- I-coefficient yokuvuleka kwangaphandle ihlobanisa ukuhweba okuphelele ne-GDP futhi iveza ukuncika kwamanye amazwe.
- Isilinganiso sokumbozwa siqhathanisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe; ngaphezu kuka-100% kukhona okusele.
- Ukuhlaziya i-CAE kanye nokumbozwa ndawonye kunikeza ukuxilongwa okuphelele kokuhlanganiswa kwebhizinisi kanye nokulinganisela.
Umnotho wezwe awunakuqondwa ngaphandle kokubheka ngaphandle: ukuhweba ngezimpahla nezinsizakalo, izivumelwano zokuhweba, kanye nokugeleza kwemali kuhlanganisa ukusebenza kwansuku zonke. Kulesi simo, isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle (i-EAR) kanye nesilinganiso sokumbozwa (i-CR) kuyizinkomba ezimbili ezibalulekile zokulinganisa ubudlelwano bezwe nomhlaba wonke, ukunquma izinga lokuthembela kwalo ezimakethe zakwamanye amazwe, kanye nokuhlola amandla alo okuthumela ngaphandle uma kuqhathaniswa nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe.
Lezi zilinganiso ezimbili ziyahambisana: kuyilapho esinye silinganisa isisindo sokuhweba ngomkhiqizo ophelele, esinye silinganisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwanele yini ukukhokhela ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe . Ukuqonda incazelo, ukubala, kanye nokuhumusha kwazo kukhanyisa ukuncintisana, ingozi evela ekushaqekeni kwamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nendawo yokushintsha inqubomgomo yezomnotho.
Iyini i-coefficient yokuvula yangaphandle?
Isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle siyinkomba elinganisela izinga lokukhula komnotho emhlabeni jikelele. Sibalwa ngokungeza ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo bese siqhathanisa leso samba ne- GDP yesikhathi esifanayo, ngaleyo ndlela kwembulwe ukuthi yiliphi inani lomsebenzi wezomnotho elihlobene nokuhweba kwamanye amazwe.
Ukusebenziseka kwayo kukabili: ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusebenza ekuhloleni ukuncika kwamanye amazwe ; ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusiza ekuqondeni ukubaluleka kwezimakethe zomhlaba wonke ekukhiqizeni imali engenayo kanye nengcebo yezwe. Ukuvuleleka okukhulu kusho ukuchayeka okukhulu ezindleleni zomhlaba wonke, kanye nezinzuzo kanye nezingozi ezihambisanayo.
Empeleni, iminotho emikhulu ivame ukubonisa i-CAE ephansi (Capital Growth Rate) ngoba inamandla okukhiqiza amaningi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazwe amancane noma akhethekile avame ukubonisa amanani aphezulu, esebenzisa inzuzo yokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe ukuze akhulise ukukhula kwawo.
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukusayinwa kwezivumelwano zokuhweba ngokukhululekile, kanye nokudalwa kwezinyunyana zezomnotho noma izivumelwano kuye kwabangela ukwanda kokuvuleleka emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Njengoba izithiyo zihlukaniswa futhi izimakethe zihlanganiswa, i-CAE (Capital Equity Index) ivame ukwanda, nakuba kungenjalo ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke amazwe noma imikhakha.
Ukubalwa kwe-coefficient yokuvula yangaphandle
Incazelo yokusebenza ilula: i-CAE ibalwa njengesamba sokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (X) kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe (M), konke ngamanani amanje, kuhlukaniswe yi-GDP yaleso sikhathi. Ngezinjongo zokwethula, kuvamile ukuphindaphinda umphumela ngo-100 bese uwuveza njengephesenti le -GDP.
