkululeko).

Imvelaphi yobuhlakani kanye nabantu ababalulekile

Intuthuko ye-liberalism iphawuleka ngabantu abashiye uphawu lwabo emlandweni wefilosofi, ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho.:

• UJohn LockeEbhekwa njengophayona we-liberalism yakudala, inkolelo-mbono yakhe yesivumelwano sezenhlalo kanye nokuvikela kwakhe ilungelo lemvelo lokuphila, inkululeko, kanye nempahla kwathonya imithethosisekelo yamazwe ahlukahlukene kanye neSimemezelo Sokuzimela sase-United States. Ukuze uthole umbono ojulile ngemibono yakhe, bheka futhi [isixhumanisi somthombo ofanele].
• Adam Smith: Umsunguli wezomnotho we-liberal, umsebenzi wakhe othi "The Wealth of Nations" wabeka izisekelo zomnotho wemakethe kanye nokuvikela ukuhweba okukhululekile kanye nokungangeneleli kombuso.
• Lakho y RousseauIminikelo yakhe mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla kanye nesivumelwano sezenhlalo yayiyisisekelo ekuguqukeni komcabango wenkululeko kanye nowentando yeningi.
• UJohn Stuart MillWathuthukisa inkolelo-mbono yobuntu kanye nenkululeko yokucabanga njengezinto eziqhuba intuthuko kanye nokuvikela amalungelo omphakathi.
• UFriedrich Hayek y Ludwig von Mises: Njengoba bengabantu abaphambili benkululeko yanamuhla, bajulisa ukuvikela kwabo imakethe kanye nokugxeka kwabo ukungenelela ngokweqile kombuso.
• UDavid Richard: Isazi sezomnotho esigcizelele ukubaluleka kokuncintisana okukhululekile kanye nombono wokubaluleka, okuthonya inqubomgomo yezomnotho ekhululekile.
• UJohn RawlsWaphakamisa umbono wokukhululeka okugxile ebulungiseni njengobulungisa, wethula ingxoxo mayelana nokusatshalaliswa kwamathuba ngendlela efanele emiphakathini ekhululekile.

Ngamunye walaba babhali wengeze izinto ezingaqondakali kanye nezingxoxo-mpikiswano enhlanganweni yenkululeko, ethuthukisa inkolelo-mbono kanye nemikhuba yayo emiphakathini yanamuhla.

Umthelela wezepolitiki kanye nowezenhlalo we-liberalism

Ukukhululeka kube nomthelela omkhulu esimweni sezifundazwe zanamuhla, ukwanda kwamalungelo omphakathi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwentando yeningi yenkululeko.Ngenxa yokugcizelela kwayo ukulingana phambi komthetho, impahla yomuntu siqu, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamandla, ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemithethosisekelo evikela amalungelo ayisisekelo futhi inciphise ukudlula kukahulumeni okungenzeka.

Ezweni lamazwe ngamazwe, ukukhululeka kwezombusazwe kukhuthaze ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe ngezivumelwano, izivumelwano, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke.Lokhu kuye kwabonakala kakhulu ngemva kwezimpi ezinkulu, ngokwakhiwa kwezikhungo ezifana ne-International Labour Organisation kanye ne-United Nations. Impikiswano yenkululeko igcizelela ukuthi, ngokubambisana kanye nokuhweba, kungenzeka ukufeza imigomo efanayo nokugwema izingxabano ngaphakathi kohlaka lokuhloniphana, ngokuhambisana nendlela [engacacile].

Ezingeni lezenhlalo nezomnotho, ukukhululeka kuye kwasiza ekuthuthukisweni kobungxowankulu, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nokuvela kwezigaba eziphakathi.Ukukhuthaza ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuncintisana kuholele ekuthuthukisweni kwekhwalithi yokuphila, ekunciphiseni ubumpofu, kanye nokuhambahamba komphakathi.

Kodwa-ke, ubushiqela buphinde babhekana nokugxekwa ngoba ayixazululi ngokwanele ukungalingani okubangelwa yimakethe nangenxa yokuthambekela kwayo kokubeka phambili inkululeko esemthethweni kunokulingana okubalulekile. Lokhu kudale izingxoxo zangaphakathi kanye nokuvela kwezinhlangano ezifuna ukuhlanganisa inkululeko nobulungiswa obukhulu bezenhlalo.

