- Ukuchaza ngokucacile imali engenayo, izindleko, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-IM kanye ne-CM kukuvumela ukuthi usethe izinga elifanele lokukhiqiza.
- Kumuntu oyedwa, i-MC = MR; emncintiswaneni ophelele, i-MC = MR = Intengo.
- Amathuluzi ayisihluthulelo: iphuzu lokulinganisa, ukubalwa kwezindleko, kanye nokuhlela.
- Isu eliphelele: amanani, ukusebenza kahle, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, ukwanda, kanye nokulawula ukubuyiselwa kwemali.
Ukukhulisa inzuzo, ngomqondo obanzi, kuyimbangela yokwenza izinqumo zebhizinisi zansuku zonke. Nakuba kungase kuzwakale njengomqondo wencwadi, kuhilela uhlelo lonke lokukhetha mayelana namanani, izindleko, ukutshalwa kwezimali, kanye nezimakethe, konke kuhloswe ukukhulisa umehluko phakathi kwemali engenayo kanye nezindleko. Kalula nje, silwela ukwenza i-euro ngayinye isebenze kanzima futhi ngempumelelo enkampanini, ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wokuzinza kwephrojekthi. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, inzuzo iqondwa njengemali engenayo iyonke ngaphandle kwezindleko eziphelele , futhi inkampani ilungisa ukuziphatha kwayo ukuze yandise leli gebe elivuna yona.
Lo mbono udlula ukubalwa kwezimali nje kuphela: usho isu lokuphatha eliphelele. Ukuze kufezwe lokhu, ukwabiwa kwezinsiza kusebenza kahle kuyabuyekezwa , impendulo yemakethe iyahlolwa, futhi izimali zihlelwa ngokuhlakanipha. Ngamanye amazwi, ibhizinisi elihlose ukukhulisa inzuzo alibheki nje kuphela ukuhamba kwemali kwamanje; liphinde lihlole umthelela wesikhathi esizayo wezinqumo zalo. Ngakho-ke, imiqondo efana nokuguquguquka kwesidingo, ukuhlaziywa kwe-break-even, ukubalwa kwezindleko, kanye nezinhlelo zokutshalwa kwezimali kuba yinto efanele ngempela— ukwenza izinqumo ngokusekelwe kudatha kanye nombono wesikhathi esifushane neside.
Kuyini ukukhulisa inzuzo?
Uma sikhuluma ngokukhulisa inzuzo, sibhekisela emgomweni oyinhloko wezinkampani: ukwandisa imali engenayo yazo ngangokunokwenzeka. Le nzuzo ivela emehluko phakathi kwayo yonke imali engenayo evela ekuthengisweni kanye nazo zonke izindleko ezidingekayo ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa. Ngokwemigomo yokusebenza, abaphathi bafuna ukwandisa lesi sibalo ngezinqumo ezinolwazi.
Lo mqondo awugcini nje ngokwengeza nokususa. Uhlanganisa indlela amanani abekwa ngayo, indlela isakhiwo sezindleko esilungiswa ngayo, ukuthi yimaphi amaphrojekthi athola utshalomali, nokuthi ukusungula izinto ezintsha kuqhuba kanjani ukukhiqizwa kwenani elikhulu. Empeleni, ibhizinisi lilungisa ukukhiqizwa kwalo, ukuphakelwa, kanye nokuba khona kwemakethe ukuze, kuzo zonke izinga lomsebenzi, ukugeleza kwemali kuthanda izinga elihlinzeka ngenzuzo ephezulu kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndlela iyaqaphela ukuthi umkhakha ngamunye kanye nenkampani ngayinye ibhekene namaqiniso ahlukene: ukusebenza emakethe encintisana kakhulu akufani nokusebenza endaweni enenkampani ebusayo. Ngakho-ke, amamodeli ezomnotho anikeza imithetho ejwayelekile evumelaniswa nesimo ngasinye. Nokho, le mithetho yabelana ngesisekelo: ibhalansi phakathi kwemali engenayo engaphansi kanye nezindleko ezingaphansi njengendlela yokunquma ukuthi kuzokhiqizwa malini.
Izingxenye kanye nokubalwa kwenzuzo
Kuwo wonke amabhizinisi, singahlukanisa izinto ezintathu eziyisisekelo. Okokuqala, imali engenayo iyonke, etholakala ngokuthengiswa kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo. Okwesibili, izindleko eziphelele, ezifaka izinto zokusetshenziswa, amaholo , irenti, ukusatshalaliswa, nezinye izindleko zokusebenza. Okwesithathu, inzuzo, ebalwa ngokususa izindleko emalini engenayo. Kubonakala kulula kanjalo: khulisa imali engenayo futhi ulawule izindleko.
