- Imali engenayo engaphansi ilinganisa ukuthi ingakanani imali engenayo ekhuphukayo uma kuthengiswa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe, futhi emncintiswaneni ophelele, ilingana nentengo.
- Isimo senzuzo esiphezulu sidinga i-MR = MC, kanye ne-MR = P + Q·dP/dQ kanye, ekufuneni okuqondile, i-MR = a − 2bQ.
- Indlela yokunwebeka: IM = P·(1 − 1/|Ep|); inhle kakhulu ezigabeni zokunwebeka, ingu-zero ku-|Ep|=1 futhi imbi kakhulu ezigabeni zokunwebeka.
Uma izinkampani zicabanga ukuthi zikhiqiza malini nokuthi zithengisa ngaliphi intengo, umqondo owodwa ubaluleke kakhulu: imali engenayo engaphansi. Kalula nje, ukwanda kwemali engenayo etholakala ngokuthengisa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe. Kuyikhampasi eyisisekelo yokunquma izinga eliphezulu lokukhiqiza futhi, kanye nezindleko ezincane, kuphawula iphuzu lapho inzuzo ifinyelela khona esicongweni sayo.
Ngolimi lwezomnotho, imali engenayo engaphansi ixhumanisa intengo, inani elithengisiwe, kanye nempendulo yabathengi ezinguqukweni zaleyo ntengo. Uma uqonda ukuthi imali engenayo ishintsha kanjani uma uthengisa enye iyunithiKuchaza nokuthi kungani ngezinye izikhathi kungcono ukukhiqiza okwengeziwe nokuthi kungani, ngezinye izikhathi, kudingeka ukubopha amabhuleki.
Iyini imali engenayo engaphansi futhi ibalwa kanjani?
Imali engenayo engaphansi (MR) ushintsho lwemali engenayo iyonke (TR) olutholakala ngokuthengisa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe yomkhiqizo. Ngamagama ahlukene, IM = ΔIT/ΔQOkusho ukuthi, ukwanda kwemali engenayo iyonke kuhlukaniswe ngokwanda kwenani elithengisiwe.
Ngokwemibandela eqhubekayo, uma siphatha amanani njengezinto eziguquguqukayo ezibushelelezi, imali engenayo engaphansi iwumphumela wemali engenayo iyonke maqondana nobuningi: IM = d(IT)/dQNjengoba imali engenayo iyonke ingu-TR = P(Q) · Q, lapho i-P(Q) kuyintengo encike enanini, sithola ukuthi imali engenayo engaphansi ifaka imiphumela emibili: intengo othengisa ngayo leyo yunithi eyengeziwe kanye nendlela intengo eshintsha ngayo uma uthengisa kakhulu.
Sisebenzisa umthetho womkhiqizo, sithola: IM = dP/dQ · Q + PIthemu yesibili (P) yimali engenayo evela kuyunithi eyengeziwe ethengisiwe; eyokuqala, i-dP/dQ · Q, ibamba ukulahlekelwa kwemali engenayo ngenxa yokwehlisa intengo yawo wonke amayunithi lapho intengo yehla njengoba kuthengiswa okuningi (into ejwayelekile ngaphandle kokuncintisana okuphelele).
Emakethe encintisana ngokuphelele, umkhiqizi ubheka intengo, ngakho-ke i-dP/dQ = 0 kanye ne-IM = PNgaphandle kokuncintisana okuphelele, isibonelo kumuntu oyedwa noma ezimakethe ezinamandla emakethe, i-dP/dQ < 0 ngakho-ke, imali engenayo engaphansi ingaphansi kwentengo.
Inzuzo, izindleko ezingaphansi, kanye nesimo sokulingana MR = MC
Inzuzo yenkampani ingavezwa ngokuthi B = P(Q) · Q − C(Q)lapho u-C(Q) kuyizindleko eziphelele njengomsebenzi wobuningi. Ukukhulisa inzuzo kuhlanganisa ukuthola inani u-Q elikhulisa lo mehluko.
