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Iyini i-pound sterling, isetshenziswa kuphi futhi ihlukaniswa kanjani?, Imali yamanje yamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali, imikhawulo yethenda esemthethweni kanye nenani, Ukubuka konke komlando: kusukela kuzinga lensimbi kuya kumazinga okushintshana antantayo kanye ne-Brexit, Amathiphu okukhokha nokushintshanisa imali ngesilinganiso esihle ngezimali eziphansi
La iphawundi enhle kakhulu Ingenye yalezo zimali wonke umuntu aziqaphela ngokushesha: uphawu lwe-£, amakhulu eminyaka omlando, kanye nendima ehamba phambili ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke. Ngaphandle kodumo lwayo, iyimali enemithetho yayo maqondana nethenda elisemthethweni, ukuvela komlando okuthakazelisayo, kanye quirks ezithonya indlela okhokha ngayo, oshintshanisa ngayo imali kanye nendlela ohamba ngayo e-United Kingdom.
Kulesi siqondisi uzothola, ngendlela ewusizo kodwa eqinile, konke okudingayo: Iyini iphawundi?indlela ehlukaniswe ngayo, ukuthi ijikeleza kuphi, indlela imali yayo yamaphepha kanye nezinhlamvu zemali ezishintshe ngayo, imithetho eyinkimbinkimbi yokwamukelwa kwayo, izenzakalo ezibalulekile zomlando (kusukela ezingeni lesiliva kuya egolideni, ukwehla kwenani lemali kwekhulu lama-20, i-Black Wednesday noma i-Brexit), kanye nezincomo zokubhekana nezinga lokushintshisana kanye gwema izimali okungenasidingo.
Ukuhlonza i-pound sterling: ikhodi, uphawu kanye nobubanzi
Ikhodi ye-ISO 4217 ye-pound sterling ithi GBP (iphawundi laseGreat Britain) futhi uphawu lwalo yi-£, oluthathwe ohlamvu “L” luka amabhukuNakuba ngezinye izikhathi ubona i-“UKP”, akulungileEkubhalisweni kwemakethe yamasheya, i-GBX ingase ibonakale ibhekisela kuma-pence, okuwusizo lapho amanani ecashunwa ngamasenti ephawundi.
Iphawundi yimali esemthethweni ye- United Kingdom (iNgilandi, iScotland, iWales, kanye neNyakatho Ireland), kanye neCrown Dependencies: Isle of Man, iGuernsey, kanye neJersey, ezikhipha izimali zazo zasendaweni ezihambisana ne-GBP. Emazweni Angaphandle KwaseBrithani, kunezimali ezihambisana ne-pound (isilinganiso sokushintshaniswa esinqunyiwe), njenge Iphawundi laseGibraltarIphawundi laseFalkland Islands noma iphawundi laseSaint Helena, elihambisana ne-GBP ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane kuye ngendawo.
Ngokusho kwedatha enikeziwe, 17 September ka-2025 Izinga lokushintshanisa laliyi-1 GBP = 1,3641 USD kanye ne-1 GBP = 1,1525 EUR. Lawa manani ayashintshashintsha nsuku zonke; ngakho-ke, uma uhlela ukuthenga, uhambo, noma ukutshalwa kwezimali, kungcono ukuhlola izinga lokushintshanisa ngesikhathi sangempela emithonjeni efana ne-Google Finance, i-Yahoo! Finance, i-XE, noma i-OANDA, ehlanganisiwe. idatha ebuyekeziwe Kusuka emakethe.
Imali yamaphepha nezinhlamvu zemali ezisakazwayo
Namuhla, imali yamaphepha evame kakhulu ekhishwa yiBhange laseNgilandi yi- £5, £10, £20 kanye ne-£50konke kwenziwe nge-polymer. EScotland naseNyakatho Ireland kukhona nemali engamaphepha £1 kanye ne-£100 ekhishwe amabhange endawo; amanothi e-£1 aya ngokuya encipha, kodwa asekhona kulezo zindawo. Ukushintsha kusuka ephepheni kuya ku-polymer kwaqala ngenothi le-£5 ngo-2016, kwaqhubeka ngenothi le-£10 ngo-2017, inothi le-£20 ngo-2020, kanye nenothi le-£50 ngo-2021; amanothi ephepha e-£20 kanye ne-£50 ayeka ukusabalala ngo-2021. 1 Okthoba ka-2022.
