Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano: izisekelo, amamodeli kanye nezinselele ezibalulekile

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Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano kuyinkambu ehlola indlela abantu abacabanga ngayo, abazizwa ngayo, futhi abenza ngayo lapho besebenza enhlanganweni, nokuthi lezo zindlela zokuziphatha zihlangana kanjani nesakhiwo, izinqubo, kanye nendawo ezungezile. Ukuqonda lezi zindlela kuvumela ukulindela imiphumela nokwenza izinqumo ezingcono ezithuthukisa ukusebenza kwenkampani, isimo sezulu, kanye namasiko.

Kunokuba kusekelwe ekucabangeni, ucwaningo lokuziphatha ezinhlanganweni lusekelwe endleleni yokusebenza futhi lusekelwe ebufakazini. Ubudlelwano bembangela nomphumela buyahlaziywa, imibono iyakhiwa, futhi lokhu kuhlolwa ngedatha eqoqwe ngokucophelela. Le ndlela yesayensi ithathe indawo yokuqonda okumsulwa futhi, uma isetshenziswa kahle, isiza ukuchaza, ukuqonda, ukubikezela, kanye nokuthonya ngokuziphatha okwenzekayo emsebenzini.

Kuyini ukuziphatha kwenhlangano

Kalula nje, ukuziphatha kwenhlangano (OB) ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile kokuziphatha komuntu emsebenzini kanye nemiphumela yako enhlanganweni. Kufundwa emazingeni amathathu axhumene: umuntu ngamunye, iqembu, kanye nenhlangano . Izinga elincane ligxila kumuntu ngamunye (isisusa, ubuntu, ukufunda, imizwa); izinga eliphansi lihlola amaqembu, ubuholi, kanye nokuxhumana; kanti izinga eliphezulu libheka inhlangano iyonke: isiko layo, isakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo.

Kuzo zonke izinhlangano, kunendlela eyisisekelo okungafanele ikhohliwe: abantu benza izinto ngabanye futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo bangamalungu amaqembu amaningana. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusukela ngesikhathi iqembu labantu lisebenzela umgomo ofanayo, kukhona uhlobo oluthile lwesakhiwo, kungaba esisemthethweni (izikhundla, amashadi enhlangano, izincwadi zemiyalelo) noma esingahlelekile (imikhuba, amasiko, kanye nemikhuba).

Esinye isihluthulelo ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezinto ezingabonakali lapho kuxoxwa ngokuziphatha. Isici esibonakala kakhulu ukuziphatha ngokwako, okungalinganiswa kalula. Ezingeni elicashile kunezimo zengqondo, okungukuthi, izimo zokwenza izinto. Futhi ezingeni elingabonakali kakhulu kunezindinganiso, eziqondisa ukuziphatha, yize kunzima kakhulu ukuzilinganisa. Ngokuvamile, kuvela igebe phakathi kwalokho okushiwoyo nalokho okwenziwayo, ikakhulukazi lapho kuhileleke amazinga okubusa, amandla, kanye nezindinganiso zamasiko ezamukelekayo.

Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano (OB) kuyisayensi esetshenziswayo: ayihlali iyimfundiso, kodwa kunalokho ifuna ukuxazulula izinkinga zangempela zabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano. Ithembela endleleni yesayensi yokwakha ukujwayelana nokuzihlola , bese kusukela lapho ithuthukisa izincomo ezisebenza ezimweni ezithile. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukuklama ukungenelela kwezokuxhumana, ubuholi, ukusebenza njengeqembu, ushintsho lwamasiko, nokuningi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isebenzisa indlela yokuxazulula izinkinga: ayikho indlela eyodwa efanele yokuphatha abantu . Okufanelekile kuncike esimweni: umkhakha, isiko, ubukhulu benkampani, isu, kanye nesigaba soshintsho ebhekene nalo. Umxhumanisi wenhlangano uqhathanisa ezinye izindlela bese ekhetha izixazululo ezifanelana nomongo.