Ukukhululeka kanye nentando yeningi

Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-liberalism kanye nentando yeningi kukhulu kodwa akunazo izingqinambaUkukhululeka, kusukela ekuqaleni kwakho, kwavikela ukwenziwa kwamandla kube yizikhungo ngemithethosisekelo kanye nohlelo olumele abantu ngentando yeningi, lapho abantu bekhetha khona iziphathimandla zabo futhi kunezinhlangano eziningi kanye nemibono.

Ukubusa komthetho, ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla, kanye nokuvikelwa kwamalungelo abantu ngabanye kuyizinto eziyinhloko kokubili inkululeko kanye nentando yeningi yanamuhla.Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amazwe amaningi amukele izinhlelo ezibizwa ngokuthi “intando yeningi ekhululekile,” lapho kuneziqinisekiso zokumelana nobudlova kanye nokuhlanganyela kwezakhamuzi kukhuthazwa.

Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi akuzona zonke izinhlangano zentando yeningi ezikhululekile, futhi Ukukhululeka kungahambisana nezinhlobo ezahlukene zentando yeningi kanye nomnothoIsibonelo, kunezizwe ezinentando yeningi ekhululekile kanye nezomnotho zemakethe yezenhlalo, kanye nezinye lapho ukukhululeka kuye kwahambisana khona nezikhundla zokulondoloza noma zentuthuko.

Ukukhululeka emnothweni wanamuhla

Enye yeminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu ye-liberalism umthelela wayo emnothweni. Ikhuthaza i Ibhizinisi elikhululekile, ukuncintisana, kanye nokungabikho kwezithiyo zikahulumeni ezingadingekile emisebenzini yezentengiselwano neyokukhiqizaLo mbono uhumusha ukuqashelwa kwendima yemakethe njengendlela eyinhloko yokwaba izinsiza kanye nezimpahla.

Amandla ashukumisayo ngemuva kwalolu hlobo ukusungula izinto ezintsha, okwenzeka lapho abantu benenkululeko yokudala, ukuzibophezela, nokuncintisanaLokhu kuholela entuthukweni yezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokwanda kwengcebo. Izifundo zomlando zibonisa ukuthi, kusukela eNguquko Yezimboni kuze kube namuhla, amazwe amukele izinqubomgomo zenkululeko abhekane nokukhula okuphawulekayo enhlalakahleni yabantu bawo, kanye nokuthuthuka okukhulu ezinkombeni ezifana nomholo womuntu ngamunye kanye nokwehla kobumpofu obukhulu.

Ukukhululeka kwezomnotho nakho kuyaqaphela ukuthi uHulumeni kumele angenelele ezimweni ezingavamile.njengokuhlinzekwa kwezimpahla zomphakathi, ukuvikela izwe, noma imithetho eyisisekelo yokuvimbela ukuxhashazwa nokuqinisekisa ukuncintisana. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvamile, ikhuthaza ukugcina intela iphansi nokunciphisa imithetho, ngaphansi kwesisekelo sokuthi imakethe ekhululekile ingumlawuli ongcono kakhulu womnotho.

Empikiswaneni yanamuhla, kunezimo ezisekela ukungenelela okukhulu kombuso ukuze kulungiswe ukungalingani, okuholela kumamodeli omnotho oxubile noma intando yeningi yomphakathi, kodwa ugqozi lokuqala luhlala lukhululekile ekuvikeleni imakethe kanye nempahla.

Ukugxekwa kanye nezingxoxo eziphathelene nokukhululeka

Ukukhululeka, njengazo zonke izikole ezinkulu zemicabango, kuye kwaba yindaba yokugxekwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle.Amaphuzu ayinhloko empikiswano afaka:

• Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo nezomnothoKuphikiswana ngokuthi ukugcizelela ukuncintisana kanye nemakethe kungadala umehluko omkhulu ezindinganisweni zokuphila namathuba, okwenza isithembiso sokulingana singabazeke.
• Ukuzimela ngokweqileAbanye abagxeki bakholelwa ukuthi ukukhululeka kungakhuthaza ubugovu kanye nokungaxhumani komphakathi ngokubeka ukuzimela komuntu siqu kuqala kunenzuzo evamile.
• Iqhaza loMbusoUmqondo wombuso omncane ungase unganele ukuvikela imikhakha esengozini kakhulu, ukuqinisekisa izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo, noma ukusabela ezinkingeni ezihlangene.
• Ubudlelwano ne-neoliberalismUkugxekwa kwe-neoliberalism, okuqondwa njengohlobo oluqinile lwe-liberalism yezomnotho, bekulokhu kuqhubeka ngenxa yokuthambekela kwayo okucatshangelwayo kokwandisa ukungalingani nokunciphisa amalungelo omphakathi.
• Ukungaguquguquki ekusetshenzisweni kwezimisoKuye kwavezwa ukuthi, empeleni, amazwe akhululekile ngezinye izikhathi anciphisa inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye noma ahileleke emikhubeni yobushiqela, okuphakamisa izinselele mayelana nendlela yokufeza imigomo yenkululeko njalo.

