- UMarx ubeka ukuhlukaniswa ekukhiqizeni kobungxowankulu: umkhiqizo ulawula umkhiqizi kanti ubudlelwano babantu bulawulwa yizinto.
- Kusukela emiBhalweni Yesandla ka-1844 kuya ku-Grundrisse kanye ne-Capital, lo mqondo uyavuthwa futhi uhlanganise inani elingaphezulu, ukuqinisekiswa kabusha, kanye nobufebe bezimpahla.
- Ikhulu lama-20 lashintsha leli gama labhekisa ku-existential kanye nomuntu ngamunye, lanciphisa izimpande zalo kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho.
- Ukubaluleka kwayo kusekuqondiseni imikhuba ehlangene eguqula ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza.
Ukuhlukana kwakungenye yezingxoxo ezishubile kakhulu zefilosofi nezepolitiki zekhulu lama-20, futhi yize sivame ukuyihlanganisa ngokushesha noKarl Marx, inkolelo-mbono yakhe ayizange izalwe ivaliwe futhi ayizange iqhubekele phambili ngendlela eqondile; Kwavela ngokushaqeka kwemibhalo engakashicilelwa, ukufundwa okusha, kanye nezinkinga zomphakathi.Ukutholwa kabusha kwemibhalo kaMarx yasekuqaleni neyaseyivuthiwe kwashintsha imephu yalo mqondo futhi kwawubonisa emhlabeni wonke, kwashintsha hhayi nje kuphela umbono kodwa nokwamukelwa kwawo ngumphakathi.
Emibhalweni yakhe ye-Economic and Philosophical ka-1844, uMarx wethula umqondo "womsebenzi ohlukanisiwe" futhi washintsha ukugxila kwenkinga kusuka emibusweni yenkolo, yezepolitiki, noma yefilosofi kuya ekukhiqizweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Ngalesi sinyathelo, ezomnotho zaba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda nokudiliza ezinye izinhlobo zokuhlukana. Nokho, lokho kwakuwukuqagela kokuqala kukaMarx osemncane kakhulu, umdwebo onamandla kodwa ongaphelele.Emashumini eminyaka kamuva, ucwaningo lwakhe lwaluzomholela ekwakheni umqondo oqondile noqinile, obonakala kakhulu ku-Grundrisse kanye nase-Capital.
Kusukela kuHegel kuya kuMarx: uhlu lozalo lomqondo
Ngaphambi kukaMarx, uHegel wayechaze kabanzi ngenkinga encwadini ethi The Phenomenology of Spirit ngemibono efana nalena: Entäußerung (ukuhlukana), ukuhlukaniswa (ukuhlukaniswa) kanye I-Vergegenständlichung (ukuphikisana). Ku-Hegelianism yakwesobunxele, lo mbuzo wawunesikhundla esihloniphekile.ULudwig Feuerbach wathatha isinyathelo esibalulekile ngokuchaza ukuhlukaniswa ngokwenkolo njengokubonakaliswa kobuntu bomuntu kunkulunkulu ocatshangelwayo. Kodwa-ke, leli gama lanyamalala kwifilosofi yengxenye yesibili yekhulu le-19, futhi uMarx ngokwakhe walisebenzisa kancane emisebenzini yakhe eyanyatheliswa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe; ngaphezu kwalokho, iMarxism of the Second International ayizange ikhulume ngakho.
Khonamanjalo, abanye ababhali baveze imiqondo ehlobene. U-Émile Durkheim ukhulume ngegama elithi "anomie" ebhekisela ezinkingeni ezijwayelekile ezihlobene nokwanda kokuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi; UGeorg Simmel wahlaziya ukubusa okungenabuntu kwezikhungo Ngokuphathelene nabantu ngabanye, uMax Weber wagxila ekubuseni uhulumeni kanye nokubala okunengqondo njengezimpawu zobungxowankulu. Kodwa-ke, inhloso yakhe kwakuwukuguqula uhlelo olukhona, hhayi ukulushintsha.
Ukubuyiselwa okukhulu kwaleli gama kwafika noGeorg Lukács, owasungula "ukuqinisekiswa kabusha" ngo-1923 ukuze aqambe lowo mhlaba womsebenzi oba yinto futhi ophoqelelwa ezifundweni ngemithetho yangaphandle. Ngo-1932, ukushicilelwa kweMibhalo Yesandla ka-1844 kwavula indlelaLapho, uMarx uchaze ukuhlukaniswa njengenqubo lapho umkhiqizo womsebenzi uba yinto engavamile kumkhiqizi futhi unamandla phezu kwakhe. Wakhomba izici ezine zokuhlukaniswa emphakathini wobunxiwankulu: ukuhlukaniswa nomkhiqizo, umsebenzi womsebenzi, "into ejwayelekile," kanye nabanye abantu.