Isimo esidingekayo se-maximum sitholakala ngokuhlukanisa inzuzo maqondana ne-Q bese ucela ukuthi i-derivative ibe yi-zero: dB/dQ = d(P·Q)/dQ − dC(Q)/dQ = IM − CM = 0Lokhu kuholela esimweni esivamile sokulingana kwangaphakathi: IM = CM.
Umthetho wesinqumo uyaqondakala: uma IM > CMUkukhiqiza iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe kwengeza imali engenayo eningi kunezindleko, futhi kuyazuzisa ukwandisa umkhiqizo; uma IM < CMLeyo yunithi eyengeziwe yengeza izindleko eziningi kunemali engenayo, futhi kufanele kuncishiswe izindleko. Lapho IM = CMInkampani ayisenaso isisusa sokwandisa noma ukunciphisa umkhiqizo wayo, ngoba noma yiluphi ushintsho luzonciphisa inzuzo.
Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhiqiza, imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele ivame ukwedlula izindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele; kamuva, njengoba kuvela imbuyiselo enciphayo kanye nezindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele, Kungenzeka ukuthi i-CM ekugcineni izodlula i-IM bese uvala iwindi ukuze uqhubeke nokwandisa i-Q ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yinzuzo.
Ukuguquguquka kwentengo yesidingo kanye nokuxhumana kwayo nemali engenayo engaphansi
Ukuguquguquka kwentengo kwesidingo (Ep) kulinganisa ukuthi inani elifunwayo lishintsha kanjani ngokuphendula ukushintsha kwentengo. Ngokomthetho, I-Ep = (P/Qd) · (dQd/dP)Kulolu budlelwano, kuvela indlela ewusizo kakhulu yokuthola imali engenayo engaphansi.
Ngokuhlela kabusha, sithola I-P/Ep = Qd · dP/dQdSifaka esikhundleni senkulumo ye-marginal revenue MR = P + Q · dP/dQ, sithola: IM = P + P/Ep = P · (1 + 1/Ep).
Njengoba i-Ep elasticity ivame ukubhekwa njenge-negative uma kuqhathaniswa nezidingo ezijwayelekile, kuvamile ukuyibhala ngenani eliphelele: IM = P · (1 − 1/|Isiqephu|)Le fomula ikuvumela ukuthi ubone ngokushesha lapho imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso ilungile, ingu-zero, noma imbi.
- Uma |Isiqephu| = 1 (isidingo seyunithi eguquguqukayo), imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso iwu-zero. Ukuphakamisa intengo kunciphisa inani ngesilinganiso esifanayo, futhi imali engenayo iyonke ayishintshi.
- Uma |Isiqephu| < 1 (isidingo esingaguquki), imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso ayilungile. Ukwandisa umkhiqizo ngokucindezela intengo phansi kunciphisa imali engenayo iyonke.
- Uma |Isiqephu| > 1 (isidingo esinwebekayo), imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso inhle. Ukukhiqiza nokuthengisa okwengeziwe kwandisa imali engenayo iyonke.
Lobu budlelwano buchaza ukuthi kungani umkhiqizi onamandla emakethe engasoze akhethe iphuzu elingaphansi kwesilinganiso sokufunwa: Lapho, imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso izoba yimbi. futhi akunakulingana nezindleko ezingaphansi ngaphandle kokubhubhisa inzuzo; ngaphezu kwalokho, kuthinta insalela yabathengiIsilinganiso esiphezulu semali engenayo iyonke, ngendlela, sifinyelelwa ngqo lapho I-IM = 0, okuhambisana ne-|Ep| = 1.
Izakhiwo zemakethe: ukuncintisana okuphelele uma kuqhathaniswa nokuphatha abanye abantu
Emncintiswaneni ophelele, intengo yemakethe inikezwa inkampani ngayinye, ngakho-ke i-dP/dQ = 0Ngokuthola imali engenayo iyonke TR = P · Q ene-P constant, sithola IM = PNgakho-ke, kulesi simo, isimo sokulingana kwenzuzo esiphezulu siphinde sibhalwe kanje: P = CM.
