- Le ncwadi ithuthukisa imodeli ethandwayo yomthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu enkampanini ehlonipha indima yomuntu ngamunye ngaphandle kokukhipha isihlamba enkampanini.
- Ihlanganisa isayensi yokuziphatha, inkolelo-mbono yomdlalo, isayensi yobugebengu, kanye ne-neoinstitutionalism ukuze isekele futhi ithuthukise izinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu.
- Ihlaziya ngokuningiliziwe uhlelo lwezomthetho lwaseSpain, izinguquko zakamuva, iSiqondiso esiveza ubufakazi kanye nomthetho oyinhloko wamacala eNkantolo Ephakeme kanye neNkantolo Kazwelonke.
- Inikeza umhlahlandlela osebenzayo wokuklama izinhlelo zokuvimbela ubugebengu, ukuphatha uphenyo lwangaphakathi, kanye nokulungiselela imibiko yokuthobela imithetho enemiphumela ekhululayo.
El Ukuthobela imithetho yobugebengu sekuyinto ebalulekile Kunoma iyiphi inkampani efuna ukulala kahle futhi igweme izinkinga zomthetho, icala lobugebengu lezinhlangano zomthetho aliseyona inkinga yenkolelo-mbono: kunezinqumo, izindlela zokushushisa, kanye nomthetho wamacala ophuculiwe ochaza inkundla yokusebenza kwebhizinisi nsuku zonke.
Kulo mongo, a incwadi yokulandela imithetho yobugebengu ebhalwe kahle Kungaphezu kakhulu kwedokhumenti enhle ongayibonisa ekuhlolweni kwamabhuku. Kuyisiqondiso esisebenzayo sokuqonda ukuthi inkampani ingabekwa icala nini, ukuthi ingaklanywa kanjani uhlelo lokuthobela imithetho olusebenzayo, ukuthi iyiphi indima edlalwa yisikhulu sokuthobela imithetho, ukuthi umthetho udingani, nokuthi imfundiso yezomthetho kanye nemithetho yezomthetho kuya kuphi, kufaka phakathi izindlela zesimanje ezifana nokuthobela imithetho yokuziphatha, inkolelo-mbono yomdlalo, kanye ne-neo-institutionalism.
Isibopho sobugebengu senkampani kanye nemodeli yabantu
Isiqalo ukucabanga ukuthi Izinhlangano zomthetho zingabhekwa njengecala lobugebengu ngamacala athile, ngokusho kwe-Spanish Penal Code kanye nemfundiso yeNkantolo Ephakeme. Kodwa-ke, umbuzo obalulekile ukuthi ungawuthethelela kanjani lo mthwalo wemfanelo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa iqiniso lokuthi, ekugcineni, labo abenza isenzo bahlala bengabantu bemvelo.
Ngombono okhethekile kakhulu, imodeli yabantu yomthwalo wemfanelo wobugebengu benkampaniLo modeli uthatha njengemfundiso yawo eyinhloko yokuthi okuwukuphela komuntu okwazi ukwenza ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni ngumuntu ngamunye, kodwa ngaphandle kokukhipha inkampani ecaleni lobugebengu ezimweni ezithile. Lo modeli uzama ukulinganisa indilinga: ukuhlonipha ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo unikeza isisekelo esiqinile sokuvumela inhlangano lapho isakhiwo sayo, isiko, noma ukuntuleka kokulawula kuye kwenza ubugebengu baba lula.
Kulesi simiso, okulandelayo kuyafaneleka: okubizwa ngokuthi "amaqiniso okuxhumanisa"Okusho ukuthi, izimo ezidingekayo zokuxhumanisa ukuziphatha kwabaphathi, abasebenzi, noma ababambisene nenhlangano esemthethweni. Kuphela uma lezi zimo zihlangatshezwa—isibonelo, ubugebengu obenziwe ngenzuzo eqondile noma engaqondile yenkampani kanye nangaphakathi kwemisebenzi yayo—lapho ukushushiswa kobugebengu kwenhlangano yenkampani kungacatshangelwa khona.