Uma inani eliphumayo lingu-0, umnotho awuhwebi namanye amazwe futhi uzozimela ngokwawo (into engekho nhlobo namuhla). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inani eliseduze no-1 (noma u-100%) lingabonisa ukuthi ukuhweba kwamanye amazwe kumele ingxenye efanayo yobukhulu bomnotho, okubonisa ukuhlanganiswa okuqinile kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Eqinisweni, amazwe awela phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili ezibucayi. Njengesiqondiso esijwayelekile, lapho i-CAE idlula u-0,5 (noma u-50% uma ivezwa njengephesenti), ngokuvamile sibhekisela ezingeni eliphezulu lokuvuleka . Ngaphansi kwalo mkhawulo, imakethe yasekhaya iyabusa. Lezi zilinganiso ziyasiza, kodwa kubalulekile njalo ukucabangela umongo ngokwesakhiwo sokukhiqiza, usayizi, kanye nokukhethekile.
Ifomula ngokwayo ikhombisa ukuthi kokubili ukwanda kwe-X kanye ne-M kusunduza i-CAE phezulu, njengoba zombili izingxenye zandisa inani lokuthengiselana namanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke, ukubuya kwezentengiselwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ngisho nangaphandle kwezinguquko ku-GDP, kuvame ukwandisa ukuvuleleka.
Ukuhlaziywa kochungechunge lwesikhathi kubalulekile: ukuqhathanisa i-CAE yezwe eminyakeni eminingana kuveza ukuthi umnotho uvuleke noma uvaliwe. Ukwehla kwesikhathi eside kungabonisa ukushintshela ekuvikeleni noma ekunciphiseni ukuhweba; ukwanda kusikisela ukuhlanganiswa okukhulu kanye nokukhethekile.
Izinga lokumbozwa: incazelo, ukubalwa kanye nokuchazwa
Isilinganiso sokumbozwa silinganisa ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yokungenisa ngaphakathi esikhathini esithile engakhokhwa ngokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okwenziwe phakathi naleso sikhathi esifanayo. Ukubalwa kwayo kulula: inani lokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (E) lihlukaniswa ngenani lokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe (I) futhi liphindwe ngo-100 ukuze kutholakale iphesenti.
Uma izinga lokushintshanisa lidlula u-100%, izwe lithengisa kakhulu kwamanye amazwe kunalokho elikuthengayo ngakho-ke linenani lokuhweba elingaphezulu . Uma izinga lokushintshanisa lingaphansi kuka-100%, kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho: ukungenisa kudlula ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe futhi ibhalansi yokuhweba ishoda, kanye nezingozi ezihlobene nokuxhaswa ngezimali kanye nokuzinza kwangaphandle.
Nakuba isilinganiso sokumbozwa sivela maqondana nokuhweba ngezimpahla, manje sisetshenziselwa nezimpahla nezinsizakalo. Siwusizo kakhulu ekuhlaziyweni kwamazwe amabili (phakathi kwamazwe amabili) ngoba sivumela ukuhlolwa kokuthi ukungena kwemali yangaphandle okukhiqizwa ukuthengisa kumlingani kuyayiqeda yini imali ephumayo ebangelwa ukuthengwa okuvela kumlingani ofanayo.
Ukuze sichaze lesi sibonakaliso ngokunembe kakhudlwana, kungcono ukusiqhathanisa nezinye izilinganiso zomnotho, ikakhulukazi i-GDP . Ngale ndlela, ngeke sazi kuphela ukuthi kukhona yini ukuntuleka kokuhweba noma insalela, kodwa futhi nobukhulu bokungalingani uma kuqhathaniswa nobukhulu bomnotho.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo: Uma izwe elicatshangelwayo lithumela ngaphandle izigidi ezingu-500 bese lithumela ngaphandle izigidi ezingu-400, izinga lalo lokumboza lingu-(500/400)*100 = 125% . Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle akugcini nje ngokumboza ukungeniswa ngaphandle, kodwa futhi kushiya umkhawulo ongu-25%, ohumusha njengensalela yokuhweba engasetshenziswa ekutshalweni kwezimali, ukunciphisa isikweletu sangaphandle, noma ezinye izinto eziza kuqala.
Izinga lokumbozwa lithinta kanjani ibhalansi yokuhweba?