Izindawo kanye nezinhloso ze-CO

Izinhloso zalo mkhakha zingafingqwa ngezenzo ezine ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, ukuchaza ngolimi oluvamile lokho esikubona abantu bekwenza ezimweni ezahlukene. Okwesibili, ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kwenzeka. Okwesithathu, ukubikezela ukuthi cishe bazoziphatha kanjani esikhathini esizayo. Okwesine, ukuba nethonya elihle kulezo zimo ngokuklama kwenhlangano, ukuqeqeshwa, ukuxhumana, noma ubuholi.

Ngamazwi angokoqobo, ukuziphatha okulindelwe kubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni imisebenzi yansuku zonke. Njengoba uStephen P. Robbins esho, imithetho iyasebenza ngoba isekelwe endleleni abantu abavame ukwenza ngayo futhi iqondise leyo ndlela yokuziphatha emiphumeleni ephephile , njengoba nje imithetho yomgwaqo ivimbela izingozi. Enkampanini, ukumisa imingcele, izindima, izinqubo ezicacile, kanye nezindlela zokuxhumanisa kuvumela abantu ukuthi bazi ukuthi yini okufanele bayilindele futhi kuqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lusebenza kahle.

Kubalulekile futhi ekuphathweni kwabantu. Ukuxhumana kwenhlangano kusiza ekudaleni indawo yokusebenza enempilo kanye nesiko elihambisana nomsebenzi wenkampani , umbono, kanye nezindinganiso . Isibonelo esivamile: ukusuka ekuxhumaneni okungakahleleki kuya ekuxhumaneni okusemthethweni nokusobala, ngeziteshi, izinqubo, kanye nezilinganiso, kungaguqula ukubambisana phakathi kweminyango futhi kunciphise izingxabano.

Ubudlelwano babantu emsebenzini buvela ngezingqimba: phakathi kwabantu ababili (phakathi kwabantu ababili), ngaphakathi kwamaqembu amancane, phakathi kwamaqembu, kanye nasezingeni lonke lesistimu . Ekuhlanganisweni nasekusebenzisaneni, isibonelo, kuyalulekwa ukuhlaziya ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene namasiko ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana nokusheshisa ukusebenzisana.

• Chaza: ukwakha imephu yokuziphatha ezimweni ezahlukahlukene.
• Qonda: thola izinto ezichaza okwenzekayo.
• Ukubikezela: qagela ukuziphatha kwesikhathi esizayo ukuze wenze ngendlela yokuvimbela.
• Ithonya: klama izakhiwo zobuholi ezisebenzayo, izinqubo, kanye nezitayela.

Iziyalo eziyondlayo

Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano (OB) kuhlanganisa iminikelo evela kwezesayensi eziningi zokuziphatha nokuphatha. Kuyinhlanganisela yemibono: isayensi yezengqondo, isayensi yezenhlalo, isayensi yezenhlalo, isayensi yabantu, ukuxhumana, ukuphatha, kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki , phakathi kwezinye. Umkhakha ngamunye ukhanyisa uhlangothi oluthile, futhi ndawonye unikeza umbono ophelele.

I-Psychology

I-Psychology inikeza isisekelo sokuhlaziywa komuntu ngamunye. Ihlola ukufunda, ukuqonda, ubuntu, isisusa, imizwa, kanye nenhlalakahle . Iphinde ifunde ngokukhethwa kwabasebenzi, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza, ukwaneliseka komsebenzi, ubuholi, ukwenza izinqumo, ukwakheka komsebenzi, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nokucindezeleka. Lo mbono uvumela ukulungiswa kwezikhundla zomsebenzi, izindlela zomsebenzi, kanye nezinqubomgomo zokuqashelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza.

Isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu

I-Sociology ihlola amaqembu, izakhiwo, kanye nezinhlelo ezisemthethweni, ikakhulukazi ezinhlanganweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Inegalelo ekwakhiweni kweqembu, ekuqondeni amasiko kanye namaphethini okuxhumana , kanye nokuhlaziya amandla kanye nokungqubuzana. Okutholakele kwayo kusiza ekwakheni izakhiwo kanye nezindinganiso ezikhuthaza ukubambisana.