Umehluko obalulekile ngoHegel ukuthi, kuMarx, ukuhlukaniswa akuyona into ephikisanayo ngokwako, kodwa kuyinto eyenzeka emlandweni ehlotshaniswa nohlobo oluthile lokukhiqiza: ubungxowankulu kanye nabasebenzi abakhokhelwayo. Lokho kuHegel okwakubonakala kuyisidingo se-ontological, kuMarx kuyisici senkathi futhi, ngakho-ke, kuyaguqulwa.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu bonke noma ukungabi nandaba kwendawo?
Ngokuqala kwekhulu leminyaka, abacabangi abaningi baqala ukuphatha ukuhlukaniswa njengesici sokuphila esivamile. UMartin Heidegger, encwadini yakhe ethi Being and Time, wakhuluma “ngokuwa” (Uwile), kuqondakala njengendlela yokuphila yokuba sezweni, hhayi njengesici esidlulayo esingasisusa. Ngakho-ke umbuzo waphendukela ekubeni khona komuntu ngamunye, ukwehlisa ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza ngemuva.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ubukhona baseFrance bandisa umbono wokuhlukaniswa njengobuthakathaka obusakazekile, uhlobo lwegebe elingenakuvalwa phakathi kobuntu kanye nezwe lokuhlangenwe nakho. Kulesi simo, Abanye ababhali bathatha izingcezu eziwusizo kuMarx, kodwa bazishintsha umlando futhi ngaphandle kokuzisekela ekugxekeni ubudlelwano bobungxowankulu.Isibonelo, uHerbert Marcuse wayevame ukudidanisa ukuhlukaniswa nokungavumelani, futhi ku-Eros kanye ne-Civilization, wavikela ukuqedwa komsebenzi njengendlela yokukhulula, kodwa wagcina ebhekene nokubuswa kobuchwepheshe ngokujwayelekile ngesimo sokungabi nathemba.
Ukuhlukaniswa, kusukela eshabhu kuya efektri: umongo wezomnotho
KuMarx, ukuhlukaniswa kusekelwe esakhiweni sezomnotho: Umphakathi uhlukene phakathi kwalabo abakhiqiza ingcebo nalabo abayithatha njengeyabo.Ubukhapitali buthenga impahla "amandla abasebenzi" ngentengo yemakethe futhi, ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kwayo—isikhathi sokusebenza—buthola inani eliphakeme kakhulu. Amaholo awabuyisi yonke ingcebo ekhiqizwe: umehluko yinani elingaphezulu, elibekwe ngokomthetho yikhapitali. Lokhu kulungiswa kokuxhashazwa, okwamukelwa njengento evamile, kuwuphawu olucacile lokuhlukaniswa komphakathi.
Kusukela kulo mbono, uMarx uyaqonda ukuthi emsebenzini wobungxowankulu umuntu uyazidela, iba yingxenye engashintshaniswayo yemishini ekhiqizayoAkukhona nje kuphela ukuthi umkhiqizo awusiwo owabasebenzi; uma lowo mkhiqizo uba yimali, ubuya njengethuluzi lokuzibusa. Embonini yokukhiqiza yendabuko, ingcweti yayisebenzisa ithuluzi; embonini enkulu, isigqi somshini silawula ijubane lawo, futhi isisebenzi siyalilandela. Umphumela uba ukuphuphuma kolwazi lomsebenzi oluvimbela amakhono okudala nawokucabanga.
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezomnotho kudala "izinto ezivela kwezinye izindawo." Emkhakheni wenkolo, uMarx ubuyela eFeuerbach futhi ubona ukholo njengenduduzo yesintu esihluphekayo, kodwa futhi njengendlela edambisa isifiso sokuguqula. Umqondo odumile wenkolo "njenge-opium yabantu" awusihlazo, kodwa ukuxilongwa okukabiliNgakolunye uhlangothi, ilahla izimo zezinto ezibonakalayo ezidinga induduzo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyaqonda umsebenzi wokukhululeka ofezwa yinkolo ezweni elingenanhliziyo.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukaniswa emsebenzini ngokusho kukaMarx
Emibhalweni yesandla yango-1844, uMarx uchaza izinhlangothi ezine zokuhlukaniswa kwabasebenzi ayezozichaza kabusha kamuva ngenxa yezomnotho wakhe ovuthiwe obucayi. Lezi zilinganiso azizona izinkanuko zengqondo, kodwa imiphumela yenhlangano yabasebenzi yobungxowankulu:
- Ngokuphathelene nomkhiqizo: lokho okudaliwe kuphambene nomkhiqizi njengento engavamile futhi ebusayo.
- Ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi: umsebenzi ngokwawo ubhekwa njengophoqelekile, ongaphandle, futhi ophikisana nezidingo zomuntu zesisebenzi.
- Kusukela ku-"essence ejwayelekile": ikhono lomuntu lokudala nokusebenzisana liyafihlwa futhi liyahlukaniswa.
- Ngokuphathelene nabanye: izibopho zobumbano ziyaphulwa futhi ziphinde zilungiswe ngezinto nezimpahla.
Isihluthulelo sokuhumusha ukuthi, kuMarx, Lezi zinhlobo aziveli esimweni somuntu esingenakugwenywa, kodwa zivela ebuhlotsheni obuthile bomphakathi obungaguqulwa.Ngakho-ke, ikhambi alitholakali ekuhoxisweni komuntu ngamunye, kodwa emikhubeni ehlangene ekwazi ukushintsha lobu budlelwano.
Inani elingaphezulu kanye nezifunda ezimbili: kusukela ekushintshisaneni okulula kuya enhlokodolobha
UMarx wahlukanisa ngokucacile ukushintshaniswa okulula (M–D–M) kusuka kusekethe efanele kuya kwenkulu (D–M–D'). Esimweni sesibili, inani lokugcina lemali (D') lidlula inani lokuqala (D), futhi lelo nani elingaphezulu liyinani elingaphezulu.Umthombo walo mehluko awukho ekuhwebelaneni noma ekuthengeni nasekuthengiseni okuvamile, kodwa eqinisweni lokuthi amandla abasebenzi adala inani elingaphezu kwalelo alamukelayo njengenkokhelo. Njengoba abasebenzi beba yimpahla engaphansi kokuhlinzekwa nokufunwa, intengo yamandla abo abasebenzi iyashintshashintsha futhi ivame ukwehla, kuyilapho umkhiqizo wabo uqhubeka nokukhula.
Ngakho-ke, uMarx uchaza ukubusa kosozimali ngokuthi "ukubusa izinto phezu kwabantu," umsebenzi ofile phezu komsebenzi ophilayo. Izimo zezinto ezibonakalayo zibonakala zibusa labo abazidalayo, futhi abantu babonakala nje njengezisekelo zezinqubo eziba ezizimele.Lokhu "kwenziwa komuntu izinto" kanye "nokwenziwa kwabantu abangebona ababalulekile" kuyindlela enembile kakhulu yokuhlanganiswa kokuhlukaniswa kobungxowankulu.
Ukusuka eGrundrisse kuya eNhlokodolobha: ukugxuma kokuqina
Lapho i-Grundrisse (eyabhalwa ngo-1857-1858) inyatheliswa ngawo-1970, ukujula komcabango kaMarx ovuthiwe kwacaca. Ichaza ukuthi Ukushintshana okuvamile kwemisebenzi nemikhiqizo kumi phambi komuntu ngamunye njengento yangaphandle, ezimele, "into"Isibopho somphakathi phakathi kwabantu siguqulwa sibe ubudlelwano bomphakathi phakathi kwezinto, futhi amandla omuntu siqu aba "amandla ezinto".
Kuma-draft ka-1863-1864 eNgxenye VI yeNcwadi I yeNhloko, le ngqondo icacisiwe ngokwengeziwe: umkhiqizo womphakathi wezisebenzi ubonakala njengesici senhloko-dolobha, futhi "ukwenziwa komuntu" kwangempela kwezinto kuvela ngesikhathi esisodwa "nokuqinisekiswa kabusha" kwezihloko. Ukubukeka okukhohlisayo ukuthi isisebenzi sizithoba ezimweni zokusebenza, kanti empeleni lezo zimo ziwumphumela womsebenzi waso wezenhlalo..
Ingxenye edumile mayelana "nobufebe bezimpahla" ku-Capital igcwalisa le ngqikithi. Lapho, uMarx ubonisa ukuthi, ekukhiqizweni kwezimpahla, ubudlelwano babantu abuvezwa njengoba bunjalo, kodwa njengobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto. Ubufethi abuyithathi indawo yenkolelo-mbono yokuhlukaniswa, kodwa kunalokho buyikhanyisa ngokombono wezimpahla., kuyilapho ukuhlukaniswa kwenza lokho ngokombono wobudlelwano bezenhlalo.