Kanye nalokhu kwakhiwa okunezimfundiso eziqinile, umsebenzi wokubhekisela uhlanganisa umbono ongavamile kakhulu wezifundo eziningiIhlanganisa iminikelo evela ku-criminology yezinkampani, i-sociology, i-psychology yezenhlalo, ezomnotho zokuziphatha, kanye ne-game theory, le nhlanganisela ivumela incazelo engcono yokuthi kungani ezinye izinhlangano zithobela imithetho kanti ezinye zibhekana nokungalandeli imithetho okuhleliwe, nokuthi isiko lezinkampani lithonya kanjani ukuvela kwezingozi zobugebengu.
Imikhuba yezimfundiso kanye nezisekelo zokuthobela imithetho
Ukuze uqonde incwadi yokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu, kubalulekile ukwazi izindlela ezahlukene zemfundiso mayelana nesibopho sobugebengu sezinhlangano zomthethoIzikhundla ezivikela ukungabi nasibopho (inkampani inesibopho sezenzo zabanye) uma kuqhathaniswa namamodeli okuzibophezela (inhlangano inesibopho sokuntuleka kwayo kwesakhiwo) zihlaziywa ngokuningiliziwe, kanye nokugxekwa kokusebenza ngokweqile kanye nenkolelo-mbono yezinhlelo lapho zidluliselwa ngokungagxeki emthethweni wobugebengu bezinkampani.
Umqondo wesimanje wokuthi ukuthobela imithetho njengethuluzi lokuzilawula nokuziphendulelaUkuthobela imithetho akucatshangelwa nje kuphela njengendlela esemthethweni yokuthobela imithetho, kodwa futhi njengohlelo oluphelele lwenhlangano nokuphatha olufuna ukuvimbela nokubona ubugebengu, ukukhuthaza ubuqotho, kanye nokunikeza ukulandelelwa kwezinqumo. Lapha, kuxhumana nezomnotho zokuziphatha, okubonisa ukuthi ukucwasa kwengqondo, izisusa, kanye nokwakheka kwezinqumo kuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwangempela kwabantu ngaphakathi kwenkampani.
Incwadi yemiyalelo ichaza ukuthi indima yesikhulu sokuthobela imithetho Sekuyisici esibalulekile ekuphathweni kwezinkampani. Izidingo zayo zenhlangano (isikhundla eshadini lenhlangano, ukuzimela, izinsiza), imisebenzi yayo (ukuklama, ukuqondisa kanye nokuvuselela uhlelo lokuthobela imithetho, ukuphathwa kwesiteshi solwazi sangaphakathi, ukuxhumanisa nokuhlolwa kwamabhuku, izinsiza zabantu kanye nomeluleki wezomthetho) kanye nezimo lapho icala layo lobugebengu lingavela khona uma yenza ngokunganaki noma ngenhloso zichazwe kabanzi.
Kanye nesikhulu sokuthobela imithetho, okulandelayo kuyahlaziywa: imithwalo yemfanelo yabanye abadlali ababalulekile: amalungu ezigungu zokuphatha, abaphathi abanemisebenzi yokulawula, abalingani abaneqhaza elifanele, ochwepheshe abangochwepheshe bezobunhloli noma uphenyo lwangaphakathi, kanye nomuntu ophethe "uhlelo lolwazi lwangaphakathi" olulawulwa uMthetho 2/2023 kanye neSiqondiso sokuphenya ngemfihlo saseYurophu.
Umsebenzi obuyekeziwe uhlanganisa futhi ukucabanga okujulile ngokuzibophezela kwenkampaniIndlela izinkampani okumele zilandise ngayo ngemodeli yazo yenhlangano nokuphatha kubahluleli, abashushisi, kanye neziphathimandla eziphethe, kanye nendlela yokubhala phansi kahle izinqumo zokuthobela imithetho ukuze, uma kudingeka, zisebenze njengobufakazi obuqinile bochwepheshe enkambisweni yobugebengu.
Isisekelo sokuhlaziya kanye nendlela yesayensi yokuthobela imithetho
Esinye sezici zokuqala kakhulu yi- isisekelo sokuhlaziya sesibopho sobugebengu senkampaniLe ncwadi ihlanganisa iziphakamiso ezihlanganisa izindlela eziqinisekiswe ngokwesayensi—njengethiyori yomdlalo, ubulungiswa bezikhungo ezintsha, kanye nokulingisa—ukuchaza ukuguquguquka kwezikhuthazo nezinqumo ngaphakathi kwenkampani kanye nobudlelwano bazo nokwenza noma ukuvimbela ubugebengu.