Ku-monopoly, inani elithengisiwe linquma intengo (ijika lesidingo eliphambene linomthambeko ongemuhle), ngakho-ke i-dP/dQ < 0 kanye ne-IM < PI-monopolist ilinganisela imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele (MR) nezindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele (MC) yazi ukuthi iyunithi ngayinye eyengeziwe ethengisiwe yenza wonke amayunithi angaphambilini ashibhile, ngaleyo ndlela inciphise imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele uma kuqhathaniswa nentengo.
Kukhona umphumela owusizo kakhulu onezidingo eziqondile. Uma isidingo esiphambene singu p = a − b · Q, bese kuba yi-TR = a · Q − b · Q² bese kuba yi-marginal revenue IM = a − 2b · QOkusho ukuthi, umugqa wemali engenayo ongaphansi une-intercept efanayo nomugqa wesidingo, kodwa kabili ukuthambeka ngenani eliphelele.
Umphumela oyinhloko ukuthi i-monopolist ayikhiqizi esifundeni sesidingo esinganwebeki (|Ep| < 1), ngoba kukhona IM < 0Umphumela okhulisa inzuzo kumele ube sesigabeni sokunwebeka (|Ep| > 1), lapho imali engenayo engaphansi kwesilinganiso ilungile futhi ingalingana nezindleko ezingaphansi kwesilinganiso.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwemali engenayo engaphansi kanye nemali engenayo ejwayelekile (i-AR). Imali engenayo ejwayelekile iyi- imali engenayo ngeyunithi ngayinye ethengisiwe futhi kuhambisana nentengo lapho wonke amayunithi ethengiswa ngesilinganiso esifanayo. Imali engenayo engaphansi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, yi- ukwanda kwemali engenayo iyonke ngokuthengisa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziweEzimakethe ezinamandla emakethe, i-IME kanye ne-IM ziyahlukahluka ngoba inkampani kumele yehlise intengo ukuze ithengise kakhulu.
Izibonelo ezisebenzayo zokuqinisa imibono
Cabanga ngenkampani ekhiqiza onodoli. Njengoba benamayunithi angenalutho, imali engenayo iyonke ingu-zero. Uma ithengisa unodoli wokuqala ngama-euro ayi-15, imali engenayo iyonke inyuka ibe ngu-15 bese kuthi imali engenayo engaphansi kwaleyo yunithi yokuqala ingu-15 (15 − 0, ngeyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe).
Uma ngedoli lesibili imali engenayo iyonke ikhuphukela ku-25, khona-ke imali engenayo engaphansi kwengxenye yesibili ingu-10 (25 − 15). Qaphela ukuthi, nakuba intengo ejwayelekile ingase ishintshe, okubalulekile esinqumweni ukuthi leyo yunithi ingeza malini emalini engenayo nokuthi ingeza malini ezindlekweni.
Esinye isibonelo esivamile: umthengisi oncintisana kahle unikeza izingilazi zejusi ngo-€2 futhi angathengisa eziningi ngendlela ayifunayo ngaleyo ntengo. Uma ekhulisa ukuthengisa kusuka ezingilazini eziyi-10 kuya kweziyi-11, imali engenayo iyonke iyanda kusuka ku-€20 kuya ku-€22. Ngakho-ke, I-IM = 2okuhambisana nentengo, njengoba kufanele kwenzeke lapho intengo ingaphandle kwenkampani.
Uma inkampani kufanele yehlise intengo ukuze ithengise kakhulu (amandla emakethe), imali engenayo engaphansi kwentengo izoba ngaphansi kwentengo: ukuthengisa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe kwandisa imali engenayo evela kulokho kuthengisa. kodwa kunciphisa lokho okukhokhiswayo ngamayunithi angaphambiliniKu-notation, i-IM = P + Q · dP/dQ, kanye ne-dP/dQ engemihle.
Ama-curve e-IM kanye ne-CM: incazelo yesithombe kanye nezimo
Indlela ebonakalayo yokubona ukwanda kwenzuzo iwukudweba ijika lemali engenayo engaphansi, i-MR(Q), kanye nejika lezindleko ezingaphansi, i-MC(Q). Iphuzu lapho zihlangana khona linquma inani elifanele. Uma i-MR incipha futhi i-CM iyanda (icala elivame kakhulu), ukuwela kuhlukile futhi kuhambisana nezinzuzo eziningi.
