- Umkhiqizo ohlelekile uhlanganisa imali engenayo engaguquki kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo ukuze kudalwe utshalomali oluyingqayizivele oluxhunywe nempahla eyodwa noma ngaphezulu eyisisekelo.
- Banganikeza isiqinisekiso esiphelele, esiyingxenye noma esingenalo nhlobo semali, ngezakhiwo ezahlukahlukene kakhulu zenzuzo, ukuvuthwa kanye namakhuphoni.
- Lena imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi enezingozi ezihlobene nemakethe, isikweletu, ukuthengwa kwemali kanye nokuqonda, okunconywa kuphela uma kuqondwa kahle.
- Usizo lwazo lusekulungiseni ubungozi nokubuyela kuphrofayela yomtshali-zimali, kodwa azilokothi zithathe indawo yohlelo oluphelele lwezezimali.
I-Los imikhiqizo ehlelekile Seziphinde zaba yimfashini ngemva kweminyaka eminingana zisetshenziswa. Lezi yizinto ezazivame kakhulu ngaphambi kwesikhathi senzalo ecishe ibe yi-zero nokuthi, ngesimo esisha senzuzo ephezulu emalini engenayo ezinzile, seziphinde zatholakala kubantu abaningi abalondoloza imali nabatshalizimali.
Nakuba zikhiqiza intshisekelo enkulu ngenxa yamandla ayo enzuzoAzisaziwa kakhulu engxenyeni enkulu yomphakathi. Lena imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi, egcwele izici zobuchwepheshe, ezingaba usizo uma ziqondwa kahle... kodwa ziyingozi uma zithengwa ngaphandle kokuqonda ukuthi zisebenza kanjani, izindleko zazo, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, izingozi zazo.
Uyini ngempela umkhiqizo ohlelekile?
Kalula nje, umkhiqizo wezezimali ohlelekile Kuyithuluzi elihlanganisa izimpahla zezimali ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezihlukene zibe yiphakheji eyodwa. Ngokuvamile, lihlanganisa ingxenye yemali engenayo engaguquki (isibonelo, ibhondi noma idiphozithi) nenye noma ngaphezulu. okukhishwa ngokwezezimali (izinketho, amawaranti, ukushintshana, njll.) okuncike empahleni eyisisekelo: amasheya, izinkomba zemakethe yamasheya, amazinga enzalo, izimali, izimpahla noma ngisho nengozi yesikweletu.
Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuphumela ku utshalomali olusha olunemithetho yaloImali mboleko ihlanganisa isheduli ethile yosuku lokuvuthwa, indlela yokubala inzuzo, iziqinisekiso ezingaba khona ezinhlotsheni eziyinhloko, kanye nemigomo yokukhokha kusenesikhathi. Konke lokhu kuhlanganiswe nesakhiwo esisodwa, esingenakuhlukaniswa esithengiswa njengomkhiqizo owodwa: izingxenye ngazinye azikwazi ukuhlukaniswa uma sezithengiwe.
Impahla noma izimpahla okusekelwe kuzo i-derivative zibizwa ngokuthi izimpahla eziyisisekeloLokhu kungasukela ku-index efana ne-IBEX 35, kuya kubhasikidi wamasheya, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwe-EUR/USD, izinga lenzalo elilinganiselwe, noma ngisho nengozi ezenzakalelayo yenkampani noma izwe. Ukusebenza kwalezi zimpahla eziyisisekelo kuzoba yisihluthulelo ekunqumeni inzuzo yokugcina, futhi ezimweni eziningi, ukubuyiselwa kwemali.
Inhloso yalezi zinsimbi ukuthi zivumela klama izixazululo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezenzelwe wena lokho bekungeke kufezwe ngemikhiqizo ejwayelekile. Izakhiwo zingadalwa eziqinisekisa imali, zinikeze amakhuphoni aphezulu uma nje izimo ezithile zingahlangatshezwana nazo, zivumele inzuzo noma ngabe imakethe iyakhuphuka, iyawa, noma ihlala eceleni, noma zifune inzuzo noma uxhaso oluthuthukisiwe uma kuqhathaniswa nalokho okunikezwa yimakethe ngqo.