Ukuze sijule kakhulu, kuyasiza ukwethula ukuhlaziywa kwe-marginal. Imali engenayo engaphansi (MR) yimali engenayo etholakala ngokuthengisa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe, kanti izindleko ezingaphansi (MC) yizindleko zokukhiqiza leyo yunithi eyengeziwe. Umthetho wegolide wokukhulisa uthi izinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza litholakala lapho imali engenayo engaphansi ilingana nezindleko ezingaphansi . Noma yikuphi ukuphambuka kusho indawo yokuthuthukisa: uma i-MR idlula i-MC, ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa okwengeziwe kwandisa inzuzo; uma i-MC idlula i-MR, siya kude kakhulu futhi kuyalulekwa ukukhiqiza okuncane.
Ngokwemidwebo, ukukhulisa inzuzo kungabonakala futhi kusetshenziswa imali engenayo iyonke kanye nezindleko eziphelele. Iphuzu elithakazelisayo yilapho ibanga eliqondile phakathi kwala ma-curve amabili liphezulu kakhulu. Kuleli qophelo, imingcele yawo womabili ama-curve—abonisa ukuziphatha okungaphansi—iyalingana. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulingana okungaphansi kuchaza i-productive optimum , umbandela oyinhloko wokunquma i-productive optimum.
Elinye ithuluzi elibalulekile iphuzu lokulinganisa, elibonisa inani lokuthengisa elidingekayo ukumboza zonke izindleko. Ngale kwaleli zinga, iyunithi ngayinye eyengeziwe ethengiswayo ikhiqiza inzuzo. Ukuhlonza leli phuzu kusiza ekunqumeni ukuthi iphrojekthi iyeka nini ukusebenzisa izinsiza futhi iqala ukufaka isandla enzuzweni. Iphuzu lokulinganisa libalulekile ekunqumeni ngentengo, inani, kanye nezindleko.
Izici ezibalulekile zokukhulisa inzuzo
Ukuthola inzuzo ephezulu akusikho mayelana ne-lever eyodwa, kodwa mayelana nokuhlanganisa eziningana. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu isu lamanani, ukunciphisa izindleko, ukukhetha ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzuzayo kakhulu, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, kanye nokwandisa izimakethe ezintsha. Konke lokhu kuyathintana, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuzivumelanisa nomgomo ofanayo: ukuhambisana kwesu kanye nokusebenza okuhlelekile.
- Ukuthuthukisa intengo: Beka amanani ucabangela ukuguquguquka kwesidingo ukuze imali engenayo ikhuphuke ngaphandle kokuxosha amakhasimende.
- Ukwehliswa kwezindleko: Nciphisa izindleko ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni ikhwalithi; cabanga kabusha ngezinqubo, abahlinzeki kanye nezindleko zesilinganiso ukuze uthole ukusebenza kahle.
- Ukutshalwa kwezimali okusebenzayo: Beka phambili amaphrojekthi anezinzuzo ezinhle, ushintshe izinsiza kusuka emisebenzini enomthelela omncane kuya kulawo anamandla amakhulu.
- Ukusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo: ukuqalisa noma ukuthuthukisa imikhiqizo/izinsizakalo ezinikeza inani elithe xaxa, ngaleyo ndlela, zikhulise imali engenayo.
- Ukunwetshwa kwemakethe: vula iziteshi zokusabalalisa noma izindawo ezintsha zokwandisa ukuthengisa lapho imakethe yamanje isivuthiwe noma igcwele.
Amathuluzi okuhlaziya ezezimali kanye nokuphatha
Ukuhlaziywa kwezezimali kungumngani obalulekile wanoma iyiphi inkampani ehlose ukukhulisa inzuzo. Ukusebenzisa kahle iphuzu lokulinganisa, ukugcina ukubalwa kwezindleko okunembile, nokuhlanganisa ukuhlela kwezezimali emisebenzini yansuku zonke kuvumela ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusekelwe kudatha ethembekile kanye nokubikezela.
Ukusebenzisa isabelomali, ukubikezela ukuhamba kwemali, kanye nezimo ezithi "uma kwenzeka" kusiza ukulungiselela izinguquko ekufuneni, ukuguquguquka kwentengo, noma ukulungiswa kwezindleko. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubuyekeza njalo ukuphambuka ohlelweni kuvumela ukulungiswa kwenkambo ngesikhathi esifanele. Le ndlela yenza ukuphishekela inzuzo ephezulu kube inqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi isenzo esizimele. Hlela, sebenzisa, linganisa, futhi ulungise: umjikelezo oyisisekelo.
