- Umphumela wokuminyana kwenzeka lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okuqondiswe kahle kuhambisana futhi kukhuthaze ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese, ikakhulukazi engqalasizinda kanye nasezandleni zabantu.
- Ukwakheka kokusetshenziswa kwemali, uhlobo lwezimali, ukuzinza kwezezimali, kanye nokwethembeka kwezikhungo kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi ukuminyana kwabantu kuyabusa yini kunokuminyana kwabantu.
- Ukuntuleka kwemali okulinganiselwe nokulawulwayo kungasekela izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo zokulwa nezinhlekelele, uma nje ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuqondiswe kumaphrojekthi anethonya elikhulu lokukhiqiza kanye nomphakathi.
- Inhlanganisela efanele yokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okunesu kanye nezikhuthazo emkhakheni ozimele kungadala umjikelezo omuhle wokukhula, ukuqashwa kanye nokukhiqiza okuthuthukisiwe.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela wokukhanga noma ukuminyana kungenye yalezo zindlela zomnotho Le mibono ivame ukukhulunywa ngayo lapho kuxoxwa ngokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, kodwa ayichazwa ngokuningiliziwe. Ngamafuphi, ibhekisela endleleni ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni okungakhuthaza ngayo, esikhundleni sokususa, ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese, okudala ukukhushulwa okwengeziwe emsebenzini wezomnotho, emisebenzini, nasekukhuleni kwesikhathi eside.
Lesi simo asiyona nje into ecatshangelwayo ethathwe encwadini yezomnotho omkhuluKunalokho, kuxoxiswane kakhulu ngakho ezimweni zenkinga, ukuhlanganiswa kwezimali, ukuntuleka kwezimali zengqalasizinda, noma izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa izindleko. Kuye ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi kuhlelwe futhi kuxhaswe kanjani, kungadala umphumela wangempela wokudonsela emkhakheni ozimele noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, kubangele umphumela ophambene, owaziwa ngokuthi ukuminyana, lapho ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kugcina khona ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese.
Iyini imiphumela yokukhanga noma ukuminyana ngaphakathi
Umphumela wokuminyana uchaza isimo lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni womphakathi Bakhiqiza ukwanda okuhambisanayo kokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese. Kunokuba bakuthathele indawo, bayakuqinisa futhi bakuphakamisele phezulu, ikakhulukazi uma lokho kusetshenziswa kwemali kunikezwa amaphrojekthi athuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye nezimo zokwenza ibhizinisi.
Umqondo oyinhloko ukuthi umbuso otshala imali ngokuhlakanipha Ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi engqalasizinda, emfundweni, kwezokuthutha, emandleni, emanzini, kanye nocwaningo kudala indawo ekhangayo nenenzuzo ukuze izinkampani zabelane ngemali kumaphrojekthi amasha. Ngale ndlela, ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kusebenza njengesikhuthazi, kunciphisa izindleko, kuvula izimakethe, futhi kuthuthukise amathuba enzuzo yesikhathi esizayo.
Ukuminyana kuvame ukuxoxwa njengomphumela wokwanda.Ngoba ukufakwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi akugcini nje ngokukhuthaza isidingo esihlanganisiwe esikhathini esifushane, kodwa futhi kwandisa amandla okukhiqiza omnotho. Uma izinkampani zibona ukuthi imigwaqo emisha, amachweba, amagridi kagesi, noma izinhlelo zemfundo kuzokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kanye nosayizi wemakethe, zikhuthazwa ukuthi zitshale imali eningi futhi isikhathi eside.
Ubudlelwano obuhle bubonwe ngokwesayensi emazweni amaningi phakathi kokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi nokwangasese: lapho okokuqala kukhuphuka kancane kancane futhi kuhloswe kahle, lokhu kwamuva kuvame ukukhula. Lokhu kusobala ochungechungeni lwesikhathi lapho ukwehluka kwamaphesenti ekusetshenzisweni kwemali komphakathi kwingqalasizinda kubonisa ukuhlobana okuhle nokuziphatha kokutshalwa kwezimali komkhakha ozimele.