Indlela yokwakha umkhiqizo ohlelekile ngokusebenza
Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele ukucabanga kwayo, kuyasiza ukubheka indlela ejwayelekile isibonelo sediphozithi ehlelekile exhunywe ku-stock exchange okwaduma kakhulu ngawo-90 nasekuqaleni kwawo-2000. Cabanga ukuthi ibhange limaketha "idiphozithi yemakethe yamasheya" ebhekiselwe ku-IBEX 35 izinyanga ezingu-12: utshala imali engu-€1.000, bayaqinisekisa ukuthi uzobuyisa i-€1.000 yakho lapho ikhula futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, uma inkomba ikhuphuka, bakukhokhela u-100% walokho kukhuphuka.
Isibonelo, uma i-IBEX 35 ikhula ngo-15% phakathi nalowo nyaka, iklayenti lithola imali yalo. €1.000 kanye ne-15% eyengeziweUma inkomba yehla, bamane babuyisele i-€1.000 yokuqala. Uma uqala ukubuka, kubonakala sengathi uhlanganyela emakethe yamasheya "ngaphandle kwengozi," kodwa empeleni, ucabanga ukuthi ingozi yokwehla kwamandla emali kanye nezindleko zamathubaUma inkomba ingahambi noma iwe, ekugcineni uthola inani elifanayo olifakile, kodwa imali ilahlekelwe amandla okuthenga.
Yini eyenziwa yibhange ngemuva kwezigcawu? Lithatha ingxenye yemali bese liyinika thenga impahla engenayo engaguquki (isibonelo, i-Treasury bill yonyaka owodwa) eqinisekisa, ngokuhlanganiswa, ukubuyiselwa kwe-100% ye-principal lapho ivuthwa. Uma izinga lenzalo, isibonelo, lingu-10%, ukutshala imali engaba ngu-€909,09 kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izokhula ibe ngu-€1.000 ngonyaka owodwa. Ngomehluko (cishe u-€90,91), ungathenga i- inketho yokushaya ucingo ku-IBEX 35 futhi izimali ziyambozwa. Uma inketho isemalini lapho iphelelwa yisikhathi, iyasetshenziswa futhi i-index gravity ingakhokhelwa iklayenti; ngaphandle kwalokho, inketho iphelelwa yisikhathi futhi umtshali-zimali uthola imali yakhe kuphela.
Lo mdwebo ubonisa kahle ukuthi Ingxenye yemali engenayo egxilile inikeza ukuvikelwa kwemali futhi ingxenye esuselwe kokunye yengeza ukudalulwa kwempahla eyisisekelo. Kusukela lapha, izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zingakhiwa: ngezinketho ezahlukene, amazinga ahlukene ezithiyo (ukukhipha), izimpahla eziningi eziyisisekelo, amakhuphoni anemibandela, izinsuku zokubuka eziphakathi, njll.
Izinhlobo zemikhiqizo ehlelekile ngokuya ngengozi
Uma sibheka izinga lokuvikelwa kwemali, ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kuhlukanisa phakathi imikhiqizo ehlelekile enemali eqinisekisiwe lapho isivuthiwe kanye nemikhiqizo enengozi enkulu. Lo mehluko uyisihluthulelo sokuzifaka kahle kuphothifoliyo yomtshali-zimali.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona okuhleliwe okuqinisekisiweLezi yizinto lapho inhlangano ekhipha imali izibophezela ukubuyisa u-100% wemali etshaliwe ngosuku lokuvuthwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kwenzekani ezimpahleni eziyisisekelo (ngaphandle kwesimo sokuqothuka komhlinzeki). Leli qembu lizofaka ngokuyinhloko amadiphozithi ahlelekile kanye nezinye izimali eziqinisekisiwe noma amabhondi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi kukhona ehlelwe ngengozi yezimaliLezi yizinto lapho ukubuyiselwa kwemali eyinhloko kuncike ekusebenzeni kwezimpahla eziyisisekelo. Uma izinto zihamba kabi, umtshali-zimali angase athole ingxenye ethile kuphela, noma alahlekelwe yiyo yonke imali etshaliwe. Izinkontileka eziningi zezimali ezihlelekile kanye namabhondi ahlelekile ayinkimbinkimbi awela kulesi sigaba.