Bephendula, ama-liberal athi inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye, uma iqondwa kahle, iyahambisana nobulungiswa bezenhlalo. nokuthi uhlaka oluqinile lwezomthetho lungalungisa ukungalingani ngaphandle kokuvimbela amandla nobuciko bomphakathi.

Ukukhululeka komphakathi emhlabeni jikelele

Ukukhululeka kube yimbangela eyinhloko ekwakheni uhlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe olusekelwe ezivumelwaneni kanye nokubambisana.Kusukela ekuxoxisaneni kuya ekuhwebeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, izimiso zokukhululeka ziye zashukumisa ukudalwa kwezikhungo ezifuna ukukhuthaza ukuthula, ukuzinza, kanye nentuthuko efanayo phakathi kwezizwe.

Ithiyori yenkululeko ithi uhlelo lomhlaba wonke luvuza abadlali ababambisanayo futhi abanamathela emithethweni.ukwenza lula ukugeleza kwemali, izimpahla, kanye nezinsizakalo, kanye nokunciphisa izingxabano. Izibonelo zalokhu zifaka phakathi izivumelwano zokuhweba ngokukhululekile kanye nezinhlangano eziningi ezifana ne-UN.

Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngokombono wenkululeko kusekelwe embonweni wokuthi wonke umuntu uzuza kakhulu ekushintshaneni nasekubambisaneni kunokuncintisana nempi, kulandela umqondo "womdlalo we-positive sum".

Indima yokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokuchuma ngaphansi kobushiqela

Ngaphakathi kwenkululeko yezomnotho, inkululeko yokusungula izinto ezintsha ibhekwa njengomshayeli oyinhloko wentuthuko kanye nokuchuma komphakathi.Uma abantu benokuzimela kokuguqula imibono yabo ibe yizenzo, kuvela intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, intuthuko ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza, kanye namamodeli amasha ebhizinisi. Ukuncintisana kushukumisela izinhlangano ukuba zithuthuke futhi ziphendule ezidingweni zomphakathi ezishintshayo.

Abanye abasekeli bobushiqela, njengesazi sezomnotho UDeirdre McCloskeyBaphikisana ngokuthi ukuchuma kwanamuhla kanye nokunciphisa ubumpofu kuyimiphumela eqondile yemiphakathi evumele inkululeko yengqondo neyezomnotho. Ngokwalo mbono, imali engenayo eyengeziwe kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila kuyinqubo ehlanganisa yonke into ezuzisa zonke izigaba zomphakathi, njengoba kuboniswe umlando wamakhulu amabili eminyaka edlule.

Kodwa-ke, abagxeki baveza isidingo sokuqinisekisa lo mbono ngokucabangela izinto zangaphandle, izinkinga zemvelo, kanye nokungalingani kwezenhlalo okungavela lapho imakethe isebenza ngaphandle kokuhlolwa nokulinganiswa.

Impikiswano yamanje mayelana nokukhululeka

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukukhululeka kubuyele enkabeni yempikiswano yezepolitiki neyengqondo, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho inkululeko yomphakathi isongelwa khona noma kuvela izinhlangano ezibuza ngohlelo olusekelwe obala.Ukuze uqonde kangcono umthelela wayo emnothweni nasemphakathini, ungabheka [ireferensi].

Izingxoxo zamanje zigxile ezindabeni ezifana nokuhlanganiswa komhlaba wonke, inkinga yentando yeningi emele, ukwanda kobuzwe, umthelela wobuchwepheshe, ukusimama kwemvelo, kanye nokuguqulwa emakethe yezabasebenzi. Ukukhululeka, kunokuba kube umbono oqhubekayo, kuye kwabonakala kukwazi ukuthuthuka nokuzibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngomongo, okubangela izikhundla eziguquguqukayo, ezigxekayo, noma ezintsha.