Yingakho kugcizelelwa ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi, ikakhulukazi engqalasizinda ekhiqizayo.Akufanele inqunywe kakhulu ngezikhathi ezibucayi zomjikelezo wezomnotho. Esikhundleni sokuyinciphisa ngokungakhethi, ukwakheka kwayo kanye nekhwalithi yayo kufanele kuthuthukiswe, ngoba umthelela wayo ekukhuleni okungenzeka kanye nokuncintisana kungaba yinto ebalulekile endleleni yomnotho wezwe.
Imvelaphi yemfundiso yokuminyana kanye nombono wezimali zomphakathi
Omunye wababhali ababalulekile ocwaningweni lokuminyana kwabantu nguDavid Aschauer.Ochungechungeni lwemisebenzi yakhe kusukela maphakathi kuya ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1980, wagxila ekubalulekeni kwemali yomphakathi ekuchazeni ukuziphatha kokukhiqiza okuzimele kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali. Ucwaningo lwakhe lwaphawula ukuguquka ekuqondeni indima kahulumeni emnothweni.
U-Aschauer waqala kusukela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-public capital hypothesisNgokusho kwayo ingqalasizinda kanye nemishini ephethwe ngumkhakha womphakathi (imigwaqo, amachweba, amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha, izinhlelo zamanzi, izikhungo zamandla, izikhungo zemfundo, njll.) yakha ingxenye "yemali" esetshenziswa izinkampani ukukhiqiza, ngendlela efanayo nemishini noma izakhiwo zazo.
Ekuhlaziyeni kwakhe okusekelwe emibonweni, u-Aschauer uthole ubufakazi bemiphumela emibili ngesikhathi esisodwaNgakolunye uhlangothi, ukuminyana okungenzeka kube yinto eseduze kakhulu, ehlobene nendlela ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi okuxhaswa ngayo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuminyana ezindaweni ezikude, lapho ingqalasizinda yomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo ziqala ukuhumusha umkhiqizo okhuphukile kanye nezindleko eziphansi zomkhakha ozimele.
Umphumela wokuqala, oseduze nombono wendabuko we-neoclassicalIphikisana ngokuthi ukwanda kokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okuxhaswe yizikweletu kungakhuphula amazinga enzalo, okwenza isikweletu sibize kakhulu futhi kuvimbele ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-ejenti ezomnotho anganciphisa ukonga kwawo noma ashintshe okulindelwe, okuholela ekushintsheni kwesikhashana ekusetshenzisweni kwebhizinisi.
Umphumela wesibili, ukuminyana kwangempela, usekelwe emthonjeni omuhle ezinezinhlobo ezithile zokusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ekukhiqizweni kwemali yangasese. Uma utshalomali lukahulumeni lugxile kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “utshalomali oluyinhloko” (ucwaningo, ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha, amanethiwekhi okuxhumana, amaphrojekthi okutshalwa kwezimali (amandla, izinhlelo zamanzi, imfundo nokuqeqeshwa), iba yingxenye eqondile yokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese, kunokuba ibe yinto ethatha indawo yayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kuqondiswe kakhulu ezimpahleni zabathengi Ezintweni imindeni namabhizinisi asevele ezithengile zodwa, njengemikhiqizo ethile yokudla engabalulekile noma izinsizakalo zokunakekelwa kwempilo, kunengozi yokuthi lokhu kuthenga kuzothatha indawo yezindleko ezikhona zangasese. Kulezi zimo, amathuba okuminyana kwabantu aphansi kakhulu futhi angase aholele ngisho nasemiphumeleni yokuminyana kwabantu.
Indlela ukuminyana okusebenzayo ngayo emsebenzini
Umqondo wokungena usekelwe kusethi yezikhuthazo nezimpawu lokho umkhakha womphakathi okuthumela emkhakheni ozimele. Inhloso eyisisekelo ukudala ukuzethemba kanye nesisusa sezinkampani zokufaka imali engozini kumaphrojekthi amasha, zandise kwezinye izimakethe, futhi zidale imisebenzi, zithembele esisekelweni esiqinile sengqalasizinda kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi.
Kodwa-ke, indlela yokusebenza ayizenzakaleli njengoba kusho inkolelo-mbono.Kukhona ukugxekwa okunengqondo okubonisa ukuthi lapho utshalomali lomphakathi luxhaswa ngokweqile ngemali mboleko, lungabeka ingcindezi ephezulu emazingeni enzalo futhi lubambe ezinye zezimali ezilondoloziwe ezimakethe zezimali. Kuleso simo, noma ngabe kwakhiwa ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, izindleko zezimali zamabhizinisi zingenza utshalomali olusha lungakhangi kangako.