Ngaphezu kokuvikelwa noma ukuntuleka komkhiqizo oyinhloko, imikhiqizo ingase khokha imbuyiselo kuphela ekugcineni noma ngamakhuphoni avamile, banamazinga ahlukene obungozi kuye ngohlobo lwe-derivative olufakiwe, futhi bamukele ukucushwa okusabela ngendlela ehlukile ekukhuphukeni, ekuwa noma ekunyakazeni kwemakethe eceleni.
Amafomethi avame kakhulu emikhiqizo ehlelekile
Kuye ngohlaka lwezomthetho kanye nomkhiphi, imikhiqizo ehlelekile ingavezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene zomthetho, okuthonya ukuthengwa kwempahla, intela, ukuvikelwa kwemithetho kanye nohlobo lwamakhasimende aqondiwe.
Phakathi kwamafomethi avame kakhulu yilena elandelayo: amadiphozithi ahlelekileLezi yimikhiqizo yasebhange ehlanganisa ingxenye yesilinganiso senzalo esinqunyiwe noma esiseduze no-zero nenye ingxenye enenzuzo yayo incike ku-index, isitoko, noma ibhasikidi lezimpahla. Ngokuvamile zihloselwe abalondolozi abalondolozayo abafuna okungaphezu kwediphozithi yendabuko, futhi ezimweni eziningi, zifaka isiqinisekiso semali esivuthwayo kanye nokumbozwa okuvela kwi-Deposit Guarantee Fund (kuze kufike emikhawulweni esemthethweni).
Futhi ezivamile amabhondi noma amanothi ahlelekileLezi yizibambiso zemali engenayo eqondile ezizimele ezikhokhelwayo ezincike ekusebenzeni kwempahla eyodwa noma ngaphezulu eyisisekelo (izinkomba, amasheya, amazinga okushintshaniswa, izimpahla, njll.). Zingaklanywa ngeziqinisekiso zemali noma ngaphandle kwazo, ngamakhuphoni aqinile, aguquguqukayo, noma anemibandela, futhi azivikelwe yi-Deposit Guarantee Fund, ngakho-ke ingozi yekhredithi yomhlinzeki kubalulekile.
Enye ifomethi iqukethe izimali zokutshalwa kwezimali ezihlelekileLokhu kufaka phakathi izimali eziningi eziqinisekisiwe ngokugcwele noma ngokwengxenye kanye nezinye ezingaqinisekisi inhloko kodwa zisebenzisa ama-derivatives ukuphinda izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isikhwama ngokwaso siyinhlangano esemthethweni ephethe ama-derivatives kanye nezimpahla zengeniso ezinzile ezakha umkhiqizo ohleliwe, futhi silawulwa yimithethonqubo yezikhungo zokutshalwa kwezimali ezihlangene.
Ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke yezinto ezisuselwa kwisikweletu, sithola amathuluzi anjenge Ama-Credit Default Swaps (CDS) noma ama-credit default swapsLezi zinsimbi zisetshenziselwa ukuvimbela noma ukubhekana nengozi yokwehluleka komkhiqizo ngumkhiphi. Nakuba kungewona wonke ama-CDS akhangiswa njengemikhiqizo "ehlelwe ngokuthengisa," ngokomqondo awela ngaphakathi kwalo mndeni wezinsimbi eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izingozi ezahlukene.