Ibhalansi yokuhweba ibonisa umehluko phakathi kokuthunyelwa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwezimpahla kwamanye amazwe. Isilinganiso sokumbozwa esingaphezu kuka-100% sivame ukuhambisana nebhalansi enhle (insalela), kanti isilinganiso esingaphansi kuka-100% sibonisa ibhalansi engemihle (ukuntuleka). Zombili lezi zimo zithinta inqubomgomo yezomnotho kanye nokuziphatha kwezinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali kanye nokwehla kwamandla emali.
Ukungalingani okuqhubekayo kokumbozwa kungandisa ukuthembela ekuxhasweni kwezimali kwangaphandle noma kubeke ingcindezi ezinqolobaneni zomhlaba wonke . Ngakho-ke, abenzi bezinqubomgomo zezomnotho baqapha eduze izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali futhi basebenzisa amathuluzi okuhweba kanye nezimali ukulungisa ukungalingani noma ukuqinisa amandla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sokumbozwa sithinta ukuzethemba kwabatshalizimali: isilinganiso sokumbozwa esiphezulu sibonisa umkhakha wokuthumela kwamanye amazwe oncintisanayo kanye nengozi ephansi yangaphandle, okungakhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilinganiso sokumbozwa esiphansi isikhathi eside sivame ukuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusimama kwangaphandle.
I-CAE kanye nezinga lokumbozwa: ubudlelwano kanye nokufunda okuhlanganyelwe
Isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle kanye nesilinganiso sokumbozwa kunikeza imibono ehambisanayo. Isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle sibonisa isisindo sokuhweba kwangaphandle uma kuqhathaniswa ne-GDP, kuyilapho isilinganiso sokumbozwa sibonisa ibhalansi phakathi kwalokho okuthengiswayo nalokho okuthengwayo. Umnotho ungaba nesilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle esiphakeme (okuhlanganiswe kakhulu) futhi usabonisa isilinganiso sokumbozwa esiphansi (ukuntuleka kokuhweba), noma okuphambene nalokho.
Ukuzihlaziya ndawonye kusiza ukuphendula imibuzo ebalulekile: Ingabe umnotho uvulekile kakhulu kodwa usengozini ngenxa yokungalingani kwawo kwezohwebo ? Noma ingabe uvulekile ngokulingene kodwa unensalela eqinile? Ukuhlanganisa zombili izinkomba kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuxilonga futhi kuqondise izinqubomgomo zomkhakha, ukuncintisana, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamazwe ngamazwe.
ISpain: izibalo zakamuva zebhalansi kanye nokumbozwa
Idatha yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi iSpain ishintshe phakathi kwezilinganiso ezingezinhle kanye namazinga okumbozwa acishe abe yi-equilibrium, ngokuvamile phakathi kuka -80% no-95% emijikelezweni yamuva nje. Leli phethini lihambisana nomnotho ohlanganiswe nezinketho zamanani zomhlaba wonke, kanye nokuthunyelwa okunamandla kwamanye amazwe emikhakheni ethile kanye nokuthembela kokungenisa kwamanye amazwe kwezinye (amandla, isibonelo).
Ngezinjongo zokubonisa, eminyakeni eyishumi edlule ngaphambi kuka-2020, kwabonwa amarekhodi alandelayo ebhalansi yezohwebo, izinga lokumbozwa, kanye nebhalansi njengephesenti le-GDP , okusivumela ukubona ukuthi ubukhulu buhlukahluka kanjani unyaka nonyaka:
| Unyaka | Ibhalansi yokuhweba | Izinga lokumbozwa | Ibhalansi yokuhweba (% GDP) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 | - € 34.221,3 million | 89,70% | -2,75% |
| 2018 | - € 37.177,1 million | 88,78% | -3,09% |
| 2017 | - € 28.556,6 million | 90,78% | -2,46% |
| 2016 | - € 19.015,5 million | 93,27% | -1,71% |
| 2015 | - € 26.622,7 million | 90,52% | -2,47% |
| 2014 | - € 25.885,4 million | 90,43% | -2,51% |
| 2013 | - € 17.140,8 million | 93,32% | -1,68% |
| 2012 | - € 32.758,8 million | 87,52% | -3,18% |
| 2011 | - € 50.327,0 million | 81,40% | -4,73% |
Lezi zibalo zibonisa ukuthi, ngisho noma kunokuntuleka kokuhweba okuphindaphindiwe , ukumbozwa kuye kwanda cishe ngo-90% eminyakeni eminingi, okubonisa intuthuko kanye nokubuyela emuva okuhlobene namanani omhlaba wonke, isidingo sangaphandle, umjikelezo wangaphakathi, kanye nezindleko zamandla.