Ngokwemali eyingxenye, iphawundi lihlukaniswe ngezigaba Amasenti ayi-100Izinhlamvu zemali ezisetshenziswayo zifaka phakathi i-1p, 2p, 5p, 10p, 20p, kanye ne-50p, kanye nezinhlamvu zemali ze-bimetallic £1 kanye ne-£2. Uchungechunge lwezikhumbuzo ngezinye izikhathi lukhishwa (isibonelo, ezinye izinhlamvu zemali ze-£5); zisemthethweni, kodwa ukusakazwa kwazo kungokomfanekiso. Ubufakazi Ngosuku nosuku.
Kusukela ohlelweni lwangaphambi kwedesimali kuya ekuguquleni idesimali
Ngaphambi kuka-1971, i-United Kingdom yayisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-duodecimal: iphawundi eli-1 = Amashilingi angu-20 kanye ne-shilling eyodwa = Amasenti ayi-12 (okungukuthi, ama-pence angu-240 ngephawundi). Kusetshenziswe izifinyezo zemvelaphi yesiLatini: “LSD” ze i-librae, i-solidi, idenariIshilingi laliphawulwe ngo-“s” (we- ukuqina) kanye nesenti elino-“d” (ka udenariyuAmagama anjengokuthi “2/6” asho “amashilingi amabili namasenti ayisithupha”; “5/-” asho amashilingi amahlanu isiyingi ngaphandle kwamasenti.
El Usuku Lwedesimali (15 Nhlolanja 1971) yashintsha uhlelo lwaba yi-100 pence ngephawundi. Iminyaka embalwa, yayibizwa ngokuthi "ama-pence amasha" (abizwa ngokuthi "p"), kwaze kwaba yilapho seyaziwa ngokuthi "ama-pence." Izinhlamvu zemali zangaphambilini ezifana ne-shilling ne-florin zazilinganiswa okwesikhashana ne-5p kanye ne-10p kwaze kwaba yilapho kukhishwa imiklamo emincane ngawo-90 futhi izinhlamvu zemali ezindala zishintshwa. bahoxa.
Ithenda nokwamukelwa okusemthethweni: imithetho kanye nezincazelo ngesifunda
Umqondo "wemali ye- ithenda elisemthethweni"E-UK, kungokobuchwepheshe: kusho ukuthi, uma umboleki enikeza inani eliqondile ngethenda elisemthethweni noma uhlobo lwemali lwe-fiatKunikeza ukuzivikela okuqinile esimangalweni sokungakhokhi. Lokhu akusho ukuthi ibhizinisi libophekile ukwamukela noma yiliphi ibhange noma uhlamvu lwemali ekhawunteni; ekuthengisweni, izinhlangothi zikhululekile ukuvumelana ngendlela yokukhokha.
En England kanye WalesAmaphepha ebhange laseBhange laseNgilandi asemthethweni. IScotland neNyakatho IrelandNgokumangalisayo, ayikho imali yephepha evunyelwe ngokomthetho (ngisho naleyo evela eBhange LaseNgilandi): lapho, imali yephepha iyimali yokushintshanisa ngokomthetho ekhishwa amabhange agunyaziwe. Noma kunjalo, iyamukelwa kabanzi, futhi empeleni abantu bakhokha njengokujwayelekile. Izinhlamvu zemali zeRoyal Mint, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zivunyelwe ngokomthetho kulo lonke elase-United Kingdom, kanye imikhawulo ngehlelo.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, akuvamile ukuthi amanye amabhizinisi eNgilandi enqabe imali yamaphepha yaseScotland noma yaseNyakatho Ireland ngenxa yokungaqondi kahle, noma ngabe imelela ama-pounds ayisithupha. Ngokomthetho, angenqaba uhlobo lokukhokha uma kungekho sikweletu sangaphambilini (isibonelo, uma umashi engakakhokhi ngaphambi kokunikeza izimpahla). Ngezikweletu esezivele zikhona (njengebhili yokudlela), bavame ukwamukela noma yiluphi uhlobo lokukhokha olufanele, okuhlanganisa amakhadi noma amasheke, yize kungekho sibopho sokwamukela noma yiliphi ibhange uma lingekho emthethweni kuleyo ndawo.