I-psychology yezenhlalo

I-psychology yezenhlalo ifunda ithonya elihambisanayo phakathi kwabantu. Ihlinzeka ngamathuluzi okulinganisa nokuguqula izimo zengqondo, ukuthuthukisa ukuxhumana, ukwakha ukwethembana , nokuqonda ukuthi amaqembu ahlangabezana kanjani nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye ngenkathi exazulula izinkinga futhi enza izinqumo.

I-Anthropology

I-Anthropology inikeza umbono wokuqhathanisa ngamasiko nezindinganiso. Ibonisa umehluko phakathi kwamazwe naphakathi kwamasiko ezinkampani , futhi isiza ekubikezeleni ukungqubuzana kwamasiko ezindaweni zomhlaba wonke. Ingxenye enkulu yalokho esikwaziyo ngezindawo zenhlangano ivela kule ndlela.

Isayensi Yokuxhumana

Ukuxhumana kwenhlangano kuhlanganisa zonke izinqubo zokuxhumana zenkampani. Kusukela ekwakheni iziteshi nemiyalezo kuya ekuphatheni idumela langaphakathi , kuyitshe eliyisisekelo lokuvumelanisa abantu nesu nokugcina indawo yokusebenza enhle.

Ukuphatha

Ukuphatha kuhlinzeka ngohlaka lokuphatha: ukuchaza umsebenzi kanye nombono, ukubeka imigomo, ukwaba izinsiza, kanye nokusungula izilawuli . Kuhlanganisa ukuhlela, ukuhlela, ukuqondisa, kanye nokulawula, futhi kusebenzelana nesakhiwo esisemthethweni, ukuxhumanisa inqubo, kanye nokulinganisa imiphumela.

Isayensi yezepolitiki

Isayensi yezepolitiki ihlaziya indlela izingxabano ezihlelwe ngayo, indlela amandla asakazwa ngayo, kanye nendlela izintshisekelo ezixoxiswana ngayo. Ukuqonda ukusetshenziswa kwamandla enhlanganweni kubalulekile ekuholeni ushintsho nasekuxazululeni izingxabano ngendlela eyakhayo.

Isakhiwo, umklamo kanye nezinqubo

Ukuhlela kuhilela ukuhleleka nokuhlela imisebenzi ukuze kufezwe imigomo. Imisebenzi iyahlonzwa, ihlanganiswe ngokuthanda, inikezwe labo abanomthwalo wemfanelo, futhi kumiswa uhlelo oluhlelekile olucacisa imithwalo yemfanelo kanye nokuziphendulela. Konke lokhu kusekelwa izinqubo zokuxhumana kanye nokulawula.

Isakhiwo siyindlela yokusebenzisa isu: simelelwa eshadini lenhlangano, sichazwe kabanzi ezincwadini, futhi sihlanganiswe nezinqubo . Umklamo wenhlangano uhlanganisa ingxenye "enzima" (isakhiwo nezinqubo) kanye nengxenye "ethambile" (ukuxhumana phakathi kwabantu). Izimiso zayo ezibalulekile ukwahlukaniswa kwabasebenzi, izindlela zokuxhumanisa, kanye nokuhambisana nesu.

Izinqubo ziwukulandelana okunengqondo kwemisebenzi eguqula okokufaka kube yimiphumela. Imiphumela yabo iyizinkomba ezibonisa ukufezwa kwemigomo , okuvumela ukuhlolwa okuqhubekayo kanye nentuthuko. Izinqubo zokulungisa kahle zikwenza kucace ukuthi inani lidalwa noma libhujiswa kuphi nokuthi ulwazi lugeleza kanjani.

Uma sibheka isakhiwo sokulandelana, sihlukanisa phakathi kwesakhiwo esikhulu (ishadi lenhlangano) kanye nesakhiwo esincane (isikhundla somsebenzi). Esokuqala sichaza izindawo, amazinga, kanye nobudlelwano; esesibili sichaza imisebenzi, amakhono, kanye nezinhloso zendima ngayinye. Inhlangano enempilo ivumelanisa amazinga womabili futhi igweme ukungafani phakathi kwalokho okulindelekile nalokho okungenziwa.