Kungani i-CAE ibalulekile kwinqubomgomo yezomnotho
I-CAE ephezulu isho ukuthi ingxenye enkulu ye-GDP incike ekuhambeni kokuhweba namanye amazwe. Lokhu kunemiphumela ekuzinzeni komnotho omkhulu: ukushaqeka komhlaba wonke kwesidingo noma amanani kungaholela ngokushesha ekukhiqizweni kwasekhaya, emisebenzini, kanye nasekukhuphukeni kwamanani.
Kubasebenzi bakahulumeni, ukuqonda izinga lokuvuleleka kusiza ekulinganiseni izindlela zokwehlukahluka, izivumelwano zokuhweba , noma izinqubomgomo zokusekela imikhakha ethengiswayo. Uma umnotho uncike kakhulu ekungenisweni kwempahla okubalulekile, kuyalulekwa ukusebenza ekuqiniseni ukuqina kweketanga lokuhlinzeka kanye nokwenza lula izinto zokuhamba.
Emazweni amakhulu, ukuvuleka okuphansi akusho ukuthi ukuhweba akubalulekile; kunalokho, kubonisa ukuthi imakethe yasekhaya iyamelana nokushaqeka kwangaphandle . Noma kunjalo, ukuncintisana kokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokusebenza kahle kokungenisa impahla kusabalulekile ekukhuleni okusimeme.
Ezinye izinkomba zokuqedela isithombe
Ngale kwe-CAE kanye ne-TC, kunezilinganiso ezisiza ekuhlaziyweni kokuhlaziywa. Phakathi kwalezo eziqondene nokuhweba kwamanye amazwe, i- Export Coefficient (CE) , i- Import Penetration Coefficient (CPI) , kanye ne- Tradability Indicator (IT) ziyagqama , okusivumela ukuthi sibone ukuthi imikhakha ivezwe noma iqondiswe kangakanani ekuhwebeni kwamanye amazwe.
Okunye okuwusizo izinga lokukhula kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, imigomo yokuhweba (amanani ahlobene nalokho okuthengiswayo uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okuthengwayo), ukuhlukahluka ngemikhiqizo nezimakethe, kanye nezimo zangaphandle zokuzinza ezifana nokutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe, izikweletu kanye nezinqolobane.
Kulabo abafisa ukujula ezincazelweni, amafomula, kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-openness coefficient, kunezincwadi zezemfundo ezibhekisela kuzo , njengaleyo eshicilelwe yi-University of Valladolid, etholakala kulesi sixhumanisi: idokhumenti yezemfundo ngokuvuleka . Le misebenzi ichaza ukuthi lezi zinkomba zisekela kanjani ukuxilongwa kwemikhakha kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Indlela yokuhumusha amanani ajwayelekile naphezulu e-CAE
I-CAE eseduze no-zero ichaza umnotho ovaliwe ongenazo nhlobo izintengiselwano zakwamanye amazwe; iwumbono nje kunesimo sangempela. I-CAE ephezulu kakhulu, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingabonisa izwe elincane, umnotho ovulekile kakhulu, noma indawo yokuthutha kanye neyokuhweba enenani elikhulu lezimpahla ezithengiswayo.