Ithiyori yomdlalo isetshenziswa Ukuqonda izinkinga zamasu Phakathi kwabaphathi, abasebenzi, kanye nabalingani: kunini lapho kunengqondo ukubambisana nomthetho noma ukuphambuka kuwo, kwenzekani lapho isiko lenkampani lithola imiphumela yomvuzo ngaphezu kokuthobela imithetho, noma ukuthi umbono wokungajeziswa ushintsha kanjani ibhalansi phakathi kwengozi kanye nenzuzo. I-neoinstitutionalism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyasiza ukuchaza isisindo semithetho esemthethweni nengahlelekile, kanye nezingcindezi zemvelo (imakethe, abalawuli, umbono womphakathi) ekubumbeni ukuziphatha kwenkampani.
Esinye isigaba esibalulekile yileso esinikezelwe kuso Ukuthobela UkuziphathaLe ndlela iqoqa ubufakazi besayensi ngobuqotho, ukungathembeki, kanye nemiphumela yezikhuthazo kanye nokucindezelwa kontanga. Icaphuna izifundo zokuthi izinguquko ezincane endaweni (ukugudluza), ukucaca, umbono wobulungiswa bangaphakathi, kanye nokucaca kwemithetho yokuziphatha kunganciphisa kakhulu amathuba okungalandeli imithetho. Le ndlela ivumela ukwakhiwa kwezinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho ezingezona nje imibhalo engaguquki, kodwa kunalokho izinhlelo eziguquguqukayo ezivumelaniswe nendlela abantu abenza ngayo izinqumo.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zisekelo, le ncwadi iphakamisa amasu esayensi okuthuthukisa ukuthobela imithetho ngaphakathi kwezimo eziyinkimbinkimbi zenkampani. Amathuluzi okulingisa okubikezela ukungalandeli imithetho, izindlela zokuhlola ubungozi eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kanye nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe—kufaka phakathi i-Artificial Intelligence—ukuqapha izinqubo, ukuthola amaphethini asolisayo, nokuqinisa ukulawula kwangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubumfihlo babasebenzi ngokungafanele kuyaxazululwa.
Le ndlela ehlanganisa konke iqinisa futhi ikhwalithi yemibiko yochwepheshe bokuthobela imithethoNgokunikeza izindlela eziqondile zokuhlola ukufaneleka nokusebenza kahle kwezinhlelo, inqoba "ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle" okuvamile kanye "nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka," futhi isondela ezindinganisweni zobufakazi ezicacile neziphindaphindekayo enkantolo.
Isibopho sobugebengu sezinhlangano zomthetho ku-Spanish Penal Code
Incwadi yemiyalelo inikela ingxenye enkulu ekuhlukaniseni uhlelo lobugebengu lwezinhlangano zomthetho okumbozwe ku-Spanish Penal Code, kugxilwe kakhulu ku-Article 31 bis kanye nezinhlinzeko ezihlobene. Kuqala ngokuhlaziywa okujulile kwezimfuneko zokumangalelwa, izimo zokuguqula, ikhodi ethile yokujezisa, kanye nezindlela zokunikeza umthwalo wemfanelo emaqenjini ezinkampani kanye nemisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinkampani.
I "uhlelo lokukhululwa kabili" Ngokuphathelene nesibopho sobugebengu sezinhlangano zomthetho, kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: okokuqala, ukukhululwa okusekelwe ekubeni khona kwemodeli yenhlangano kanye nokuphatha ephumelelayo eqaliswe ngaphambi kokwenziwa kobugebengu; kanti okwesibili, amacala lapho inkampani ikhombisa khona ukuthi ubugebengu benziwe ngokugwema izilawuli ngokukhwabanisa nokuthi bekungekho ukwehluleka kwenhlangano okufanele. Ukuhlonza kahle lolu hlelo oluphindwe kabili kubalulekile ekwakheni uhlelo lokuthobela imithetho olunomphumela wangempela wokukhulula icala.