Imikhawulo ekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlamvu zemali njengethenda elisemthethweni
Izinhlamvu zemali zine imikhawulo yokuthengiselana (ngaphandle kwabanye). Leli thebula lifingqa amanani aphezulu angasetshenziswa njengethenda elisemthethweni e-UK lokukhokha izikweletu ngokheshi:
| Moneda | Ingasetshenziswa kakhulu |
|---|---|
| £5 (umqhele wangemva kuka-1990) | ilimitado |
| £2 | ilimitado |
| £1 | ilimitado |
| 50p | £10 |
| 25p (umqhele wangaphambi kuka-1990) | £10 |
| 20p | £10 |
| 10p | £5 |
| 5p | £5 |
| 2p | 20p |
| 1p | 20p |
Empeleni, le mithetho isebenza kakhulu ezinkantolo noma ezimweni zezikweletu. Ezitolo, okulawulayo ukwamukelwa ngokuzithandela kwendlela yokukhokha; ngakho-ke, ukuthwala imali ehlukahlukene Ukusebenzisa ikhadi ngokuvamile kwenza impilo ibe lula.
Izithombe, amakheli kanye nokugxuma ku-polymer
Umthetho waseBrithani udinga ukuthi izinhlamvu zemali ezijikelezayo zibe nomfanekiso walesi sithombe inkosi ebusayoNgakho-ke, lezi zingcezu zibonise amathambo asemthethweni ahlukene ka-Isabella II ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi kusukela ngo-2022, isithombe sikaCharles III.
Kukhona isiko elimangalisayo: ikhanda lenkosi entsha livame ukubheka ngendlela ephambene neyomanduleli wayo. owandulelayoNjengoba nje u-Elizabeth II ayebheke ngakwesokudla, uCharles III wayebheke ngakwesobunxele. Kwakukhona okuhlukile emlandweni ngo-Edward VIII (ozinhlamvu zemali zakhe zazingajikelezi) okusho ukuthi uGeorge V noGeorge VI bobabili babheke ngakwesobunxele.
Ngama-banknotes, i-United Kingdom yaqala ukushintshela ku- polymer Inothi leBhange laseNgilandi elingu-£5 ngo-2016 lalandelwa amanothi angu-£10 (2017), angu-£20 (2020), kanye no-£50 (2021). Amaphepha angu-£20 kanye no-£50 akhishwa ekusakazweni ngo-2022. Ngaphambilini, ngo-2000, iNorthern Bank (manje eyiDanske Bank) yayivele ikhiphe inothi le-polymer elingu-£5 eNyakatho Ireland, okuyisinyathelo sokuqala e-UK.
Kusukela ngo-2023-2024, imali yamaphepha enesithombe sikaCharles III isiqalile ukusabalala, kancane kancane ithatha indawo ka-Isabella II njengoba ekhishwa. wachithaZombili lezi zakhiwo ziyafana, futhi ezendlovukazi zihlala zisebenza kahle.
Imvelaphi: kusukela ku-penny yama-Anglo-Saxon kuya kusiliva esicwebezelayo
Ngezikhathi zama-Anglo-Saxon, izinhlamvu zemali ezincane zesiliva zazibizwa ngokuthi ama-sceattacishe amagremu angu-1,3. Cishe ngo-790, iNkosi u-Offa waseMercia yaletha ipeni lesiliva elingu-1,5 g, kanti angu-240 alawa ayelingana ne-“Tower pound”, cishe amagremu angu-349,9. Ngo-1526 indinganiso yashintsha yaba yi- i-troy pound (373,24 g), okujwayelekile okusasetshenziswa ezinsimbini eziyigugu.
Igama elithi “pound sterling” livela ku-alloy yesiliva negolide. 92,5% (isiliva elicwebezelayo) elalisetshenziselwa ukwenza izinhlamvu zemali. Ekuqaleni, amapeni ayecishe abe yisiliva elimsulwa futhi agugile; kusukela ngo-1158 kuqhubeke, ithusi lafakwa ukuze lihlale isikhathi eside. Imvelaphi yalo ixhumanisa ne-“amabhuku"njengeyunithi yesisindo yamaRoma, lapho kuvela khona uphawu lwe-£, olubonakala ngesimo salo somlando njengo-₤ olunezimbili imigoqo.
Ukudilizwa Okukhulu (1544–1551) kanye noMthetho kaGresham
Ngaphansi kukaHenry VIII, inani legolide nesiliva lezinhlamvu zemali lancishiswa kakhulu ukuze kuxhaswe izimpi kanye nezindleko zoMbuso. Igolide lehla lisuka ku-24 laya ku-2018. 20 carats futhi okuqukethwe kwesiliva kwafinyelela okungenani ku-25%. Izingcezu eziningi zazine-plaster yesiliva engaphezulu phezu kwenhliziyo yethusi; njengoba yayiguga, ikhala lesithombe lembula ithusi elingaphansi, okwasenza sabizwa ngokuthi isidlaliso. Ikhala Elidala Lethusi.