Ukuchazwa kumele kucabangele ubukhulu bezomnotho, isakhiwo semboni, kanye nokukhethekile. Isibonelo, iminotho enamaqoqo aqinile okuthumela kwamanye amazwe kanye nokuthembela okuphezulu kokufakwayo okungenisiwe kuvame ukubhalisa i-CAE ephezulu (Umsebenzi Wokulingana Kwabathengi), kanye namazinga okumboza angaguquguquka ngokwemijikelezo yomhlaba wonke.
Ngesikhathi sokwanda kwamazwe ngamazwe, ukwanda ngasikhathi sinye kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe (X) kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe (M) kuphakamisa izindleko zemali yonyaka (ACEC); uma amanani okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe enyuka kakhulu (amandla), izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali (ERC) lingawohloka ngisho noma izwe lithumela kwamanye amazwe okuningi ngokweqiniso. Ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhumusha zombili izinkomba ndawonye.
Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwezinkampani kanye nabahlaziyi
Ezinkampanini, ukuqonda i-CAE (Izindleko Zomsebenzi Wezomnotho) yezwe kanye nomkhakha wazo kusiza ukuhlola izingozi zochungechunge lokuhlinzeka , ukuhlela ukuvikela imali, kanye nokuthuthukisa amasu okufinyelela emakethe. Emikhakheni ethengiswa kakhulu, ukuzwela intela, ezokuthutha, kanye nokushaqeka komhlaba wonke kukhulu.
Kubahlaziyi kanye nohulumeni, ukuhlanganisa i-CAE kanye ne-TC nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokukhiqiza, izindleko ezihlobene, amazinga okushintshaniswa kanye nemithethonqubo yokuhweba kuvumela incazelo yama -ajenda okuncintisana : ukukhuthazwa kokuthumela kwamanye amazwe, ukufaka esikhundleni sokungenisa okuphumelelayo lapho kufaneleka khona kanye nokukhuthazwa kokusungula izinto ezintsha.
Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nokumbozwa kanye nokuvulwa
Yiziphi izinkomba eziyinhloko zokuhweba kwamanye amazwe? Ngaphezu kwe-CAE (Consumer Equilibrium Activity) kanye nesilinganiso sokumbozwa, ibhalansi yokuhweba, i-GDP, imigomo yokuhweba, kanye nokuhlukahluka kwemikhiqizo kanye nezindawo okuya kuzo kubalulekile. Ohlangothini lwezezimali, i-FDI (Foreign Direct Investment), isikweletu sangaphandle, kanye nezibambiso zigcwalisa isithombe.
Yini ngempela isilinganiso sokumbozwa esilinganiswa yisilinganiso? Silinganisa amandla okuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ukuze kuxhaswe ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe . Uma kudlula u-100%, kukhona okusele; ngaphansi kuka-100%, kushoda. Kuyinkomba eqondile yempilo yokuhweba esikhathini esifushane nesiphakathi.
I-trade equity (TE) kanye ne-trade balance (TB) kuhlobene kanjani? I-TE ilinganisa isisindo sokuhweba ku-GDP; i-TB, ibhalansi phakathi kokungeniswa kanye nokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe. Umnotho ungavuleka kakhulu kodwa ubhalise ukuntuleka kokuhweba uma ungenisa okungaphezu kwalokho okuthumela kwamanye amazwe, noma okuphambene nalokho.
Ukwanda komhlaba wonke, izivumelwano kanye nokuthembela kwangaphandle
Ukwanda kwezivumelwano zamazwe amabili kanye nezamazwe amaningi, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezinyunyana zomnotho, kuholele ekuhlanganisweni kwezinketho zenani zomhlaba wonke. Le nqubo ivame ukuphakamisa izindleko zemali, kanye nokuzuza kokusebenza kahle kodwa futhi nokuchayeka okukhulu ezinkingeni zangaphandle.