Umphumela wokudonsela phansi uba namandla kakhulu uma ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi kuqondiswe kahle Lokhu kuhlanganiswe nezinqubomgomo zezimali nezokulawula ezenza kube lula ukusebenza komkhakha ozimele. Sikhuluma ngemithetho eqinile yomdlalo, izivumelwano zomphakathi nezangasese ezisobala kanye nokubambisana, izinqubo zokuphatha ezihlelekile, kanye nendawo yezikhungo enciphisa ukungaqiniseki kanye nezithiyo zehhovisi likahulumeni.
Ukwethenjwa kukahulumeni kwezepolitiki nakwezomnotho kuyisici esibalulekile. kulo lonke le nqubo. Uma izinkampani zibona ukuthi izinhlelo zomphakathi zihambisana, zizinzile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi zihlose ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana, cishe zizokwazi ukuhumusha ukutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni njengethuba lokujoyina "umbuthano omuhle" wokukhula okuhlangene phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi neyangasese.
Ezingeni lezomnotho ezincane, zonke izinqumo zokutshala imali, kungaba ezomphakathi noma ezizimeleKuhlaziywa ngokusekelwe ezintweni ezintathu eziyisisekelo: imali engenayo elindelekile, izindleko ezihambisanayo, kanye nokulindela kwesikhathi esizayo. Ukuminyana kwenzeka lapho ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi kusiza ukuthuthukisa eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yalezi zilinganiso zenkampani: kunciphisa izindleko zezokuthutha, kuvula ukufinyelela kumakhasimende amasha, kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yabasebenzi, noma kunciphisa izikhathi zokukhiqiza.
Izinto ezikhuthaza ukuvela kokuminyana
Ukuze umphumela wokukhanga ubonakale ngokucacile nangokungaguquguqukiAkwanele ukuthi uHulumeni asebenzise imali eningi: okubalulekile, ukuthi kuxhaswa kanjani ngezimali, nokuthi yiluphi uhlaka lwezikhungo oluhambisana naleyo nqubo kubalulekile. Ezinye izici zibaluleke kakhulu.
Okokuqala, ukwakheka kokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kubalulekileUkuminyana kwabantu kungenzeka kakhulu uma imizamo yomphakathi igxile engqalasizinda eyisisekelo kanye nezimali zabantu: imigwaqo, izitimela, amachweba, amanethiwekhi edijithali, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi namandla, izikhungo zocwaningo, amanyuvesi kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo ezihlose ukuthuthukisa iziqu zabantu.
Okwesibili, ukuzinza komnotho omkhulu kanye nokuvinjelwa kwezimali Zidlala indima ebalulekile. Indawo yokuhlanganiswa kwezimali kancane kancane, kanye nokuntuleka kwemali okulawulwayo kanye nesikweletu somphakathi esiqhubekayo, kusiza ukugcina amazinga enzalo aphansi, okunciphisa izindleko zezimali zezinkampani futhi kukhuthaze ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele okuhambisanayo.
Okwesithathu, ukuba khona kwezikhuthazo zentela eziklanywe kahle Lokhu kungaqinisa umphumela wokudonsa. Izinciphiso ezixhumene nokutshalwa kwezimali okukhiqizayo, izinsiza zokudala amabhizinisi, amabhonasi amaphrojekthi e-R&D&I, kanye nezinhlaka ezizinzile zokubambisana komphakathi nezizimele zisebenza njengezindlela ezengeziwe zokuhlanganisa imali ezizimele emikhakheni ebaluleke kakhulu.
Esinye isici esiyisisekelo ukwethembana ezikhungweni.Ngaphandle kokuqiniseka ngokomthetho, ukubikezela komthetho, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali okusebenzayo ngokufanele, imboni ezimele izothambekela ekuqapheleni, noma ngabe amaphrojekthi omphakathi abonakala enezifiso ezinkulu. Umbono wobushiqela bezepolitiki noma ukuqamba amanga kuphazamisa amathuba amaningi okungena.