Umphumela waba ukusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwe- Umthetho kaGresham (“imali embi ikhipha okuhle”): izinhlamvu zemali ezintsha, eziwohlokile zazisakazwa, kuyilapho ezindala, ezihlanzekile zazigcinwa. Ngemva kuka-Edward VI, ngaphansi kuka-Elizabeth I, izinhlamvu zemali eziwohlokile zakhishwa futhi zancibilikiswa (1560), futhi amazinga aphezulu amiswa kabusha. ubumsulwaukubuyisa ukuzethemba.
Kusukela endinganisweni yesiliva kuya endinganisweni yegolide kanye nokuhlanganiswa kweBhange laseNgilandi
Iphawundi lisuke kuphethini ye ukukhokha ngokwezinga legolide elingokoqobo ngekhulu le-18, inqubo ehlotshaniswa nokweqiswa kwenani legolide kanye nezinguquko ezakhuthazwa ngu-Isaac Newton (1717). Ngo-1816 izinga legolide lamukelwa ngokusemthethweni, elagcina amandla ephawundi ngesikhathi sokuchuma kwezezimali kwe- London njengesikhungo somhlaba.
IBhange laseNgilandi, elasungulwa ngo-1694, laba yinsika yesimiso sezimali. Naphezu kwezinkinga ezithile (ngekhulu le-17 kuya kwele-18), iphawundi lagcina idumela lokuzinza isikhathi eside kwaze kwaba yilapho izimpi zekhulu lama-20 ziphoqa ukuthi lisuke esimisweni segolide futhi ukwehla kwenani kamuva.
Ikhulu lama-20 nelama-21: izimpi, iBretton Woods, ukwehla kwamanani kanye namazinga okushintshana antantayo
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, i-United Kingdom yaqoqa izikweletu ezinkulu; izinqubomgomo zokwehla kwamandla emali zaholela ekuwohlokeni komnotho ngo-1920-21 kanye 1931 Izinga legolide lashiywa. Ngo-1940, izinga lokushintshaniswa kwemali laqiniswa ku-4,03 USD, kwathi ngaphansi kukaBretton Woods, iphawundi lehla kakhulu. 1949 (ku-$2,80 USD) kanye 1967 (ku-USD 2,40). Izilawuli zokushintshanisa (isb., imikhawulo yemali lapho uhamba) nazo zabekwa kuze kube yilapho 1979.
Ngo-1971 iBretton Woods yawa futhi iphawundi laya ku- ukuntantaKwakukhona ukungezwani: ngo-1976 uhulumeni waphendukela kwi-IMF; ngawo-80 iphawundi lalishintshashintsha phakathi kweziqongo eziseduze no-$2 kanye nezinga eliphansi ngo-1985 elicishe libe ngu-$1,05. Ngo-1990 i-United Kingdom yangena kwi-European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) ngamamaki angu-2,95; uLwesithathu Olumnyama (1992) baphoqeleka ukuba baphume, amazinga enyuka esuka ku-10% aya ku-15% emzamweni ohlulekile wokusekela ibhendi.
Ngo-2007 iphawundi lafinyelela iphuzu lalo eliphakeme kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa nedola; Inkinga yezezimali yango-2008 Yalinciphisa kakhulu inani lalo, yalenza lacishe lafika kuma-euro angu-1,02 ekupheleni kuka-2009. Ngo-2009, iBhange laseNgilandi lasungula i-Quantitative Easing (QE) ngama-pound ayizigidigidi ezingu-75.000, lanwetshwa laya kuma-pound ayizigidigidi ezingu-375.000 ngo-2012, ikakhulukazi lithenga ama-gilts (isikweletu somphakathi).
Ireferendamu ka I-Brexit (2016) kwaletha okunye ukushaqeka: iphawundi lehle kakhulu uma liqhathaniswa ne-euro kanye nedola, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi izinga layo lokushintshanisa liphendule ekuhlanganisweni kwezingxoxo, ezombusazwe zasekhaya kanye nezimo zezimali zomhlaba wonke (BoE, ECB, Iphethwe).