Endabeni yezijeziso, okulandelayo kuyahlaziywa: izigwebo ezisebenza ezinhlanganweni zomthetho (izinhlawulo, ukuqedwa, ukumiswa kwemisebenzi, ukuvalwa kwezakhiwo, ukuvinjelwa kokwenza inkontileka nomkhakha womphakathi, ukungenelela kwezomthetho, njll.) kanye nokuguqulwa kwazo ngaphansi komgomo wokulingana, ikakhulukazi ezimweni lapho izinhlawulo zihambisana khona nenhlangano esemthethweni kanye nabalingani abaphethe ingxenye enkulu yesabelo semali. Umgomo wokukhishwa kwesijeziso ngokusebenzisa umgomo othi "non bis in idem" nawo ukhulunywa lapha, ukuvimbela isijeziso esiphindwe kabili esingafanele ngezenzo ezifanayo.
Udaba olulodwa olubucayi kakhulu yilolo "ukudluliselwa" kwesibopho sobugebengu phakathi kwezinhlangano zomthetho, ngokwesibonelo ku ukuhlanganiswa, ukuthengwa noma imisebenzi yokulandelana kwebhizinisi, exhunywe ku-Article 130.2 ye-Criminal Code. Le ncwadi ixoxa ngezimo lapho icala lingabekwa khona enhlanganweni entsha, imikhawulo yalokhu kudluliswa, kanye nesidingo sokuqaphela ngokuqinile ukuthobela imithetho emisebenzini ye-M&A ukuthola nokuphatha izingozi zobugebengu ezizuzwe njengefa.
Konke lokhu kuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngokubheka Isekhula 1/2016 seHhovisi Lommeli Jikelele Kahulumeni kanye nomthetho wamacala wakamuva weNkantolo Ephakeme, iNkantolo Kazwelonke kanye neziNkantolo Zezifundazwe ezahlukahlukene. Izinqumo eziningi ezikhishwe eminyakeni yamuva zifakiwe, kugxilwe kakhulu esikhathini sika-2018-2021, lapho izindlela ezibalulekile zokuhlola amamodeli okuvimbela, umthwalo wobufakazi, ukusebenza kahle kweziteshi zokubika kanye nezidingo ezincane zezinhlelo zokuthobela imithetho ziye zahlanganiswa.
Izibuyekezo zomthetho kanye nomongo waseYurophu
Uhlelo lwakamuva lwencwadi luhlanganisa ukuvuselelwa okuphelele kohlaka lokulawula okuthinta ukuthobela imithetho yobugebengu. Izinguquko ezethulwe yi-Organic Law 1/2019, eziphathelene nokuguqulwa kweziqondiso ze-European Union ezindabeni zezezimali nezobuphekula, kanye ne-Organic Law 8/2021, ekuvikelweni okuphelele kwezingane nentsha ebudloveni, ziyahlaziywa, ezandisa futhi zithuthukise uhlu lobugebengu obungadala umthwalo wecala ezinhlanganweni zomthetho.
Umthelela we Isiqondiso (i-EU) sangomhlaka-23 Okthoba 2019 mayelana nokubikwa kwezindaba eziyimfihloLo mthetho udinga izinkampani nezinhlangano zomphakathi ukuthi zisungule iziteshi zolwazi zangaphakathi ezisebenzayo neziphephile. ESpain, lo mthetho waseYurophu uxhumene noMthetho 2/2023, olawula uhlelo lolwazi lwangaphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwababiki bemibiko, kanye nokuphathwa okuyimfihlo kokuxhumana—zonke izici ezihlobene kakhulu nokusebenza kwemisebenzi yokuthobela imithetho.
Esinye isisekelo esibalulekile yi- Umthetho We-Organic 3/2018 Wokuvikelwa Kwemininingwane Yomuntu Siqu kanye nesiqinisekiso samalungelo edijithalikanye noMthetho We-Organic 6/2021, owethula izinguquko ezibalulekile kwi-Criminal Code kanye nokulawulwa kokucutshungulwa kwedatha ezindaweni zokusebenza kanye nezinkampani. Le ncwajana igxile ekubaleni okubucayi phakathi kwesidingo sokuphenya ngaphakathi ubugebengu obungaba khona kanye nenhlonipho yelungelo lobumfihlo, ubumfihlo bokuxhumana, kanye nokuvikelwa kwedatha yabasebenzi neyeqembu lesithathu.