Lapho amazwe esayina izivumelwano ezinciphisa amanani entengo kanye nezithiyo ezingezona ezentela, izinkampani zithola ukufinyelela ezimakethe ezinkulu, zingenise izinto ezishibhile, futhi zandise isikali sazo . Lokhu kuvame ukuholela ekugelezeni okukhulu kokuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kanye nokungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, ngakho-ke izindleko eziphezulu zonyaka zemali (i-ACCC).
Kodwa-ke, ukuvuleleka okukhulu kudinga izinqubomgomo zokuqina : ukuthuthukisa abaphakeli abahlukile, ukuvikela amasheya abalulekile, kanye nokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha ukuze kuncishiswe ukuphazamiseka kwamazwe ngamazwe.
Indlela yokulinganisa kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu
Ukuqinisekisa ukuqhathaniswa, kungcono ukukala ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, kanye ne-GDP ngamanani amanje avela esikhathini esifanayo kanye nomthombo wezibalo. Ezifundweni zesikhathi eside, kungaba usizo ukwengeza lokhu ngochungechunge lwevolumu noma olunciphile ukuze kuhlukaniswe imiphumela yentengo.
Ekuhlaziyweni kwemikhakha, kuyalulekwa ukubala izinguqulo ze-CAE zamagatsha athile omsebenzi bese uzibhekisa ndawonye ngezinkomba ezifana ne-CE, i-CPI, kanye ne-IT . Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza imikhakha evezwe kakhulu ezicini zangaphandle kanye nokubekwa phambili kwezinqubomgomo zokukhiqiza kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe.
Uma kukhulunywa ngemiphumela, ukucacisa amayunithi (amaphesenti vs. ingxenye), imithombo, kanye nezikhathi kusiza ukugwema ukungaqondani. Ukufaka phakathi izikhawu zokuzethemba noma ukuhlaziywa kokuzwela kokushaqeka kwamanani (amandla, izimpahla) kunezela ukucaca ekuhlaziyweni.
Ukufundwa okubalulekile kanye nezicelo zokuqhathanisa
Izifundo nemibiko evela ezinhlanganweni zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe zishicilela njalo izibalo ngezilinganiso zokuhweba , ama-akhawunti kazwelonke, kanye nokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe. Ukubhekisela kule datha kuvumela ukuqhathanisa phakathi kwamazwe anobukhulu obufanayo, ukuhlonza ukuhlangana noma ukwehluka, kanye nokubona izinguquko zendlela.
Ekuhlolweni kokuncintisana, inhlanganisela ye-CAE ephezulu kanye ne-TC ephezulu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nokukhethekile okuphumelelayo kanye nebhasikidi lokuthumela ngaphandle elinenani elengeziwe. Lapho i-CAE iphezulu kodwa i-TC iphansi, ukugxila kungaba ekuthuthukiseni umkhiqizo, ukukhulisa, kanye nobuchwepheshe bokunikezwa kokuthumela ngaphandle.
Okokugcina, izindlela zezinkampani ezincane (zenkampani) kanye nezezwe elikhulu (zezwe) azizimele: izinqubomgomo ezisiza ukwenziwa kwebhizinisi kwamanye amazwe , ukuqeqeshwa kanye nobuchwepheshe zivame ukubonakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ezinkomba ezingcono zokuhlanganiswa.
Ukuqonda kahle isilinganiso sokuvuleka kwangaphandle kanye nesilinganiso sokumbozwa kuvumela incazelo ecacile yendawo yokuhweba: kwembula isisindo sokuhweba kwangaphandle njengephesenti le-GDP, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kuyaxhasa yini ukungeniswa kwamanye amazwe, futhi kukhomba izindawo zokulungiswa kokuncintisana. Ngokuchazwa okusekelwe kumongo—okusekelwa idatha, uchungechunge lwesikhathi, kanye nezilinganiso ezifana ne-EC, i-CPI, kanye ne-IT—kuba lula ukunquma ngezinqubomgomo namasu akhuthaza ukukhula okusimeme futhi anciphise ubuthakathaka bokuguquguquka komhlaba wonke.