Indawo yaseSterling kanye namazwe asebenzisa i-pound (noma izimali ezixhunyiwe)
Ngokomlando, amakoloni amaningi aseBrithani kanye nemibuso yayiyingxenye yalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi indawo enhle kakhuluNamuhla, ngaphezu kwe-United Kingdom, laba abalandelayo basebenzisa imali yendawo nge-par noma i-GBP: iGibraltar, iziQhingi zaseFalkland, iSaint Helena/Ascension/Tristan da Cunha, iGuernsey, iJersey, i-Isle of Man, iBritish Antarctic Territory, iBritish Indian Ocean Territory, kanye neziQhingi zaseSouth Georgia kanye neSouth Sandwich. Ezimweni eziningana, GBP Ihambisana nemali yendawo (ngesilinganiso) kanye nedola ekusetshenzisweni okuthile.
I-GBP ekuhwebeni komhlaba wonke, ezindaweni zokugcina kanye nemali “ephephile”
Ngokusho kweBhange Lezokuhlalisana Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, iphawundi liphakathi kwe izimali ezithengiswa kakhulu yezwe (ngemuva kwe-USD, i-EUR ne-JPY). Igcina indima ebalulekile njengemali egciniwe, isekelwa ukujula kwezimakethe zaseBrithani, iLondon njengesikhungo sezezimali kanye nokuguquguquka kwezimpahla zayo ezizimele.
IBhange laseNgilandi liyisihluthulelo sokuzinza kwe-GBP ngokusebenzisa amazinga enzalo kanye nokuthengwa kwempahla. Liphinde lihlole indlela engenzeka I-CBDC (i-digital pound), okungase kuhambisane nemali kanye namadiphozithi asebhange esikhathini esizayo, okuzothinta izinkokhelo kanye nokungenelela kwezezimali.
Amathiphu awusizo: ukukhokha nokushintshanisa imali
Kokuhamba, into elula kakhulu ivame ukuba khokha ngekhadi Noma nini lapho kungenzeka: izinga lokushintshanisa liseduze nezinga lemakethe kanti ikhomishini ejwayelekile icishe ibe ngu-1%, kuye ngebhange elikhiphayo. Qhathanisa imigomo nemibandela yekhadi lakho (imali yokukhokha yemali yangaphandle, inhlawulo eyengeziwe ye DCC, Njll).
Khipha imali ku- ATM Kungaba nenzuzo uma ibhange lakho likhokhisa imali enhle; izinga elivamile licishe libe ngu-4% ezikhungweni eziningi, kodwa kukhona amakhadi angabizi kakhulu atholakalayo. Gwema "ukuguqulwa okuguqukayo" kwe-ATM (okukunikeza inketho yokulayisha ngama-euro), njengoba kusho izinga lokushintshanisa elibi kakhulu; khetha njalo ama-euro esikhundleni salokho. Ngikhokhisa ngama-GBP.
Ukushintsha imali yakho ngaphambi kokuhamba ebhange lakho kulula, yize izimali kanye nemivuzo kungaba phezulu (kufika ku-10% ngokwemininingwane enikeziwe). Izinkampani ezikhethekile kanye nezinsizakalo zokulethwa ekhaya Izimo zingathuthuka, kodwa kuyalulekwa qhathanisa isilinganiso kanye nekhomishini iyonke.
Uma ushintshanisa imali lapho uya khona, qhathanisa amabhange kanye nezikhungo zokushintshanisa imali bese ubuza ukuthi "bangaki amakhilogremu "Unganginika ama-euro angu-X, inani eliphelele lamakhomishini?" Leso sibalo sokugcina yisona esibalulekile, ngale kwamanani "ezivakashi" noma "ikhomishini engu-0%" enezindleko ezengeziwe ezifihliwe.
Amanani okushintshana: izinkomba, amashadi kanye nezibalo ezibalulekile
Izinto ezinikeziwe zikhomba uhlobo olubonisa 1 £ ≈ 1,15 € Ngokuqondile, kusukela ngomhlaka-17 Septhemba 2025, izinga lokushintshanisa lingu-1 GBP = 1,1525 EUR kanye no-1 GBP = 1,3641 USD. Khumbula ukuthi amazinga okushintshanisa ayashintsha ngomzuzu; kuyalulekwa ukuthi ubheke imithombo efana ne-Google Finance, i-Yahoo! Finance, i-XE, noma i-OANDA ukuthola amashadi omlando kanye izexwayiso Intengo.
Ukuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu kuyimpendulo ezinqumweni ezenziwe ngamabhange amakhulu (i-BoE, i-ECB, i-Fed), idatha ye-macro (ukwehla kwamandla emali, amaholo, i-GDP), izehlakalo zezepolitiki, kanye nemizwa yemakethe. Ngezikhathi zokungaqiniseki, i-GBP ingasebenza njenge- isiphephelo noma, ngokuphambene nalokho, bajeziswe uma ingozi ebonwayo igxile e-United Kingdom.
Indlela yokusho nokubhala imali ngesiNgisi
NgesiNgisi esivamile, iphawundi lingabizwa ngokuthi "crux"Amagama eziteketiso asetshenziswa futhi emaphepheni: “a fiver” (£5), “a tenner” (£10), “a twenty” (£20), kanye “a fifty” (£50). Lawa magama avame kakhulu uma kukhulunywa ngawo amanani.
Uma kufundwa amanani: i-£2.50 isho “amaphawundi amathathu angamashumi amahlanu”; i-£35.07, “amaphawundi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu kanye nopeni abayisikhombisa”; i-£1,850.60, “inkulungwane eyodwa, amakhulu ayisishiyagalombili namashumi amahlanu amaphawundi angamashumi ayisithupha”. Qaphela umbhalo: ngesiNgisi, izinkulungwane zimelelwa izinkulungwane ezinesikhathi (£). ikhoma kanye nephuzu ledesimali, okuphambene neSpain.
I-Etymology kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe
Igama elithi “Libra” linezimpande zesiLatini (isisindo sekhilogremu(iphawundi ngesisindo) futhi ixhumanisa nezinye izinhlamvu zemali zomlando ezifana ne- lira (Italy). Emazweni afana neLebhanoni noma iTurkey, amagama athi lira/pound asetshenziswa ngenxa yemvelaphi efanayo; ngesiFulentshi, “livre”. Uphawu lwe-£ luvela ku-“L” olunesitayela futhi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lwavela efomini ₤ (ibha ephindwe kabili) lwaba yi- okwangempela £.
Izinto ezimangalisayo ze-Numismatic nezendawo
Izinhlamvu zemali zaseBrithani eziyi-£1 ziveze okuningi imiklamo Okuphambene nakho kunezigqoko zezikhali, izimpawu zesifunda, njll., kanti iRoyal Mint ikhipha uchungechunge olukhethekile. Izinhlamvu zemali ezinesithombe sika-Isabella II zisekhona futhi zizojikeleza kanye nesikaCharles III iminyaka eminingi, okuvumela ukuthi kubonakale izithombe ezahlukahlukene zisakazwa. bobabili izizukulwane.
EScotland, imali yamaphepha ekhishwe yiBhange laseScotland, iRoyal Bank yaseScotland, kanye neClydesdale Bank iyasabalala; eNyakatho Ireland, leyo ekhishwe yiBhange lase-Ireland, iFirst Trust (AIB), iNorthern Bank (Danske), kanye ne-Ulster Bank. Ayimali yaseBrithani esebenzayo, yize ngezinye izikhathi itholakala ne- ukungabaza ngaphandle kwesifunda sabo ngenxa yokuntula ulwazi.
Iphawundi njengesibuko somnotho waseBrithani
Ukuziphatha kwe-GBP kuvame ukusebenza njengesilinganiso somnotho. United Kingdom futhi, ngokwengxenye, ivela eYurophu. Amanani enzalo, ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, kanye nokulindela ukukhula kushintsha imali, okuphinde kuthonye ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe, ibhalansi ye-akhawunti yamanje, kanye nokuzethemba kwebhizinisi. Ngakho-ke, ukuyiqapha kubalulekile izinkampaniabatshalizimali kanye nabahambi.
Kulula ukubona ukuthi kungani i-pound sterling isilokhu ikhona kuze kube namuhla njengemali endala kakhulu esetshenziswa njalo: inhlanganisela yomlando, izikhungo eziqinile, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo (kusukela ezingeni lesiliva kuya kwegolide ne-polymer), kanye nendima ebalulekile kwezezimali zomhlaba wonke. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhamba, ukutshalwa kwezimali, noma ulwazi olujwayelekile, ukuqonda kwayo ukusebenzaIsimo sayo sethenda esisemthethweni ngokwesifunda kanye nezigaba zayo zomlando zivumela ukwenza izinqumo ezingcono kanye nokuqonda ukuceba kohlelo lwemali oluyingqayizivele.