Imikhiqizo ehleliwe ebhalwe ohlwini: ama-turbo, amawaranti kanye nezitifiketi
Ngaphezu kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngokwezifiso evunyelwene ngqo namabhange, kukhona imikhiqizo ehlelekile ethengiswa emaketheLezi zinsimbi, njenge-turbos, ama-warrant, kanye nezitifiketi ezithile noma ezisebenzisekayo, zivumela abatshalizimali ngabanye ukufinyelela ukunyakaza kwentengo ezimpahleni ezingaphansi ngamanani amancane kakhulu.
I-Los izimvume Zifana kakhulu nezinketho zendabuko: zinikeza ilungelo, kodwa hhayi isibopho, sokuthenga noma ukuthengisa impahla ngentengo enqunyiwe ngaphambi kosuku oluthile. Inani lazo lithintwa ukusebenza kwempahla eyisisekelo, ukuguquguquka, isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi, nezinye izici, futhi ngokuvamile zinesikhathi eside sokuphila kunezinketho ezijwayelekile ezibalwe ohlwini.
I-Los ama-turbo kanye nezitifiketi eziningi Zisebenza ngendlela ehlukile. Ngokuvamile zihlanganisa izinga lezimali kanye izinga lokuvala noma lokukhiphaUma intengo yempahla eyisisekelo ifinyelela kulelo zinga lomkhawulo, umkhiqizo uyamiswa ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi ukuhweba kuyaphela. Umkhiphi ube esebala ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini inani elisele lomtshali-zimali, elingaba liphansi kakhulu noma lize.
Kulezi zinhlobo zemikhiqizo, i-leverage yakhelwe ngaphakathi: ukunyakaza okuncane empahleni engaphansi kubangela ukwehluka okukhulu kakhulu entengo ye-turbo noma isitifiketi. Izinga le-leverage lincike ekutheni izinga lezezimali liseduze kangakanani nentengo yempahla engaphansi: ibanga elincane phakathi kwalezi ezimbili, Uma izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa kukhula kakhulu, izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa kuba kukhulu..
Le mikhiqizo ithengiswa ezimakethe ezihleliwe futhi, ngaphezu kwezingozi ezivamile zemakethe, ihlanganisa izimali zomthengisi kanye izindleko zezimali ikhokhiswa ngumkhiphi. Konke lokhu kuchazwe kuMbhalo Wolwazi Olubalulekile (i-KID) wethuluzi ngalinye, okufanele umtshali-zimali alifunde ngokucophelela ngaphambi kokuhweba.
Kulezi zinhlobo zemikhiqizo, i-leverage yakhelwe ngaphakathi: ukunyakaza okuncane empahleni engaphansi kubangela ukwehluka okukhulu kakhulu entengo ye-turbo noma isitifiketi. Izinga le-leverage lincike ekutheni izinga lezezimali liseduze kangakanani nentengo yempahla engaphansi: ibanga elincane phakathi kwalezi ezimbili, Uma izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa kukhula kakhulu, izinzuzo nokulahlekelwa kuba kukhulu..
Usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ukukhokha kanye nokukhanselwa kwangaphambi kwesikhathi
Isici esivamile cishe kuzo zonke imikhiqizo ehlelekile Banesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Inkontileka isungula usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi lapho kubalwa khona imbuyiselo yokugcina, kubuyekezwa izimo okuvunyelwene ngazo, bese imali etshaliwe ibuyiselwa (noma ingabuyiselwa).
Ezimweni eziningi, imikhiqizo ilindeleke izindlela zokukhansela kusenesikhathiKodwa-ke, lezi zinketho azihlali zikhona kumakhasimende. Eminye imikhiqizo ehlelekile inezinkathi zokukhokha ngezinsuku ezithile, lapho isikhungo sinikeza ukuthenga kabusha noma ukuhlenga umkhiqizo ngentengo esekelwe emakethe. Eminye ifaka izinketho zokuhlenga ngokuzenzakalelayo uma amazinga athile empahla noma amakhuphoni efinyelelwa.
