- Uhlelo lukuvumela ukuthi ukhethe phakathi kokukhushulwa kwanyanga zonke okungu-4%, isheke elilodwa, noma inketho exubile yokulibazisa ukuhoxiswa.
- Izifundo zakamuva zembula ukuthi inkokhelo yesamba ayithathi hlangothi ngokwe-actuary, emele kuphela u-51,2% wenani lesengezo sempilo yonke.
- Igebe lezezimali libonakala kakhulu kwabesifazane nakubantu abanempesheni ephezulu ngenxa yokuphila isikhathi eside kanye nokwakheka kwefomula.
- Kunezinzuzo zentela kumkhokhi wentela kanye nokukhululwa eminikelweni yezinkampani ezigcina laba basebenzi.
Ukuhlehlisa umhlalaphansi kuyindlela izisebenzi eziningi eSpain ezicabanga ngayo ukuthuthukisa isimo sazo sezezimali sesikhathi esizayo. Le ndlela, eyaziwa ngokuthi umhlalaphansi obambezelekile , ivumela labo asebefinyelele eminyakeni esemthethweni yokuthatha umhlalaphansi ukuba bakhethe ukuhlala bekhuthele, bathole umvuzo wezezimali ongenza umehluko omkhulu empilweni yabo eminyakeni yabo yokugcina.
Kodwa-ke, ukukhetha ukuthi ungayithola kanjani le bhonasi akulula njengoba kubonakala. Kukhona igebe lezezimali phakathi kwesheke lesamba kanye nokwenyuka kwempesheni yanyanga zonke abaningi abangalazi, futhi, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, okungaba ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwemali kwabathathe umhlalaphansi uma bengacabangisisi kahle izimo zabo kanye nezinombolo.
Kusho ukuthini ngempela ukulibazisa umhlalaphansi?
Ngokuyisisekelo, kuyisinqumo sokuzithandela. Uma usuvele uneminyaka yokuthatha umhlalaphansi futhi usufake isandla ekuvikelekeni komphakathi okungenani iminyaka eyi-15 , ungakhetha ukuqhubeka usebenza. Ngokwenza kanjalo, i-Social Security ikunikeza isikhuthazo sonyaka ngamunye owandisa impilo yakho yokusebenza, okuwusizo kakhulu kulabo abanemilando emifushane yeminikelo noma isisekelo esincane seminikelo.
Izindlela ezintathu zokuqoqa isikhuthazo sokukhokha sekwephuzile
Uhlelo lwamanje lunikeza izindlela ezintathu ezahlukene, futhi yilapho isisebenzi kumele silandele ngokucophelela ukuze sigweme ukulahlekelwa:
- Ukwenyuka kwanyanga zonke (4% eyengeziwe): Ngonyaka ngamunye ogcwele oqhubeka usebenza, impesheni yakho yanyanga zonke izokhuphuka ngo-4%. Kusukela ngo-Ephreli 2025, uma ukubambezeleka kungaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha kodwa kungaphansi konyaka (futhi usuvele usenyakeni wakho wesibili wokulibaziseka), u-2% owengeziwe ungangezwa. Lena inketho ye-annuity yempilo yonke.
- Inkokhelo eyodwa noma isheke: Uthola isamba semali esinqunyiwe lapho uthatha umhlalaphansi. Inani lincike enanini leminyaka oye wanikela ngayo ekuvikelekeni komphakathi ngesikhathi ufika eminyakeni yokuthatha umhlalaphansi. Uma usunikele iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-44 nengxenye, inani likhuphuka ngo-10%. Inani livame ukusuka ku-€4.800 kuya ku-€13.500 ngonyaka wokuthatha umhlalaphansi okulibazisekile.
- Indlela ehlanganisiwe: Luhlelo oluhlanganisiwe olutholakala kulabo abahlehlisa umhlalaphansi phakathi kweminyaka emi-2 neyi-10. Uthola ukwenyuswa kwenyanga okungu-4% kweminye yeminyaka kanye nenkokhelo encishisiwe yesamba (isigamu sesheke eliphelele) komunye. Uma uhlehlisa umhlalaphansi iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-11, uthola isheke iminyaka emi-5 kanye nokwenyuswa kwephesenti lenyanga kweminye iminyaka esele.
Impikiswano yokungathathi hlangothi kwe-actuary: Ingabe sinikezwa okuncane?
Yilapho ucwaningo luka-Ahmed Ación López noCarlos Vidal-Meliá, olushicilelwe yiFedea, lungena khona. Umqondo wokungathathi hlangothi kwe-actuarial usho ukuthi, ngokwezimali, ukuthola imali ngesamba kufanele kulingane nenani lazo zonke izinkokhelo zanyanga zonke ozidelayo impilo yakho yonke. Kodwa iqiniso lihlukile kakhulu.