Okokugcina, ukuxhumanisa phakathi kwamazinga ahlukene okuphatha (ephakathi, yesifunda, kanye neyendawo) kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kuqondiswa ngokuhambisanayo emigomweni yamasu ahlanganyelwe. Lapho izinga ngalinye lisebenza ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokuxhumana, izingozi zokuphindaphindwa, ukuchitha, noma amaphrojekthi anenzuzo encane emkhakheni okhiqizayo ziyanda.
Izinhloso kanye nenhloso yezomnotho yokuminyana
Inhloso yokukhuthaza ukuminyana kwabantu idlulela ngalé nje komdlalo wokubala imali phakathi kokusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese. Inhloso eyisisekelo ukudala imodeli yokukhula lapho uHulumeni ekhuthaza khona izisekelo zentuthuko ezihlelekile kanye nomkhakha wangasese usebenzisa leso sakhiwo ukwandisa, ukusungula izinto ezintsha, nokudala amathuba emisebenzi azinzile.
Phakathi kwemigomo eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni eziyisisekelo njengokudla, izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezisezingeni eliphezulu, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye nemfundo, ngenkathi kuthuthukiswa isakhiwo esikhiqizayo esihlukahlukene nesiqinile. Inselele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kwezenhlalo nakwezomnotho akuthathi indawo yesinyathelo sangasese, kodwa kunalokho kuyahambisana futhi kuyasiqinisa.
Yingakho ukuminyana kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "umphumela wokukhanga"., ngomqondo wokuthi uMbuso uzama "ukuzuza" imali yangasese emikhakheni ebhekwa njengeyamasu entuthuko esimeme: ingqalasizinda ebalulekile, amandla ahlanzekile, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezobuchwepheshe, umnotho wolwazi noma amaphrojekthi okuhlanganisa indawo.
Uma lo mphumela usufeziwe, umjikelezo omuhle ungaqaliswa. Kulesi simo, ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okuqondiswe kahle kuthuthukisa umkhiqizo kanye namathuba ebhizinisi, okukhuthaza izinkampani eziningi ukuthi zitshale imali. Leli gagasi elisha lamaphrojekthi azimele landisa isisekelo sentela kanye nomsebenzi wezomnotho, okwenza kube lula ngohulumeni ukugcina ngisho nokwandisa imizamo yakhe yokutshalwa kwezimali ngaphandle kokwenza ukungalingani kwezezimali okungazinzile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuminyana kwabantu kunesici esibalulekile emphakathini: ukuheha imali yangasese kumaphrojekthi anomthelela omkhulu emisebenzini, ukubumbana kwezindawo kanye nokunciphisa izikhala (isibonelo, ukuvala igebe lengqalasizinda ezifundeni ezingakathuthuki) kunegalelo entuthukweni elinganiselayo, kunciphisa ukungalingani kanye nokwenza kube lula amathuba ezingxenyeni eziningi zomphakathi.
Kunini lapho ukuminyana kwenzeka khona futhi kunganqunywa kanjani?
Ukuminyana kuvame ukubonwa lapho utshalomali lomphakathi lukhula Futhi, ngenxa yalokho, utshalomali oluzimele luyakhula, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni lapho kokubili kusobala ukuthi kuyahambisana. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka kumaphrojekthi engqalasizinda yezokuthutha, amanethiwekhi ezokuthutha, izikhungo zamandla, noma izinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ubuchwepheshe.
Esimweni somnotho wemakethe, isimo esifanelekile Lena yindawo lapho izinqubomgomo zokutshalwa kwezimali zomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zokukhuthaza intela zigcina izinga lokuqhubeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ngezilinganiso zenzalo eziphansi futhi ezingabikezelwa. Le ndawo yokuzinza kanye nenzuzo efanelekile ikhuthaza amabhizinisi ukuthi azibophezele ekutshaleni imali yesikhathi esiphakathi neside.
Noma kunjalo, kunezici eziningana ezingakhawulela noma zivimbele umphumela wokukhangaEsinye sezikweleti eziyinhloko yisikweletu somphakathi esiningi nesiqhubekayo, esiphakamisa ukungabaza ngokusimama kwezezimali futhi sibeka ingcindezi ephezulu emazingeni enzalo, kokubili esikweletini sombuso kanye nesikweletu sangasese.