Kukhona nemikhiqizo engenayo imakethe yesibili yangempela, lapho isu lokuphuma elifanele kuphela ukugcina utshalomali kuze kube yilapho seluvuthiwe. uketshezi olulinganiselwe Kuyisici esibalulekile: awukwazi ukuthengisa njalo uma ufuna, futhi uma ukwazi, intengo ingahluka kakhulu enanini elingokwemfundiso ngenxa yokusabalala, ukuntuleka kwama-counterparties, noma izimo ezithile zomkhiphi.
Uma zibhalwe ezimakethe zesitoko noma ezisekelweni ezihleliwe, njengoba kunjalo ngama-turbo amaningi, amawaranti, kanye nezitifiketi, uketshezi luncike emisebenzini yemakethe kanye ukuzibophezela ekudalweni kwemakethe kusuka kumkhiphi. Kungase kube nezikhathi lapho kunomehluko omkhulu phakathi kwentengo yokuthenga neyokuthengisa, okumelela izindleko ezengeziwe kumtshali-zimali.
Konke lokhu kwenza kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi isikhathi somtshali-zimali sifinyelele kuhambisana nesikhathi sokuphila komkhiqizoUkungena ekutshalweni kwezimali okuhleliwe kweminyaka emihlanu nomqondo wokuphuma ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ngokuvamile kuyinhlanganisela embi ngaphandle kokuthi unolwazi oluningi futhi uzimisele ukwamukela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu uma uthengisa ngesikhathi esibi.
Izici ezibalulekile kanye nezingozi zemikhiqizo ehlelekile
Imikhiqizo ehlelekile inezici eziningana ezifanayo ezichaza ukuthi kungani abalawuli beyibheka imikhiqizo eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kudinga ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka nokufaneleka ngaphambi kokuba ikhasimende elithengisayo likwazi ukuthola inkontileka eminingi yazo.
Okokuqala, kumayelana izivumelwano eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kwezomthetho nezezimaliLo msebenzi uncike kumafomula anemininingwane, imibandela yezimpahla ezahlukahlukene eziyisisekelo, izinsuku zokubuka, izithiyo, izici zokubamba iqhaza, njll. Yingakho izinkontileka zifaka izigaba eziningi ezithile futhi zidinga imibhalo ephelele (izincwajana, imigomo nemibandela yokugcina, i-KID…).
La izinhlobo ezahlukene zezakhiwo ezingaba khona Kukhulu kakhulu. Imikhiqizo ingakhiwa ixhunywe ku-index eyodwa noma kubhasikidi wezimpahla, ngohlobo lwemali olulodwa noma eziningana, ngokuvuthwa okufushane, okuphakathi, noma okude, ngokuvikelwa okugcwele, okuyingxenye, noma okungenakho ukuvikelwa kwemali, ngamakhuphoni aqinile, aguquguqukayo, akhulayo, noma anemibandela, ngokukhululwa okuphakathi noma kuphela ekuvuthweni. Empeleni, cishe noma yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa okucatshangwayo kwembuyiselo kanye nengozi kungaphindaphindwa ngama-derivatives.
Lokhu kuguquguquka kuza ngentengo ngendlela yokuthi izingozi okufanele umtshali-zimali aziqaphele kahlePhakathi kwezinto ezifanele kakhulu kukhona ingozi yemakethe (ukuguquguquka kwamanani ezimpahla eziyisisekelo), ingozi yenzalo, ingozi yemali lapho kuhwebelana ngezimpahla ngezinye izimali, ingozi yesikweletu somkhiphi, kanye nengozi yokushintshashintsha kwemali. Emikhiqizweni eminingi, ukulahlekelwa okuphezulu kungu-100% wenani elitshaliwe.