Kukhona nezinhlobo ezintsha ze-liberalism, njenge-"green liberalism"., okuhlanganisa inhlonipho yenkululeko yomuntu ngamunye nokukhathazeka ngendawo kanye nobulungiswa bezizukulwane ezahlukene; kanye "nokukhululeka kwedijithali", okubhekana nezinselele zokuvikelwa kwedatha, inkululeko yokukhuluma ku-inthanethi kanye namalungelo empahla yobuhlakani enkathini yezobuchwepheshe.

Ukukhululeka kuyaqhubeka nokusebenza njengesisekelo sokucabanga kabusha ngobudlelwano phakathi komuntu ngamunye, umphakathi, kanye nombuso, futhi ikusasa lawo lizoncika ekhonweni lawo lokuphendula izinselele ezivelayo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yizindinganiso zawo eziyisisekelo.

Ukukhululeka eSpain naseLatin America

Esimweni saseSpain naseLatin America, ukukhululeka kwezomnotho kuye kwaveza izici zayo ezihlukile kanye nezikhathi zokuchuma nokwehla.ESpain, amaqembu afana neCiudadanos, iPeople's Party, kanye ne-PSOE asekele izici zokukhululeka kwezepolitiki kanye nezomnotho ngezikhathi ezahlukene. Ezingeni lesifunda, amaqembu obuzwe njenge-PNV kanye ne-PDCat, noma amaqembu aseziqhingini njengeCanary Coalition, nawo afake izimiso zokukhululeka ezinkundleni zawo.

ELatin America, ubu-liberalism baphefumulela izinhlangano zokuzimela kanye nokudalwa kwemithethosisekelo yokuqala ye-republican.Kodwa-ke, intuthuko yayo eyalandela iphawulwe ukungezwani phakathi kwemikhuba yobushiqela neyentando yeningi, kanye nethonya lamamodeli ezomnotho ahlukile.

Namuhla, amazwe amaningi esifundeni aphikisana ngendima yokukhululeka ekuphathweni komphakathi, ukuvuleleka kwezohwebo, ukuvikelwa kwenkululeko yomphakathi, kanye nokukhuthazwa kwezinguquko ezisekela amathuba alinganayo.

Ukukhululeka kwakudala, ukukhululeka kwanamuhla kanye ne-neoliberalism

Enye yezinto eziphikisana kakhulu emkhakheni wezemfundo kanye nezepolitiki umehluko phakathi kokukhululeka kwakudala, ukukhululeka kwanamuhla, kanye ne-neoliberalism.:

• Ukukhululeka kwakudala: Yindlela yokuqala, egxile enkululekweni yomuntu ngamunye, ubukhosi obudumile kanye nokungenelela okuncane kombuso.
• Ukukhululeka kwesimanje noma komphakathiKwethula umqondo wokuthi uHulumeni kumele angenelele ukuqinisekisa amalungelo omphakathi, alungise ukungalingani futhi akhuthaze ubulungiswa, ngenkathi egcina inhlonipho ngokuzimela komuntu ngamunye kanye nemakethe.
• I-NeoliberalismUmqondo owavela ngekhulu lama-20 uchaza izinqubomgomo ezikhuthaza ukubuyela emnothweni wemakethe kanye nokususwa kwemithetho, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezikhathi zokungenelela kombuso noma izinkinga kumamodeli ezenhlalakahle. Ukuchazwa kwawo kanye nokuhlolwa kwawo kuyahlukahluka kuye ngomongo futhi ngokuvamile kuzungezwe impikiswano yezepolitiki neyezenhlalo.

Nakuba la magama evame ukusetshenziswa ngokushintshana olimini lwansuku zonke, kubalulekile ukuwahlukanisa ukuze kuqondwe izingxoxo zamanje kanye nefa lohlobo ngalunye lokukhululeka ekubumbeni imiphakathi yanamuhla.

Izicelo kanye nezibonelo zomlando zokukhululeka

Kuwo wonke umlando, ukukhululeka kube nezibonelo eziningi zokusetshenziswa empilweni yezepolitiki, yezomnotho kanye neyezenhlalo.Phakathi kwazo, ekuthuthukisweni nasekuhleleni izinhlelo zentando yeningi.