Uma isikweletu sikhulu kakhulu futhi siba yisakhiwoIzimakethe zezimali zingase zifune inzuzo ephezulu ukuze kuxhaswe uhulumeni, okwandisa izindleko zemali emnothweni wonkana. Kulesi simo, abatshalizimali abaningi abazimele bakhetha ukwabela izimali zabo ekutholeni izikweletu zikahulumeni ngamanani amahle, kunokuba bazifake engozini kumaphrojekthi akhiqizayo angaqinisekile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma ukwenyuka kwemali kahulumeni kuhambisana nokwenyuka kwentela okukhuluAmandla okusebenzisa nokutshalwa kwezimali emkhakheni ozimele ayancishiswa. Ukwanda kwengcindezi yentela kunciphisa imali engenayo yemindeni namabhizinisi, kunciphisa ezinye zezikhuthazo ezazihloselwe ukukhiqiza ukusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathi ngokwesidingo.
Ukuminyana phakathi kwabantu uma kuqhathaniswa nokuminyana ngaphandle: umehluko obalulekile
Kulimi lwezomnotho, ukuminyana ngaphakathi kanye nokuminyana ngaphandle kusetshenziswa ukuchaza Le miphumela emibili ephikisanayo ihlobene nomthelela wokusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi ekutshalweni kwezimali kwangasese. Ukuqonda kahle umehluko wabo kubalulekile ekwakheni izinqubomgomo zezimali kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali ezisebenza kahle ngempela.
Ukuminyana kubhekisela esimweni lapho ukwanda kwezindleko zomphakathi Lokhu kugcina kususa noma kuxoshe ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele. Lokhu kungenzeka ngoba uhulumeni uthatha ingxenye enkulu yokonga okutholakalayo, ngoba ukhuphula amazinga enzalo ngokweqile, noma ngoba uxhasa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwakhe okwenyukile ngentela ephezulu enciphisa imali engenayo yamabhizinisi nemindeni.
Kulokhu, izinsiza ebezizosetshenziswa kumaphrojekthi azimele Lezi zimali zifakwa ezikweletini zomphakathi noma kwezinye izinsimbi zezimali zikahulumeni, esikhathini esifushane, ezinganikeza imbuyiselo ekhangayo kakhulu ngengozi encane. Yilokhu okwenzekayo, isibonelo, lapho amabhondi noma amabhili e-Treasury ekhishwa ngenzalo ephezulu, ebamba ingxenye enkulu yemali etholakalayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuminyana kwenzeka lapho utshalomali lomphakathi lungasusi indawoKunalokho, kuhambisana futhi kukhuthaze ukutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese. Isici esiphawulekayo ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kuqondiswe ezindaweni ezithuthukisa ngokusobala indawo lapho amabhizinisi asebenza khona, okuqinisa ingqalasizinda yezwe, ukuxhumana, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye namandla okusungula izinto ezintsha.
Ekuminyaniseni, izikweletu zomphakathi zivame ukuphambukisa imali egciniwe yangasese Ukushintshela ekuxhasweni ngezimali emkhakheni kahulumeni kushiya izinsiza ezimbalwa zamabhizinisi ukuthuthukisa amaphrojekthi akhiqizayo. Imali mboleko iyabiza kakhulu, izakhiwo zezindleko ziyacindezeleka, futhi amaphrojekthi amaningi awananzuzo noma awacatshangwa nhlobo.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ekuminyaneni kwabantu, izikweletu zomphakathi aziyona into ebaluleke kakhulu.kodwa kunalokho ikhwalithi kanye nesiqondiso sokutshalwa kwezimali kukahulumeni. Uma lokhu kutshalwa kwezimali kugxile kumaphrojekthi amaqhinga aqinisa ingqalasizinda ekhona futhi athuthukise umkhiqizo womkhakha ozimele, amabhizinisi abona ukwanda okucacile kwamathuba ebhizinisi futhi aphendule ngokutshalwa kwezimali okwengeziwe.