Ngokwezibalo, khumbula ukuthi i-R(Q) = P(Q) · Q. I-derivative yayo yi- R'(Q) = P(Q) + Q · P'(Q), okuyimali engenayo engaphansi. Isimo se-oda lokuqala sokukhulisa inzuzo yi-R'(Q) = C'(Q), noma ngokulinganayo, IM = CM.
Uma, ngokucabangela, izindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele zazincipha futhi imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele ikhuphuka (okungavamile, kodwa okuwusizo njengokuhlola okucatshangwayo), iphuzu lokuphela lingahambisana nesilinganiso esincane, hhayi esiphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kwesimo se-oda lokuqala, Ukuthambekela okuhlobene kudinga ukuhlolwa. womabili amajika azungeze okungcono kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa futhi ukubona ukulingana phakathi kwale ndlela nendlela ye-isoprofit. Uma isidingo esiphambene sichazwa njengo-P = f(Q), khona-ke imali engenayo engaphansi ingabhalwa njengo- IM = f(Q) + Q · f'(Q)Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwesimo esithi IM = CM kuholela ku-f'(Q) = (CM − P)/Q, okuyinto kulinganiswe ukuthambekela kwejika lesidingo nokwejika le-isoprofit kwenye indlela yokwethula inkinga efanayo.
Ubudlelwano nemali engenayo iyonke kanye nokuguquguquka
Imali engenayo iyonke (TR) kanye nemali engenayo engaphansi kunobudlelwano obulula: I-IT ikhuliswa kakhulu lapho i-MR = 0Ekudingeni okuqondile, iphuzu lapho imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele idlula khona i-axis evundlile lihambisana nengxenye yomkhawulo wenani lomugqa wesidingo, futhi intengo kulelo phuzu ivame ukuba semaphakathi nomugqa wesidingo ngokwemali engenayo.
Ngokombono wokuguquguquka: lapho isidingo sinwebeka (|Ep| > 1), imali engenayo iyonke iyanda njengoba kuthengiswa okuningi, ngakho-ke, I-IM > 0; uma kudlula ku-|Ep| = 1, i-MR iba yi-zero; futhi esigabeni se-inelastic (|Ep| < 1), imali engenayo iyonke iyawa uma kuthengiswa okungaphezulu, okubonisa ukuthi IM < 0.
Ukuncintisana okuphelele: icala P = MR
Emncintiswaneni ophelele, njengoba intengo ingashintshi lapho inani ngalinye lenkampani ngayinye lishintsha, intengo evela kunani iwu-zero. Ngakho-ke, imali engenayo engaphansi incishiswa ibe yi- IM = PUmthetho wokukhiqiza wokukhulisa inzuzo uba yinto eyaziwayo P = CM, futhi ijika lokuphakelwa kwenkampani encintisanayo liyingxenye ekhulayo yezindleko zayo ezingaphansi kwesilinganiso sezindleko eziguquguqukayo.
Lokhu kulula kuyanyamalala uma amandla emakethe ekhona. Lapho, njengoba u-Q ekhuphuka, intengo iyehla, bese igama elithi Q · dP/dQ lisusa kwimali engenayo engaphansi. Yingakho i-IM ingaphansi kwentengo futhi umkhiqizi usebenzisa umkhawulo ophakathi kwalokhu okubili ngenani eliphansi kunelokuncintisana.
Isidingo Esiqondile: umhlahlandlela osheshayo
Uma isidingo esiphambeneyo singu-p = a − b · Q, imali engenayo iyonke ingu-TR = a · Q − b · Q², i-polynomial ye-quadratic evuleka phansi. I-derivative yayo ingu- IM = a − 2b · Q, umugqa oqondile ohlangana ne-axis yenani ku-Q = a/(2b). Njengoba imali engenayo iyonke ikhuliswa lapho i-MR = 0, lelo iphuzu le-TR ephezulu. Ukwehla kwe-IM kunenani eliphelele eliphindwe kabili kunelesidingo, indlela emfushane ewusizo kakhulu ekuzilolongeni nasekuhlaziyeni.