Kukhona futhi okucacile ingozi yokuqonda okunganeleNakuba abatshalizimali bengenakulahlekelwa okungaphezu kwalokho abakufakayo, bangase bakholelwe ukuthi isakhiwo siphephile kunalokho esiyikho ngempela, noma bahluleke ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izimo zemakethe ezingabalimaza. Ngakho-ke, abalawuli badinga ulwazi olucacile nolwanele lomphakathi mayelana nomkhiqizo, nokuthi izikhungo zezimali zihlola iphrofayili yeklayenti ngalinye (ukuhlolwa kokufaneleka nokufaneleka ngaphansi kwemithethonqubo ye-MiFID kanye ne-PRIIP).
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu, kukhona izindleko ezicacile nezingabonakali: izimali zokubhalisa nezokuthengisa, izimali zokuphatha uma kuziwa ezikhwameni, amamajini afakiwe entengo yezinto ezisuselwe kuzo, izindleko zezimali ezikhokhiswa ngumkhiphi emikhiqizweni esetshenzisiwe kanye, kwezinye izimo, amaprimiyamu engozi engeziwe (njengeprimiyamu yengozi yegebe efakwe entengo yama-turbo athile ukuvikela umkhiphi ekukhuphukeni okukhulu kwemakethe).
Ubani okhipha futhi osebenzisa imikhiqizo ehlelekile
Abakhiphi abakhulu bemikhiqizo ehlelekile yilaba izikhungo ezinkulu zezimaliAmabhange okutshalwa kwezimali, amabhange ezentengiselwano anezigaba zezimakethe, izinkampani zomshuwalense, futhi, kwezinye izimo, izimoto ezikhethekile. Yibo abaklama isakhiwo, bazise imikhiqizo evela kwezinye, futhi babeke imigomo yezezimali.
Ngokuphathelene nabasebenzisi, kunezinhlobo eziningana zamaphrofayili ahlukene. izinkampani zomshwalense Izimali zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nezempesheni zingabathengi abakhulu bezixazululo ezihlelekile zokuthuthukisa inzuzo yesikhathi eside yamaphothifoliyo azo, ukulungisa izingozi, noma ukuklama imikhiqizo ehlangabezana nezinhloso ezithile (isibonelo, ukuqinisekisa inzuzo encane kubahlanganyeli bohlelo).
I-Los amabhange kanye namaphothifoliyo awo Basebenzisa nemikhiqizo ehlelekile ukuphatha izikhundla zebhalansi, ukwenza ngcono imali elawulayo, noma ukudala iminikelo eyenzelwe amakhasimende ezikhungo. Emkhakheni wamabhange azimele, kuvamile ukuhlela amanothi enziwe ngokwezifiso kumakhasimende anemali eningi, befuna izinzuzo zezimali, futhi ngezinye izikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwentela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezomthetho.
El ingxenye yenkampani (Izinkampani ezinkulu, izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe, amanye ama-SME anosayizi othile) angasebenzisa imikhiqizo ehlelekile kokubili ngezinjongo zokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokuvikela: isibonelo, ukuzivikela ekunyakazeni kwezilinganiso zenzalo, amazinga okushintshaniswa noma amanani ezimpahla, ukuhlanganisa ukuvikelwa kumathuluzi enziwe ngokwezifiso afanela izidingo zawo zokubalwa kwezimali kanye nezemali.
Ekugcineni, i abatshalizimali bezitolo noma abathengisi Ngokuvamile bafinyelela imikhiqizo ehlelekile esezingeni eliphezulu, njengediphozithi namabhondi ahlelekile alula, noma imikhiqizo ebhalwe ohlwini njenge-turbos nama-warrant. Kulesi sigaba, izidingo zomthetho ziqinile, futhi izikhungo kumele ziqinisekise iphrofayili yeklayenti futhi ziqinisekise ukuthi ziyaqonda uhlobo kanye nezingozi zomkhiqizo ngaphambi kokuba zivumele ukuwuthenga.
Kuzo zonke izimo, inhloso yomhlinzeki ukuthola imajini yenzuzo elungiswe ngengozi (i-RAROC) okuhle, kuyilapho ikhasimende lifuna inani elengeziwe uma liqhathaniswa nalokho imikhiqizo elula engakunikeza: inzuzo eyengeziwe, isivikelo esengeziwe, noma inhlanganisela yakho kokubili.
