- Izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi zifingqa idatha ngokubonisa inani layo elijwayelekile.
- Izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokulinganisa izibalo eziphakathi, eziphakathi, kanye nemodi.
- Ukukhetha isilinganiso esifanele kuncike ezicini zedatha.
- Zibalulekile ezinqumweni eziqhutshwa idatha ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Empilweni yethu yansuku zonke, sivame ukwenza izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha: ukuthi sichitha malini ngenyanga, amamaki ajwayelekile ezingane zethu, noma umholo ojwayelekile enkampanini. Kodwa ukuhumusha kahle lolu lwazi kudinga ukuhlela kanye namathuluzi ezibalo. Yilapho ukuhlaziywa kwezibalo kungena khona. izinyathelo zokuthambekela okuphakathi, isethi yemingcele esisiza siqonde inani elimele kakhulu yesethi yedatha.
Kulesi sihloko, sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi ngalezi zibalo: ukuthi ziyini, zibalwa kanjani, izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi kwazo, ukuthi kungcono nini ukusebenzisa enye noma enye, kanye nezibonelo ezithile ezisebenzayo. Lonke ulwazi lusekelwe emithonjeni yemfundo nekhethekile, ehlelwe ngendlela ecacile nehehayo ukuze ukwazi ukuyiqonda ngaphandle kobunzima.
Yiziphi izindlela zokulinganisa ukuthambekela okuphakathi?
I-Las izinyathelo zokuthambekela okuphakathi, futhi izingcingo izinyathelo zokuhlanganisa noma isikhundla esiphakathiLawa amanani ezinombolo afingqa isethi yedatha ngokubonisa ukuthi amanani avame ukugxila kuphi. Ngamanye amazwi, asitshela ukuthi yiliphi inani "elijwayelekile" noma eliphakathi ochungechungeni lokubuka.
Lezi zinyathelo ziwusizo kakhulu ekuhlaziyeni idatha yezibalo ngoba zivumela ukuqonda ukuthi i-variable iziphatha kanjani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona ukulingana kwamanani, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kukhona ukweqisa okuthinta imiphumela, noma ukuthi iyiphi into evame kakhulu.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuthambekela okuphakathi zintathu:
- Incazelo yezibalo
- Ephakathi
- imfashini
Ngayinye yalezi zindlela inezici zayo, izimo zokusetshenziswa ezifanele, kanye nemikhawulo. Sizohlola ngayinye yazo ngokuningiliziwe kamuva.
Incazelo yezibalo
La isilinganiso se-arithmetic Cishe kuyindlela yokulinganisa eyaziwa kakhulu nesetshenziswa kakhulu yokuthambekela okuphakathi. Ibalwa ngokungeza wonke amanani kusethi yedatha bese ihlukaniswa ngenani eliphelele lamaphuzu edatha.
Isibonelo, uma amamaki abafundi abahlanu esivivinyweni angu-6.0, 5.4, 3.1, 7.0 kanye no-6.1, isilinganiso sizoba:
- Ukwengeza: 6.0 + 5.4 + 3.1 + 7.0 + 6.1 = 27.6
- Inani lamaphuzu edatha: 5
- Isilinganiso = 27.6 / 5 = 5.52
Leli nani le 5.52 Imelela iphuzu lokulingana ledatha. Yaziwa nangokuthi isilinganiso o inani eliphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwesilinganiso esilula, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ezifana nalezi:
- Isilinganiso esilinganiselwe: lapho inani ngalinye linikezwa isisindo noma ukubaluleka okuhlukile.
- Isilinganiso sesampula: uma isilinganiso sibalwa kusampula hhayi kubantu bonke.
Isilinganiso singandiswa futhi kudatha eqoqwe ngezikhawu. Kulezi zimo, kusetshenziswa amamaki ekilasi kanye nama-frequencies aphelele ekubaleni.
Izakhiwo zesilinganiso sezibalo
- Sebenzisa yonke idathaokwenza kube wusizo kakhulu.
- Kuphela kusethi ngayinye yedatha.
- Kulungele ukusatshalaliswa okufanayo.
- Iwusizo ngokwezibalo, ikuvumela ukuthi wenze izibalo ze-algebra.
Imikhawulo yesilinganiso
- Izwela kumanani aphakeme kakhulu: umuntu ongaphandle angawuhlanekezela kakhulu umphumela.
- Akusizi kangako ukusatshalaliswa okungafani noma ngezindinganiso eziphakeme kakhulu.
- Kudatha eqhubekayo noma eqoqwe ngamaqembu kungaba cishe futhi kuncike ebubanzini bezikhawu.
Ephakathi
La umlamuleli inani lelo ithatha isikhundla esiphakathi Uma idatha ihlelwe kusukela kwencane kuya kwenkulu, hlukanisa idatha ebekwe ibe izingxenye ezimbili ezilinganayo: ingxenye enamanani aphansi kanye nengxenye enenani eliphakeme.
Isibonelo esinenombolo engajwayelekile yamaphuzu edatha:
Idatha: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3
I-median iyinani lesine, okungukuthi 2.
Isibonelo esinenani elilinganayo lamaphuzu edatha:
Idatha: 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4
Isilinganiso sizoba isilinganiso samanani amabili aphakathi, u-2 no-2.5 = 2
Uma idatha iqoqwe ngezigaba, isikhawu esimaphakathi kusetshenziswa amaza aqongelelekayo, futhi ahlanganisiwe ukuze kutholakale inani elinembile kakhudlwana.