Kuhle ukugcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yomibili ingahlala ndawonye ngokuhamba kwesikhathiEsikhathini esifushane, ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwemali okuxhaswe ngezikweletu kungadala izingcindezi zokuminyana (izinga lenzalo eliphakeme, ukumuncwa kokonga), kanti esikhathini eside, ingqalasizinda kanye nentuthuko ehlobene nalokho kusetshenziswa kwemali kungabangela ukuminyana okukhulu ngokwandisa umkhiqizo kanye nosayizi wemakethe.
Isihluthulelo ukuthola ibhalansi efanelekile.Ukuntuleka kwemali okulinganiselwe nokulawulekayo, ukuxhaswa ngezimali okusimeme, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi okubeka phambili amaphrojekthi anenani eliphezulu lokukhiqiza kanye nelomphakathi kubalulekile. Uma izindleko zamathuba e-euro ngayinye etshaliwe zinganakwa futhi izinsiza zichithwa ezinhlelweni ezinembuyiselo ephansi yezomnotho noma yezenhlalo, ingozi yokuminyana iyanda kakhulu.
Indima yokuntuleka kwemali yomphakathi, isikweletu, kanye nenqubomgomo yamaKeynesian
Impikiswano mayelana nokuminyana kwabantu kanye nokuminyana kwabantu isiphinde yavuka. ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zenkinga enkulu yezomnotho, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwemisebenzi kanye nokucindezeleka kwezezimali zomphakathi. Kulezi zimo, imibono yamaKeynesian mayelana nokusebenzisa ukuntuleka kwemali kanye nezikweletu ukukhuthaza isidingo esihlanganisiwe ibuyela phambili engxoxweni.
Ngokombono wakudala waseKeynesian, lapho isidingo sangasese siwa Futhi uma ukutshalwa kwezimali kwebhizinisi kunqamuka ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemali noma ukulindela okungekuhle kakhulu, uHulumeni angakwazi futhi kufanele asebenze njengenjini yomnotho, andise ukusetshenziswa kwemali kwawo ngisho noma kungadala ukuntuleka kwemali, ngenhloso yokusekela imisebenzi nokugwema ukuwohloka okukhulu komnotho.
Ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwezikweletu kungaba nemiphumela emihle ekufuneni okuphelele Uma kusho ngempela ukwanda okugcwele kokusetshenziswa kwemali okuhlanganisiwe futhi akuncishiswa ukwenyuka kwentela okukhulu noma okunye ukunciphisa ngasikhathi sinye. Nokho, empeleni, izinqubomgomo eziningi zokulwa nezinhlekelele zihlanganise ukusetshenziswa kwemali okwengeziwe nokwenyuka komthwalo wentela, okunciphisa noma ngisho nokunciphisa ukukhushulwa okulindelekile emnothweni wangempela.
Ezimweni ze ukulahleka komphakathi okweqile nokuphindaphindekayoInkinga iba nzima nakakhulu. Ukukhula kwezikweletu kanye nesidingo esiqhubekayo sokuzixhasa kabusha kungalimaza uhlelo lwezezimali futhi, ngokwengeziwe, umnotho wonke, okudala ukungathembani, ukwanda kweprimiyamu yengozi, kanye nendawo enonya yokutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele okuphumelelayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushoda okulinganiselwe nokulawulekayo kungaba ithuluzi elifanele ukusekela izinyathelo zokulwa nezinhlekelele eziqondiswe kahle, uma nje isimo sokulungisa izimali sihlala sicacile nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwemali kuqondiswe kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezimali okunamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza kanye nokuthuthukisa inhlalakahle ehlangene.
Kulesi simo, isimo sokuminyana siqondwa njengokulinganisela okubucayi phakathi komphumela wokuminyana kanye nomphumela wokuminyana. Okokuqala kuncike emandleni okusebenzisa imali yomphakathi ukukhuthaza umsebenzi wezomnotho kanye nokukhiqiza; okwesibili, ukuthi leyo mali ixhaswa kanjani ngezimali, izinga lentela elidingekayo, kanye nomthelela ekongeni okutholakalayo kokutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele.
Lapho okubaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki kugxile kuphela ekwandiseni imali engenayo Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nokuntuleka kwemali ngaphandle kokubuyekezwa okujulile kwendawo okuzosetshenziswa kuyo imali, kunengozi yokunciphisa isidingo sangasese, okuzothinta kabi ukusetshenziswa kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali, futhi kwandise isigaba sokuma, ngisho noma uHulumeni eqhubeka nokwabela izinsiza kwezinye izimali ezitshalwa ngokungahleliwe.