Ukuze kuqeqeshwe futhi kusekelwe, kunezinsiza zemfundo eziwusizo njengokuqukethwe okulalelwayo nokubonakalayo okugxile ekwandiseni inzuzo yesikhashana. Lezi zinto, ezigxile ekuhlakanipheni kwemakethe, ukuphathwa kokuqukethwe, kanye nezinqumo zokukhiqiza, zisiza ukuhumusha imiqondo yemfundiso ibe yizibonelo ezisebenzayo.
Ibhalansi phakathi kwesikhathi esifushane nesikhathi eside
Ukukhulisa inzuzo akukhona ukucindezela umkhawulo wemali nganoma yiziphi izindleko. Izinqumo ezikhulisa inzuzo namuhla zingabeka impilo yebhizinisi engozini kusasa. Yingakho kuwukuhlakanipha ukuhlanganisa izenzo zamaqhinga nombono wamasu. Inzuzo eqhubekayo ingcono kuneziqongo ezidlulayo.
Esikhathini esifushane, ukukhushulwa, ukulungiswa kwentengo, noma imikhankaso yokuthengisa kungakhuphula imali engenayo kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemali. Kodwa lokhu kumele kuhambisane nokutshalwa kwezimali kwesikhathi eside ku-R&D, ukuthuthukiswa komkhiqizo, noma ukwanda kwemakethe ukuze kuqhubeke ukukhula kwesikhathi esizayo. Lokhu kubili kunempilo futhi kuyadingeka; ungalideli ikusasa okwamanje.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhulisa umkhiqizo, ukuvumelanisa iqembu kanye nesakhiwo salo senhlangano , nokugcina amazinga ekhwalithi kuvimbela izinkinga ezithi, esikhathini esiphakathi, zinciphise inzuzo. Ibhizinisi elinezinqubo eziqinile kanye nesiphakamiso senani eliqinile libekezelela kangcono ukuguquguquka kwemakethe futhi ligcina ikhono lalo lokukhiqiza inzuzo, ukuqina kokusebenza, kanye nokugxila kumakhasimende.
Izibonelo ezisebenzayo emikhakheni ehlukene
Cabanga ngesitolo sokubhaka esibona ukwanda kwezindleko zaso zokukhiqiza. Ngemva kokuhlaziya isakhiwo saso sokuthenga, sinquma ukuthenga ufulawa ngobuningi bese sixoxisana nabahlinzeki bezokuthutha, okunciphisa izindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, silungisa intengo yesinkwa sicabangela ukuncintisana kanye nesidingo sendawo, ukuze ivolumu yokuthengisa ingathinteki. Umphumela: ukwanda kwenzuzo ngesinkwa ngasinye kanye nenzuzo iyonke. Ukuthenga okulungiselelwe kanye namanani alinganiswe kahle.
Enkampanini yezobuchwepheshe, umkhiqizo ohamba phambili ulahlekelwa ukuthandwa. Abaphathi bakhetha ukutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni ukuze bafake izici ezihlukanisayo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, bandisa ukusatshalaliswa ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha, umkhiqizo uthola ukukhanga; ngokwandisa, imali engenayo iyonke iyakhuphuka. Shintsha futhi wandise imakethe yakho.
Ukukhulisa inzuzo ngokwesakhiwo semakethe
Imithetho yezinqumo iyahlukahluka kuye ngesimo sokuncintisana. Ku-monopoly, inkampani ibhekene nesidingo semakethe sonke futhi inquma ngentengo kanye nobuningi. Umgomo wokukhiqiza okulungile uhlala ukuthi ukulingana okungaphansi kuyaqhubeka nokuqondisa umkhiqizo . Inkampani ilungisa inani ukuze ilinganise imali engenayo engaphansi nezindleko ezingaphansi, bese, kusukela lapho, ibeka intengo ku-curve yesidingo.
Kusukela ekumelweni kwe-total curve, i-optimum iyabonakala lapho umehluko phakathi kwemali engenayo iyonke kanye nezindleko eziphelele umkhulu kakhulu, okuhambisana ne-slopes elinganayo. Le ndlela kanye nendlela engaphansi kwemingcele kuholela emphumeleni ofanayo: iphuzu lapho iyunithi ngayinye eyengeziwe ingangezi noma ingasusi inzuzo ngenxa yebhalansi phakathi komnikelo wayo kanye nezindleko zayo. Lokhu kuphumela ekulinganeni kwe-slopes kanye nokulingana okungaphansi kwemingcele.
Emncintiswaneni ophelele, inkampani ithatha intengo: ithengisa ngentengo ebekwe yimakethe. Kulesi simo, i-MC = MR = Intengo . Ijika lesidingo elibonwa yinkampani lihambisana nezinga lentengo yemakethe, lisebenza kahle njengendawo yokubhekisela evundlile lapho kunqunywa khona ivolumu yokukhiqiza ephezulu.