Izinzuzo ze-median
- Akuthinteki yizindinganiso eziqine kakhulu., okwenza kube yisilinganiso esiqine kakhudlwana.
- Imelela kangcono imiphakathi ehlukahlukene, njengemiholo ezinkampanini ezinokungalingani okukhulu.
- Ungayibala ngedatha eqoqwe ngamaqoqongisho nangezikhathi ezivulekile.
Izinkinga ze-median
- Akusizi kakhulu ekubalweni kwe-algebra.
- Kuya nge-odaKudinga ukuhlela yonke idatha.
- Emaqenjini, inani layo lincike ku- usayizi kanye nenani lezikhawu.
imfashini
La moda inani elivame kakhulu kusethi yedatha, okungukuthi, lelo kaningi kuyaphindwaAyinayo ifomula ethile: umane ubheke inani elivame kakhulu.
Isibonelo:
Idatha: 5, 7, 4, 6, 9, 5, 6, 1, 5, 3, 7
Imfashini 5, njengoba livela kathathu.
Ukusatshalaliswa kungaba nalokhu:
- Imfashini eyodwa: i-unimodal
- Amathrendi amabili: i-bimodal
- Izitayela ezingaphezu kwezimbili: i-multimodal
- Imfashini: lapho wonke amanani enobuningi obufanayo
Ngedatha eqoqwe ngamaqoqo, ibalwa ngokuhlonza isikhawu se-modal, futhi kusetshenziswa ifomula yokuhlanganisa ecabangela imvamisa yezigaba ze-modal, ezandulele nezilandelayo, kanye nobubanzi besikhawu.
Izinzuzo zemfashini
- Kulula ukubalaikakhulukazi ngemininingwane yomuntu ngamunye.
- Ingasetshenziswa ngezinguquko zekhwalithi.
- Ilungele i chaza izici ezijwayelekile (isibonelo, umbala wemoto othengiswa kakhulu).
Izinkinga zemfashini
- Akuhlali kukhona.
- Isebenzisa ulwazi olungaphelele: ibheka kuphela inani eliphindaphindwa kakhulu, inganaki okunye.
- Akusizi kakhulu ekusabalaleni okufanayo.
- Kuncike kakhulu endleleni esiqoqa ngayo idatha uma ziphakathi kwezikhawu.
Kunini lapho kufanele kusetshenziswe khona isilinganiso ngasinye?
Ukukhetha isilinganiso esifanele kuncike ezicini zedatha:
- Media: ilungele idatha yokulinganisa, elinganayo ngaphandle kwamanani aqine kakhulu.
- Ephakathi: iwusizo uma kukhona okungaphandle noma ukusatshalaliswa okugobile.
- imfashini: kukhethwa eziguquguquki zekhwalithi noma ukuhlonza amanani athandwa kakhulu.
Ngezinye izikhathi, kungaba mnandi sebenzisa izindlela eziningana ndawonye ukuze uthole ukuqonda okungcono kokusatshalaliswa kwedatha. Isibonelo, uma kuqhathaniswa amaholo, isilinganiso singase sibe phezulu ngenxa yemiholo embalwa ephezulu, kuyilapho isilinganiso singanikeza umbono ongokoqobo wesisebenzi "esijwayelekile".
Ngoba zibalulekile?
Izilinganiso zokuthambekela okuphakathi zinezinzuzo ezisebenzayo ezimweni eziningi:
- imfundo: bala ibanga elimaphakathi leqembu labafundi.
- Umnotho: ukuhlaziya isilinganiso semali engenayo yabantu.
- Imithi: funda umfutho wegazi ojwayelekile weziguli.
- Isayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu: phenya izimpendulo ezivame kakhulu ocwaningweni.
Zikuvumela futhi ukuthi uqhathanise amasethi edatha ahlukene, uhlole izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, noma umise amazinga ekhwalithi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, zivame ukuhlanganiswa ne izinyathelo zokuhlakazeka njengokuhlukahluka, ukuphambuka okujwayelekile noma i-coefficient yokuguquguquka ukuthola umbono ophelele: akubalulekile nje kuphela ukuthi idatha emaphakathi ibalulekile, kodwa futhi nokuthi amanye amanani asatshalaliswa kanjani.
Nakuba zingase zibonakale njengemiqondo eyisisekelo, ukuqonda ukuthi zibalwa kanjani nokuthi zisetshenziswa nini ngayinye kungenza umehluko omkhulu lapho kwenziwa izinqumo ezisekelwe kudatha.
I-Las izinyathelo zokuthambekela okuphakathi Banikeza indlela ephumelelayo yokwenza fingqa ulwazi lwezibalo Ukusebenzisa inani elilodwa, amabili, noma amaningana amele, ukukhetha ngokufanele phakathi kwesilinganiso, i-median, noma imodi—kuye ngohlobo lwedatha kanye nenhloso yokuhlaziya—kuyisihluthulelo sokuhumusha ngokunembile iqiniso. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukufunda ukuziphatha kweqembu, ukuqhathanisa imiphumela, noma ukuqonda kangcono umhlaba osizungezile, la mathuluzi ezibalo ahlala ebalulekile kunoma yikuphi ukuhlaziywa kwedatha okuqinile.