Izinzuzo kanye nokungalungi okungenzeka kumtshali-zimali
Phakathi kwezinzuzo eziyinhloko, imikhiqizo ehlelekile ivumela finyelela amasu ayinkimbinkimbi ngethuluzi elilodwaokungaphoqa umtshali-zimali ukuthi ahwebe ngqo ngezinto ezitholakala kwamanye amazwe, into eyinkimbinkimbi futhi engatholakali ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ziphinde zenze kube nokwenzeka ukuthola imbuyiselo ekhangayo ezimweni ezithile zenzalo, noma ukuklama izakhiwo ezinikeza isivikelo esithile ekuncipheni kokwehla kwentengo ngokushintshana nokuyeka okunye kokunyuka kwentengo.
Endaweni ye amazinga enzalo aphezulu kakhuluNjengoba kunjalo ngesimo samanje uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi senzalo esibi, ingxenye yemali engenayo engaguquki yemikhiqizo eminingi ehlelekile inikeza ithuba elengeziwe lokuzama imikhiqizo ephuma kwezinye ngaphandle kokudela ngokuphelele ukuphepha kwenhloko. Lokhu kuholele ekubuyeni kwenzalo kumadiphozithi kanye namabhondi ahlelekile, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabatshalizimali abafuna ukuthuthukisa imbuyiselo yokonga kwabo ngaphandle kokuzibophezela ngokugcwele emakethe yamasheya.
Nokho, akuzona zonke izinzuzo. Imikhiqizo eminingi ine izakhiwo ezingacacile nezinzima ukuzibiza Nsuku zonke, lokhu kwenza kube nzima ngabatshalizimali ukwazi kahle ukuthi bathola noma balahlekelwa malini nganoma yisiphi isikhathi. Ukuntuleka kwemali okulinganiselwe noma okunemibandela kungaba yinkinga uma kuphakama isidingo sokufinyelela izimali kusenesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba zakhiwe ngezinto ezisuselwe kuzo, kuvamile ukwethula izinto ezifana izithiyo zokuvala ukusebenzaAmazinga okuxhaswa ngezimali, izici zokubamba iqhaza, noma amakhuphoni anemibandela angenza ukuziphatha komkhiqizo kungabi yinto eqondakala kalula. Ngokuvamile, izinguquko ezincane ekuguqukeni okushiwoyo noma amazinga enzalo zingathinta kakhulu inani lentengo, hhayi nje ukunyakaza kwempahla eyisisekelo.
Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokutshala imali emikhiqizweni ehlelekile, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi Akuzona izixazululo zemilingo futhi azinazo izingoziZingaba ithuluzi elithakazelisayo lokwengeza iphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene kakhulu, kodwa kuphela uma umtshali-zimali eqonda izimo lapho azowina khona, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, lezo angase alahlekelwe yingxenye ebalulekile noma yonke imali etshaliwe.
Imikhiqizo ehlelekile uhlobo lokutshalwa kwezimali okuhlanganisiwe Ihlanganisa imali engenayo engaguquki kanye nezinto eziphuma kuyo ukuze ivumelane nengozi kanye nenzuzo. Kuye ngephrofayili yeklayenti, zivumela amasu okudala kakhulu futhi zinikeza amathuba ezindaweni ezithile zemakethe, kodwa zidinga ukuqonda okuhle kwezimo zazo, izindleko kanye nezingozi, zinesikhathi esinqunyiwe ngokuvumelana nokuvuthwa komkhiqizo futhi zamukele ukuthi, uma isimo sishintsha sibe sibi kakhulu, isivikelo singase sibe sincane noma singabi khona, ngakho-ke kufanele zithathe ingxenye elinganisiwe kahle ngaphakathi kohlelo lwezezimali lomtshali-zimali ngamunye.