Izindlela kanye namamodeli okuziphatha kwenhlangano

Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano (OB) kuncike ezindleleni ezihambisanayo. Indlela yezinsizakusebenza zabantu igxile ekukhuthazeni nasekuthuthukiseni abantu . Indlela yokubhekana nezimo eziphuthumayo isikhumbuza ukuthi azikho izixazululo ezikhona emhlabeni wonke. Indlela egxile emiphumeleni iphikelela ekulinganiseni okubalulekile. Futhi indlela yezinhlelo ibheka inhlangano njengeqoqo lezingxenye ezincikene.

Ngokombono wezinhlelo, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezisebenzisanayo kanye nezinhlelo ezingaphansi . Izinhlelo zidinga okokufaka (izinsiza), zenza izinqubo, futhi zikhiqize imiphumela (imikhiqizo/izinsizakalo) ngendlela eqhubekayo yokuphendula. Zikhiqiza imiphumela efiselekayo nengafiseleki, kokubili yesikhathi esifushane neyesikhathi eside, ngakho-ke abaphathi kumele balinganise imiphumela futhi balungise ukuphambuka.

Amamodeli ajwayelekile abonisa izindlela zokuhlobana kokuphathwa kanye nabantu :

Imodeli yobushiqela : eyayivame kakhulu ngesikhathi seNguquko Yezimboni, isekelwe emandleni asemthethweni omholi okufuna ukulalelwa. Isitayela siyisiqondiso, kanti impendulo efiselekayo ukuthobela imithetho. Isebenza ngezindleko zesisusa sangaphakathi futhi ingadala ukuncika kanye nokungathandi.

Imodeli yokugcina : Le modeli ivele njengempendulo kweyangaphambilini. Le nkampani inikeza ukuphepha nezinzuzo, idala ukwethembeka kanye nokubambisana okungenamsebenzi. Inzuzo: ukuthula kwengqondo nokuzinza; ukungathandeki: isisusa esilinganiselwe , kanye nezingozi zokungakhathali kanye nokukhiqiza okungaphansi kwamandla.

Imodeli yokusekela : Le modeli igxile ebuholini obuhambisana nokunikeza amandla. Ukuphatha kudala indawo yokusekela evumela abantu ukuthi bakhule futhi basebenze. Umphumela wengqondo ukuzibandakanya kanye nomuzwa wokuba yingxenye ("thina") wangempela. Ngokuvamile ichuma ezindaweni ezinezinsiza eziningi kanye nokuvuthwa kwenhlangano.

Imodeli ye-Collegial : ukuvela kwemodeli yokusekela egxile eqenjini njengengqikithi yalo. Abaphathi basebenza njengomqeqeshi, bekhuthaza umthwalo wemfanelo nokuzithiba. Amalungu eqembu ayazi ukuthi ayasiza futhi ayadingeka , futhi ukusebenza kuvela ekuxhumaneni nasekuthembaneni.

Imodeli yesistimu : ihlanganisa zonke izinto zibe umbono oguquguqukayo noxhumene. Ukusebenza kuqondwa njengomphumela womklamo ohlangene wemisebenzi, izakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo. Ukuze kuhlaziywe, imisebenzi eyisisekelo yesistimu ihlukaniswa engabonakala kunoma iyiphi iyunithi yokukhiqiza:

• Ukukhishwa kwemvume: ukwethula izinsiza ezivela emvelweni ohlelweni.
• Ushintsho: guqula lezo zinsiza zibe imikhiqizo/izinsizakalo ngezinqubo.
• Ukukhishwa: buyisela umphumela okhiqizwe endaweni ezungezile.
• Idiphozithi: gcina izinsiza zezikhathi zokuntuleka.
• Uhulumeni: gxila emigomweni bese ukhetha izinto eziza kuqala.
• Umthethonqubo: gcina izinguquko ezibalulekile ngaphakathi kwemingcele, ukuqapha nokulungisa.
• Ukuzala: vuselela izinto ezigugayo (abantu, amakhono, izimpahla).
• Ukuthutha: hambisa izinsiza ngaphakathi ukuze wenze imisebenzi.