Uma kuhambisana nezindleko ezikhuphukayo ezisemaphethelweni, ukuhlangana kwe-crossover IM = CM inquma inani elikhulisa inzuzoFuthi njengoba lokho kuhlangana, ku-monopolist, kuhlala kwenzeka engxenyeni eguquguqukayo yesidingo, kuba sobala ukuthi kungani i-monopolist ingandisi umkhiqizo kuze kube yilapho intengo ilingana nezindleko eziphansi.
IM vs CM: izinqumo zokukhiqiza
Indlela yokusebenza yansuku zonke ilula: uma ukukhiqiza enye iyunithi kuphumela emalini engenayo engaphansi kwezindleko ezingaphansi, leyo yunithi inezela inzuzo Futhi kumele kukhiqizwe. Uma kwenzeka okuphambene nalokho, kungcono ukungakhiqizi. Le ndlela engaphansi iyasebenza kokubili ekukhuliseni inzuzo kanye nokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesikhathi esifushane ezimweni ezingezinhle kangako.
Ukuma kwama-curve nakho kubalulekile. Ezinqubweni eziningi, izindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele zigcina zikhuphuka ngenxa yokuncipha kwembuyiselo noma izithiyo, kuyilapho imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele ivame ukuba khona. yehla njengoba i-Q ikhuphuka ngenxa yesidingo sokwehlisa amanani ukuze kuthengiswe kakhulu. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwalokhu okubili kufingqa ibhalansi yamandla.
Ezinye izindlela kanye nezicelo
Nakuba sivame ukucabanga ukuthi umgomo uwukukhulisa inzuzo, kunezincwadi ezihlola izimo lapho izinkampani ziphishekela khona ukwandisa imali engenayo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokuphathwa kwezinkampani, Abaphathi bangase babe nesithakazelo esikhulu ekwandiseni ukuthengisa ukuthi izinzuzo (njengoba uBaumol esho), ngenxa yokuthi zihlolwa noma zikhuthazwa kanjani.
Inzuzo ethokozisayo evela kumqondo wemali engenayo engaphansi ivela emakethe yezabasebenzi: umholo inkampani ezimisele ukuwukhokha uhlobene nokuthi malini kwandisa imali engenayo encane ngokuqasha umuntuYingakho amanye amaqembu ezemidlalo echitha imali eningi ekusayineni abadlali abalindele ukuthi kuzokwandisa imali engenayo evela kumathikithi, uxhaso kanye namalungelo okubukwa ngemisindo.
Uhlu Lwamagama Olusheshayo
Imali Engenayo Engaphansi (MR): Ushintsho lwemali engenayo iyonke evela ekuthengiseni iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe. Ekubalweni, i-d(TR)/dQ. Emncintiswaneni ophelele, kuhambisana nentengo; ngamandla emakethe, ingaphansi kwentengo.
Izindleko eziphansi (MC): Ushintsho lwezindleko eziphelele lapho kukhiqizwa iyunithi eyodwa eyengeziwe. Luyi-derivative yezindleko eziphelele, u-C'(Q), kanye ukuhlangana kwayo ne-IM inquma inani elifanele ngaphansi kokukhulisa inzuzo.
Isilinganiso semali engenayo (i-AI): Imali engenayo ngeyunithi ethengisiwe (RT/Q). Ezimakethe ezinentengo eyodwa ngeyunithi, ihambisana no-P; Akufanele kudidaniswe ne-IM.
Uma sibheka konke okungenhla, umqondo oyinhloko wokuhlaziywa ucacile: imali engenayo engaphansi kwemingcele ifingqa indlela imali engenayo esabela ngayo kuyunithi ngayinye eyengeziwe, ihlobene kakhulu nokuguquguquka, futhi, uma ilingana nezindleko ezingaphansi kwemingcele, Maka inani elikhulisa inzuzo futhi, maqondana nokusebenza kahle, kuhlobene Ukwabiwa okusebenza kahle kwe-Pareto kokubili emncintiswaneni ophelele (lapho i-MR = P) kanye nasezinhlakeni ezinamandla emakethe (lapho i-MR ihlala ingaphansi kwentengo futhi ingalokothi isebenze engxenyeni engaguquki yesidingo).