Imibono noma isakhiwo: ukuhlukaniswa njengesigaba esakhayo
Abanye banciphisa ukuhlukaniswa kube "ukuhlanekezela ukuqonda" lapho samukela khona ukuthi izinto kufanele ziqondise ubudlelwano bethu. Ngaphandle kokuphika lesi sici, ukufunda okujulile, kwe-ontological-social kugcizelela lokho Ukuhlukaniswa kuvela esakhiweni sezomnotho ngokwaso: kusukela ekuhlukaneni komphakathi phakathi kwabakhiqizi kanye nabakhiqizi bezimaliNgakho-ke, i-ideology ayilutho ngaphandle kwendlela leyo ngxenye ethathwa ngayo ngokungagxeki futhi iba ingqondo evamile.
Kulokhu, umsebenzi womholo ubonakala njengohlobo lwesimanje—noma ngabe amaketanga awo abukeka kanjani—lokuzithoba okuhlelekile. Amandla ezisebenzi athengwa ngentengo yemakethe, kukhishwa inani elikhulu kuwo kunalelo elikhokhwayo, futhi lowo mehluko uxhasa ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwemali.Iqiniso lokuthi lesi simo sibhekwa njengesijwayelekile likhuluma ngempumelelo yemibono ekufihleni izimpande zezomnotho zokuhlukaniswa.
Kusukela elabhorethri yobuhlakani kuya emgwaqweni: ukusetshenziswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kabi kwaleli gama
Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, lo mqondo ube yinto ekhanga ngempela. Ku-sociology yaseMelika, ukuhlukaniswa kwaqala ukubhekwa njengenkinga yokulungiswa komuntu ngamunye.ukwehlisela phansi izici zenhlalo nomlando. Leli gama lanwetshwa kakhulu kangangokuthi lagcina lichaza konke kusukela ekungasho lutho kuya ekuzivumelaniseni nezindinganiso, ukunganaki, ukukhetheka ngokweqile, ukufuna ukuthenga, noma ukunganaki.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-psychoanalysis ka-Erich Fromm yasebenzisa imibono kaMarx, kodwa yagcizelela kakhulu uhlangothi oluzimele. Wachaza ukuhlukaniswa njengokuhlangenwe nakho kokuzizwa njengomuntu wangaphandle, esebenzisa kakhulu imibhalo kaMarx yango-1844. Ngokwenza kanjalo, wabeka eceleni ukucaciswa kwabasebenzi abahlukanisiwe kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuqondile okuthinta isisebenzi enqubweni yokukhiqiza..
Ngawo-1960, uGuy Debord waxhumanisa ukuhlukaniswa nokukhiqiza okungabonakali kanye nombukiso: ngaphezu kokukhiqiza, izixuku "kwakudingeka" zidle ngendlela ehlukanisiwe. UJean Baudrillard, yena, washintsha isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi waya ekusetshenziswenilokho ayekubona njengesisekelo somphakathi wanamuhla kanye "nenkathi yokuhlukaniswa okukhulu." Nokho, leli gama laqala ukulahlekelwa incazelo yalo ngenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile: igama elisho konke futhi, ekugcineni, cishe lutho.
Ubuntu obusebenzayo: ukuguqula umhlaba, hhayi ukuwuchaza nje kuphela
Imfundiso kanye nomkhuba kaMarx kuvela emzamweni wokuziphatha: akaneliswa nje ukuchaza, Ihlose ukushintsha izimo ezilimaza impilo yabantuLokhu kubusa kwabantu akukwenzi umuntu abe nobuntu obuhle; kuwukugxeka kwesayensi umnotho wezepolitiki okusiza ekukhululweni. Izinhlobo eziningi zokuhlukaniswa esibhekana nazo—amasiko, ezepolitiki, nezenkolo—ekugcineni zisekelwe ekuhlukanisweni kwezomnotho.
Ngakho-ke, ukunqoba ukuhlukaniswa kwethulwa njengomkhuba ohlangene: izinhlangano zomphakathi, izinhlangano kanye namaqembu alwela ukuguqula ubudlelwano bokukhiqizaLapho, kusukela ngawo-1930, futhi kamuva ngegagasi lezincwadi ngawo-1970, imibhalo "yesizukulwane sesibili" mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kwabantu yavela, lo mqondo waphela ukuba yindawo yamakilasi futhi wehlela ezindaweni zokusebenza nasemigwaqweni.