Izinselele zamanje namathuba

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuguqule iplanethi yaba idolobhana elixhumene. Abaphathi namaqembu basebenza ngokwengeziwe nabantu abavela emasikweni ahlukahlukene , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi basebenza emazweni angaphandle noma ngaphakathi kwezwe labo. Ukuvumelanisa izitayela zokuphatha nezindinganiso zamasiko ezahlukene kanye nezindinganiso manje sekuyikhono elibalulekile.

Enye inselele ebanzi ukuhlukahluka kwendawo yokusebenza: ubulili, ubuzwe, ubudala, ukukhubazeka, noma ukuthambekela kobulili. Ukusuka ekuphatheni wonke umuntu "ngokufanayo" kuya ekuphatheni ngokulingana nangokuzwela kuhilela ukubuyekeza amashejuli, amamodeli omsebenzi, ukufinyeleleka, izinzuzo, kanye nezitayela zobuholi ukuze kuhlanganiswe amathalente ahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka.

Ingcindezi yekhwalithi nokukhiqiza iqhuba ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa okuqhubekayo. Izindlela zokuphatha ikhwalithi ephelele, ukulinganisa, kanye nokulinganisa kusiza ekunciphiseni amaphutha, kufinyeze izikhathi zokuhola, futhi kwandise ukwaneliseka kwamakhasimende nabasebenzi.

Ukugxila kumakhasimende, okwakuhlotshaniswa nokumaketha kuphela, manje sekuyindaba yokuziphatha kwenhlangano. Izimo zengqondo nokuziphatha kwabasebenzi kuthonya ngqo ulwazi lwamakhasimende , okwenza kube kubalulekile ukuhlakulela isiko lenkonzo: abantu abanobungane, abangenekayo, abanekhono, nabathatha isinyathelo kuqala.

Ukunika amandla kuhlukanise ukwenza izinqumo ezingeni lokusebenza. Abaphathi bafunda ukuyeka ukulawula nokudala izinhlaka ezicacile , kuyilapho abasebenzi bethatha umthwalo wemfanelo futhi bethuthukisa ukwahlulela ukuxazulula izinkinga zansuku zonke.

Siphila ezweni elinoshintsho oluqhubekayo. Imisebenzi namakhono ahlala eshintshashintsha , ngakho-ke ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, ukuguquguquka, kanye nekhono lokufunda ngokushesha kuye kwashintsha kusukela kokufiselekayo kwaba okubalulekile.

Ukusungula izinto ezintsha okuqhubekayo kwenza umehluko phakathi kokuhola nokusala ngemuva. Izinhlangano ezigcina ukuguquguquka, ezithuthuka njalo, futhi eziqalisa njalo izixazululo ezintsha yizo ezisinda ezimakethe ezishintshashintshayo.

Okokugcina, izinkinga zokuziphatha ziya ngokuya zivamile. Imithetho yokuziphatha, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nesibonelo sokuphatha kusiza ukubhekana nalezi zinkinga futhi kudalwe izindawo ezingenakucaciswa kahle ngokuthi yini elungile nengalungile. Nakuba kukhona ukwesaba ukuthi amathuluzi okuziphatha kwenhlangano angase anciphise inkululeko, inhloso yawo inobuntu: ukuthuthukisa umsebenzi wabantu, ngokulawula nokubuyekezwa okuvimbela ukuxhashazwa.

Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kanye nezibonelo

Ukusuka ekukhulumisaneni okungakahleleki kuya ekukhulumisaneni okusemthethweni kuyisibonelo esivamile. Ukuchaza iziteshi, izikhathi zokuphendula, amaqembu anomthwalo wemfanelo, kanye nezakhiwo kuthuthukisa ukuxhumanisa, kunciphisa ukusebenza kabusha, futhi kuqinisa isiko. Ukulinganisa ukusebenza kahle kwalezi zinguquko (izinhlolovo, izikhathi zomjikelezo, amaphutha) kuvumela ukuphindaphinda kuze kube yilapho imikhuba isivele ikhona.