Izibonelo nobufakazi bokuminyana kwezimali zomphakathi
Izifundo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile kubonisa ukuthi kanjani, ngaphansi kwezimo ezithileUkutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kusobala ukuthi kube yisisusa sokutshalwa kwezimali kwangasese, ikakhulukazi lapho kwakukhona khona izikhala ezinkulu zengqalasizinda noma izidingo eziphuthumayo zokuthuthukiswa kwesimanje.
Ezomnotho ezinezinkinga ezinkulu kwezokuthutha kanye nokuxhumanaUkwakhiwa kwemigwaqo emisha, imigwaqo emikhulu, izitimela noma imigwaqo yezokuthutha kuholele ekwandeni okulandelayo kwemisebenzi yangasese: kusukela ezikhungweni zokusabalalisa kanye namapulatifomu ezokuthutha kuya kumaphrojekthi ezimboni kanye nezinsizakalo asebenzisa ithuba lokuxhumana okusha.
Kwenzeka okufanayo uma kukhona ukutshalwa kwezimali okuhlelekile emfundweni nasekuqeqeshweni.Ngokuthuthukisa iziqu zezisebenzi, izinkampani zithola kulula ukufinyelela abasebenzi abanamakhono obuchwepheshe abawadingayo, okunciphisa izindleko zokukhetha nokuqeqesha futhi kukhuthaze ukusungulwa kwezitshalo ezintsha, izikhungo ze-R&D noma imisebenzi enenani eliphezulu.
Uma kwenzeka ukutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi okuhloswe ngakho ukuvala izikhala zengqalasizinda Kwamanye amazwe, ukuhlaziywa okubonakalayo kubonisa ukuthi lo mzamo usize ekukhuliseni umnotho kanye nokuhweba ngokuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda yezokuthutha kanye nokuxhumana exhumanisa izifunda nezimakethe ezazingafinyeleleki ngaphambili. Ezimweni eziningi, kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi, eminyakeni embalwa edlule, ukusebenza kahle kokutshalwa kwezimali komphakathi kuthuthukile, okuholele emazingeni aphezulu okuminyana.
Lokhu akusho ukuthi noma yikuphi ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi kuzodala umjikelezo omuhle ngokuzenzakalelayo.Okuhlangenwe nakho kukhombisa nokuthi amaphrojekthi akhethwe kabi, anezindleko ezidlulayo, inkohlakalo, noma umthelela omncane ekukhiqizeni, awagcini nje ngokwehluleka ukukhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali okuzimele, kodwa futhi agcina ehlise ukwethenjwa ezikhungweni futhi avuse ukungabaza ngendima yoMbuso njengomtshalizimali.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ukuphathwa kokusetshenziswa kwemali kuba ngokobungcwetiNgokuhlola ngokucophelela izindleko zamathuba ephrojekthi ngayinye nokubeka phambili izinhlelo ezinenzuzo enkulu kakhulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo, amandla okuheha imali yangasese anda kakhulu, okwandisa umphumela wokuheha ofunwa ohulumeni abaningi, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokululama.
Ekugcineni, ukuminyana akulona iqhinga lomlingo noma isiqinisekiso esizenzakalelayo sempumeleloKunalokho, kuwumphumela wokuhlanganiswa kwezinqumo ezinengqondo: ukuthi yini etshalwa kuyo imali, ukuthi ixhaswa kanjani ngezimali, yiziphi izikhungo eziyiqondisayo, kanye nezinga lokuthembana elikukhiqizayo emkhakheni ozimele. Uma zonke lezi zingcezu zihambisana kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi kuyayeka ukubhekwa njengomncintiswano wezimali ezizimele futhi kuba umngane wawo omkhulu.
Uma ukusetshenziswa kwemali kukahulumeni kubhekwa njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizoNgokuvala izikhala zengqalasizinda, ukuqinisa amandla abantu, kanye nokunikeza ukuzinza komnotho omkhulu, umphumela wokukhanga noma ukuminyana kwabantu uthola ukuvelela, futhi umnotho ungathembela ohlakeni oluqinile lokutshalwa kwezimali okuhambisanayo phakathi kwemikhakha yomphakathi neyangasese.