Kulolo hambo, isigaba sabonisa amandla aso: sasenza saqonda ukuthi kungani ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu buwohloka bube ubudlelwano phakathi kwezinto kanye Indlela yokuguqula lokho kutshalwa kwezimali, ukusuka endaweni yesidingo kuya endaweni yenkululekoAkuyona ilebula lokudabuka komphakathi, kodwa ithuluzi elibalulekile lokungenelela eqinisweni.
Ukubaluleka kwamanje: i-neoliberalism kanye nokuphazamiseka kwabasebenzi
Emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule kulethe ukunqotshwa emsebenzini kanye nenkinga ende kwabasekhohlo. I-Neoliberalism ibuyisele izindlela zokuxhaphaza, ngezindlela eziningi, ezikhumbuza ikhulu le-19.Ukungazethembi, ukuqina, ukuhlukana, kanye nokukhululeka kubo bonke yizici ezichaza lesi simo. Kulesi simo, ukuphinda ubuyekeze umqondo kaMarxist wokuhlukaniswa akuyona nje i-archaeology; kuyisidingo sokuhlaziya nezepolitiki.
UMarx akanikezi "impendulo yakho konke," kodwa ubuza imibuzo ebalulekile: Umsebenzi wethu kanye nobudlelwano bethu buba kanjani obungajwayelekile kithi?kanjani izinto Ingabe labo abazikhiqizayo bagcina bebabusa? Yiziphi izikhungo eziveza lokhu kuhlukaniswa? Yimiphi imikhuba eqondile engakuqeda? Ukubuyela kule mibuzo kukhanyisa imingcele yamanje futhi kusiza ukucabanga ngezixazululo.
Isihluthulelo sihlala sisenhliziyweni yokukhiqiza: uma nje amandla abasebenzi eyimpahla, uma nje isekethe ye-D–M–D' ibeka umqondo wayo wokulinganisaUmkhiqizo uzoqhubeka nokusebenzisa amandla angaphandle phezu komkhiqizi. Ngakho-ke, ukugxekwa okungalahlekelwa umbono wempande yezomnotho kubalulekile ukuze kugwenywe ukudideka kwezimpawu nezimbangela.
Ngamafuphi, umlando womqondo wokuhlukaniswa wembula ukungezwani okuqhubekayo phakathi kwemikhuba emibili: enye eguqula ibe ilebula elikhona, elingokwengqondo, nelingenamlando, kanye nenye ewugxilisa ebuhlotsheni bokukhiqiza kanye nokusebenza okuhlangene okukwaziyo ukuziguqula. okokuqala ama-consoles; okwesibili Kuyaphazamisa futhi kuhlele. Futhi yilesi sici sesibili esithinta umsebenzi kaMarx ovuthiwe.
Uma ubudlelwano bezenhlalo bubonakala “njengobudlelwano phakathi kwezinto” futhi umkhiqizo wezenhlalo ufihliwe njengesici semali, ukugxekwa kobuthakathi kanye nokuhlukaniswa kuba yikhampasi. Hhayi ukuphinda iziqubulo, kodwa amasu okuqondisa: ukwakha kabusha ukubambisana, ukubusa ngentando yeningi phezu kwezindlela zokukhiqiza, ukuqeda imikhakha yokuphila, kanye nokunciphisa ukuncika emakethe njengomlamuleli wobudlelwano babantu.
Uma umuntu ebheka emuva, angaqonda ukuthi kungani leli gama laliheha izizukulwane zonke, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthi kungani lancishiswa lapho lisetshenziswa kukho konke ngaphandle kokwehlukanisa. Amandla ayo awakho ekuqambeni noma yikuphi ukungakhululeki, kodwa ekuchazeni umqondo oguqula amakhono ethu abe "izimfanelo zezinto"Njengoba ibuyiselwe ngokuphelele, iphinde ibe ithuluzi lokucabanga nokwenza izinto ezweni lapho, kaningi, imikhiqizo yomsebenzi wethu ihlala esihlalweni sobukhosi kanti thina sisebhentshini.
Ngaphezu kwesiqubulo esiqinile, okusele kuwukuqondiswa okucacile: umphakathi ongahlukanisiwe udinga ukuhlasela impande yezomnotho esekela okunye ukuhlukana nokwakha izindlela zokuphila lapho amakhono abantu engalahleki khona ezintweni. futhi abantu ababonakali njengezithunzi zezinto abazikhiqizayoYilapho uMarx ebaluleke khona: hhayi kakhulu ezimpendulweni ezichazwe kusengaphambili kodwa ekugxekeni okuthi, ngokubheka ubungxowankulu ebusweni, kuvuleke izindlela zokubunqoba.