Ukubikezela kuhumusha kube ukuvimbela. Ngemininingwane yokungabikho emsebenzini, ukushintshashintsha kwemisebenzi, umthwalo womsebenzi wengqondo, kanye nendawo yokusebenza, izindawo eziyingozi zingatholakala futhi kuqaliswe ukungenelela okuqondiwe: ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemisebenzi, ukushintshaniswa kwemisebenzi, amakhefu asebenzayo, ukuqeqeshwa, noma ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe.

Kubalulekile ukuhlonipha izinga elifanele lokuhlaziya. Ukugqugquzeleka kungachazwa ngokwezintshisekelo zeqembu , kodwa njengokuguquguquka, kuvela ngaphakathi komuntu ngamunye. Uma amazinga edidekile, ukuxilongwa kuzohluleka. Ukuziphatha kwenhlangano kugcizelela ekuhlanganiseni izimbangela nemiphumela ezingeni elifanele ngaphambi kokwenza isinqumo.

Ubuchwepheshe buyisidlali esibalulekile. Kusukela kuNguquko Yezimboni, indima yalo isanda kukhula, futhi namuhla libumba ukugeleza kolwazi, ubudlelwano, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezinqubo. Kanye nezici zangaphandle njengohulumeni, abancintisana nabo, kanye nezingcindezi zomphakathi zomhlaba wonke, libumba impilo yansuku zonke futhi lidinga ukulungiswa njalo kwesu kanye nesakhiwo.

Lapho kwakhiwa amaqembu, indlela yokubambisana nokusekelana ikhuthaza imikhuba ewusizo: izinhloso ezihlanganyelwe, izindima ezicacile, impendulo evame ukwenzeka , kanye nobuholi obususa izithiyo. Uma, ngenxa yesiko noma umongo, kudingeka ukuphathwa kwesiqondiso okwengeziwe, kuyalulekwa ukugwema ukuwela ekuqineni kobushiqela futhi esikhundleni salokho kuhambisane nezindlela zokulalela nokuthuthukisa.

Ukwamukela indlela ehlelekile kusiza ukuhlonza izithiyo ezinomthelela omkhulu. Ukubukeza imisebenzi yokuphatha kanye nokulawula, kanye ne-input-process-output loop , kwembula izithiyo kanye nokuncika okubalulekile. Ukulungiswa okuncane emithethweni yokuxhumanisa (isibonelo, amasiko okuvumelanisa phakathi kokuthengisa nobunjiniyela) kungadala ukuthuthuka okukhulu ngesikhathi kanye nekhwalithi.

Ekuphathweni koshintsho, ukuqonda amaphethini okusabela ajwayelekile kubalulekile. Ukulindela ukumelana (ukulahlekelwa yisimo, ukungaqiniseki, ukulayisha ngokweqile) kuvumela ukwakheka kokusekelwa okuqondiwe: ukuqeqeshwa, ukuxhumana okusobala, ukuphumelela kwasekuqaleni, kanye namathuba okuphendula. Lokhu kwandisa amathuba okusetshenziswa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuziphatha kuhumusha kube yimikhuba eqondile: iziteshi zokubika ezivikelekile, amakomiti okuqhuba, ukuhlolwa kwamabhuku , futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuvumelana phakathi kwalokho okushiwoyo nalokho okwenziwa abaphathi. Isiko liyisibonelo esiphindaphindwayo, hhayi nje iphosta odongeni.

Kusobala ukuthi ukuziphatha kwenhlangano kunikeza ikhampasi yokubhekana namaqiniso ayinkimbinkimbi: kuhlanganisa isayensi nokuphatha ukuqonda, ukubikezela, nokuqondisa ukuziphatha okusekela isu. Ngendlela enezigaba eziningi, eqhutshwa idatha, futhi ebucayi kumongo, kungenzeka ukuklama izakhiwo, izinqubo, kanye nezitayela zobuholi ezithuthukisa ukusebenza, futhi ngenxa yalokho, ulwazi lokusebenza ndawonye.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Ukuphathwa Kwezinsizakusebenza Zabantu: imisebenzi, izinhloso kanye nezici ezibalulekile zamanje