Lo mehluko ubonisa ukuthi kungani umongo wokuncintisana ubumba isu lentengo kanye nokukhiqiza. Ezimakethe ezisekelwe ku-athomu, kugxilwe ezindleleni nasekusebenzeni kahle; ezimakethe ezinamandla emakethe, ukuguquguquka kanye nokuphathwa kwesidingo kuyadlala indima. Isimiso esifanayo esingaphansi, amaqhinga ahlukene.
Imikhawulo kanye nokucatshangelwa okungaphezu kwemodeli
Imodeli yokukhulisa inzuzo yenza kube lula iqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi. Empeleni, kuvela izici ezingezona ezomnotho kuphela ezinethonya elibalulekile: izinhloso zokuphatha, ulwazi olungaphelele, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, izinto ezicatshangelwayo zemvelo, kanye nemikhawulo yezinsizakusebenza, phakathi kokunye— imikhawulo ispredishithi engenakukwazi ukuyibamba.
Ukuphishekela inzuzo ngokuqinile, uma kungayinaki imiphumela yayo, kungaholela ezindlekweni zedumela, ekulimaleni kwemvelo, noma ezimweni zokusebenza eziya ziba zimbi kakhulu. Le miphumela ekugcineni ithinta isisekelo ngendlela yezijeziso, ukushintsha kwabasebenzi, ukuvinjelwa, noma ukulahlekelwa ukwethenjwa. Izindlela zokuziphatha nezisimeme zibalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ehlala njalo.
Ngakho-ke, izinkampani eziningi zibheka ukukhulisa inzuzo njengesiqondiso, hhayi imfundiso engaguquki. Zivumelanisa ukuziphatha kwezomnotho nemigomo yezenhlalo neyezemvelo evikela ikusasa lebhizinisi kanye nelayisensi yalo yezenhlalo yokusebenza. Inzuzo nenhloso kuyahambisana.
Izingozi zokusebenza: ukubuyiselwa kwemali kanye nokuvikelwa kwenzuzo
Indawo eyodwa enganciphisa inzuzo buthule ukubuyiselwa kwemali. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho umnikazi wekhadi ecela ukubuyiselwa imali bese ibhange libuyisela imali kumthengisi. Umthelela wabo ubalulekile: ngaphezu kokulahlekelwa yimali engenayo, idumela liyalimala, futhi izinsiza zisetshenziswa ezingxabanweni. Ukuvimbela ukubuyiselwa kwemali kubalulekile ekuvikeleni imingcele.
Ukuze unciphise lezi zinkinga, kungcono ukuqala ekhaya: izincazelo zomkhiqizo ezicacile, ulwazi lokulandelela olufinyelelekayo, kanye nensizakalo yamakhasimende ephendulayo exazulula imibuzo ngaphambi kokuba iqhubeke. Ikhasimende elinolwazi oluhle likhononda kancane. Ukucaca nokusekelwa kunciphisa ukungezwani.
Kuphinde kusize ukufaka amathuluzi okuthola ukukhwabanisa akuxwayisa ngezenzo ezisolisayo ngaphambi kokuba kuholele ekubuyiselweni kwemali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlelo zokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi zikuvumela ukuthi usabele ezingxabanweni eziseduze futhi unikeze ubufakazi obufika ngesikhathi, okuthuthukisa amathuba okuphumelela. Ubuchwepheshe nezinqubo ezisekela ukuvimbela.
Ukuphathwa kokubuyiselwa kwemali okuphumelelayo kuhilela ukuchaza izindlela zokuphendula, ukubhala phansi ukuthengiselana, nokuqeqesha ithimba. Lezi zinyathelo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokubuyiselwa kwemali ezicacile, zinciphisa umthelela wezezimali futhi zilondoloze ubudlelwano namakhasimende. Ukuphathwa kwezingxabano kungasiza futhi ekusindiseni ukuthengisa kwesikhathi esizayo.
Ukukhulisa inzuzo kuhlanganisa ukubalwa kwezomnotho, isu lebhizinisi, kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wokusebenza. Kusukela ekubekeni amanani anengqondo nokulungisa izindleko kuya ekunqumeni ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzuzayo kakhulu nokuhlola izimakethe ezintsha, konke kuyaphumelela uma kuhambisana nomgomo we-CM = MR (futhi, emncintiswaneni ophelele, i-CM = MR = P). Lokhu kuhambisana namathuluzi anjengokuhlaziywa kwe-break-even, ukubalwa kwezindleko, kanye nokuhlela ezezimali, kanye nokunaka izingozi ezifana nokubuyiselwa kwemali. Umbono olinganiselayo phakathi kwesikhathi esifushane neside ubalulekile.