Ukuhlaziywa kwamaphrofayili angu-280 kwembula ukuthi inkokhelo yesamba esikhulu imelela, ngokwesilinganiso, u-51,2% kuphela wenani le-actuarial lesengezo sempilo yonke. Kalula nje: labo abakhetha isheke badela cishe ingxenye yenani langempela lezomnotho lesikhuthazo sabo. Okukhathazayo nakakhulu ukuthi awekho amaphrofayili ahlaziyiwe afinyelela iphuzu lokulingana; wonke alahlekelwa yimali ngokombono wezezimali kuphela.
Ubani othinteka kakhulu yinkokhelo yesamba semali?
Ukungalingani kwamafomula akuthinti wonke umuntu ngokulinganayo. Ucwaningo luqokomisa amaqembu amabili ajezisiwe ngokukhethekile:
- Abesifazane: Ngenxa yokuthi baphila isikhathi eside, inani lokuthola ibhonasi yanyanga zonke iminyaka eminingi liphezulu kakhulu, kodwa inkokhelo yesamba ayicabangi lo mehluko wokuphila isikhathi eside.
- Izimpesheni eziphezulu: Isheke alikhuphuki ngokulingana nempesheni, kuyilapho ukwenyuka kwanyanga zonke kukhuphuka. Lokhu kudala ukubandlulula kokusabalalisa lapho labo abanezimpesheni eziphezulu belahlekelwa khona yiphesenti eliphezulu lemali lapho bekhetha imali.
Ingabe kunengqondo ukukhetha inkokhelo yesamba naphezu kwakho konke?
Ngisho noma izinombolo zingase zisho ukuthi kuyisivumelwano esibi, ukukhetha imali akuyona into engenangqondo ngempela. Kunezimo lapho kubalulekile khona ukuba nemali esheshayo , njengokukhokha imali mboleko yezindlu, ukwenza utshalomali olunenzuzo, ukumboza izimo eziphuthumayo zezokwelapha, noma ukushiya ifa elibonakalayo lezingane zakho.
Kukhona futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ingozi yokulawula . Izisebenzi eziningi zesaba ukuthi imithetho yempesheni izoshintsha esikhathini esizayo futhi zikhetha ukuba nemali ku-akhawunti yazo manje ngaphambi kokuba uhulumeni ashintshe imithetho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wentela, inkokhelo yesamba ingazuza ngokunciphisa intela yengeniso ngo-30% ngaphansi kwe-Athikili 18 yomthetho, into engasebenzi ekunyusweni kwenyanga.
Izinzuzo zezinkampani kanye nezinqubo ezidingekayo
Abasebenzi abagcini nje ngokuzuza; izinkampani zinezikhuthazo zokuvimbela abasebenzi bazo ukuthi bathathe umhlalaphansi. Abakhokhi iminikelo yezenhlalakahle yezikhathi ezivamile (ngaphandle kokukhubazeka kwesikhashana) kulaba basebenzi. Baze bathole nokwehliswa okungu-75% emnikelweni womqashi lapho isisebenzi, esivele sineminyaka engaphezu kuka-62 ubudala, sisekhefini lokukhubazeka kwesikhashana.
Ukuze ufake isicelo, mane nje uhlole ibhokisi lokuthatha umhlalaphansi elibambezelekile efomini lesicelo sempesheni. Uma uyisisebenzi sikahulumeni, kufanele wazise umnyango wakho wezabasebenzi. Kwabanye abantu, iminikelo ibalwa ngokuzenzakalelayo nge-TGSS (General Treasury of Social Security) kanye ne-INSS (National Social Security Institute). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i- Tu Seguridad Social (Your Social Security) simulator iyithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqhathanisa umhlalaphansi wakho ongaba khona ngaphansi kwezinketho ezintathu ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo sokugcina.
Ukukhetha phakathi kokuthola imali ngokushesha kanye nokuvikeleka kokuphila konke kuncike kuphrofayela yomuntu ngamunye, yize idatha yobuchwepheshe iphakamisa ukuthi ukukhushulwa kwanyanga zonke kuphakeme ngokwezimali. Nakuba isheke linikeza izixazululo ezisheshayo kanye nezinzuzo zentela, imali engenayo yanyanga zonke inikeza isivikelo esingcono ekuphile isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi kwabesifazane nalabo abahola imali ephezulu, okwenza kube yimfuneko ukuthi abantu bahlaziye isikhathi sabo sokuphila kanye nezidingo zabo zezimali ngaphambi kokulahla ukungathathi hlangothi kwe-actuarial.