Ngombono wokuqhathanisa, okulandelayo kuyaxoxwa ngakho futhi izikhundla zemfundiso kanye nezomthetho zaseLatin America kanye nomhlaba wama-Anglo-Saxonezisebenza ekuchazeni imodeli yaseSpain futhi zithole izitayela ezivamile emthethweni wobugebengu bezinkampani: ukugcizelela okukhulayo emasikweni okuthobela imithetho, ukubaluleka kophenyo lwangaphakathi, ukuvelela okukhulu kweziphathimandla zokulwa nenkohlakalo kanye nokwanda kwezixazululo ezixoxiswane ngazo (izivumelwano zokunganeliseki, izivumelwano zokushushisa ezihlehlisiwe, njll.).
Konke lokhu kudala isimo lapho ukuthobela umthetho wobugebengu kuphelelwa yisikhathi "okungeziwe" ngokuzithandela futhi kuba isidingo esicishe singagwemeki sokusebenza ngokuqiniseka okusemthethweniikakhulukazi emikhakheni elawulwayo, izinhlangano zezimali, izinkampani ezinezinkontileka nomkhakha womphakathi, noma amaqembu ebhizinisi anokufinyelela kwamanye amazwe.
"Uhlelo Lokuthobela Umthetho Wobugebengu": izidingo kanye nemiphumela ekhululayo
Ingqikithi ewusizo yale ncwadi ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwe- "uhlelo lokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu" noma imodeli yokuvimbela ubugebengu kanye nezimfuneko okumele kuhlangatshezwane nazo ukuze kuqedwe icala lobugebengu lenhlangano esemthethweni. Izimiso eziqondisayo yi-Article 31 bis 5 ye-Criminal Code, imigomo ye-Circular 1/2016 yeHhovisi likaMmeli Jikelele, kanye nomthetho wamacala obanzi osuvele uhlole ukuqina kwalezi zinhlelo enkantolo.
Izinto ezibalulekile zalo modeli zifaka phakathi ukuhlonza okuhlelekile kanye nokuhlolwa kwezingozi zobugebengu, ukuvunyelwa kwezinqubomgomo nezinqubo ezithile, ukuba khona kwezinhlangano zokuphatha ezizimele kanye nezinsiza ezanele, ukuqeqeshwa okuqhubekayo, ukusetshenziswa kweziteshi zokubika ezisebenzayo nezivikelekile, kanye nokusabela okusheshayo nokubhalwe phansi kwezinkomba zokungahambi kahle (uphenyo lwangaphakathi, izinyathelo zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe, ukubuyekezwa kwezilawuli, njll.).
Incwadi yemiyalelo igcizelela ukubaluleka kokuthi uhlelo aluyona into "ukusika nokunamathisela" nje kwamathempulethiKunalokho, luhlelo oluhlelwe ngokwesayizi ethile, umkhakha, isakhiwo, kanye namasiko enhlangano. Ukwenza ngokwezifiso kanye nobufakazi bokuthi imodeli isetshenziswa ngempela—hhayi ephepheni nje kuphela—kuyizinto ezibalulekile ezinkantolo zokuhlola ukufaneleka kwayo kanye nokusebenza kwayo.
Ngokuphathelene ne- umthwalo wobufakaziImithetho yenqubo mayelana nokuthi ubani okumele afakazele ukuthi kukhona futhi kusebenza kahle imodeli yokuvimbela iyahlaziywa, kanye nendlela imibhalo yokuthobela imithetho yangaphakathi ehlolwa ngayo kanye nendima yemibiko yochwepheshe abazimele. Izindinganiso zobufakazi ezisebenzayo kanye nezinselele ezibangelwa imiqondo efana "nokuhlolwa kokusebenza kahle" kanye "nokuhlolwa kokufaneleka" kohlelo nazo ziyabhekwana, kuphakanyiswa izindlela ezinengqondo nezisekelwe ebufakazini.
Ngokufanayo, Izihluthulelo zombiko omuhle wochwepheshe bokuthobela imithethoIndlela esetshenzisiwe ihlanganisa ukuhlaziywa, imibhalo ebuyekeziwe, izingxoxo, ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kwezilawuli, ukuhlolwa kwesiteshi sokubika, izinkomba zesiko lokuziphatha, njll. Inhloso ukunikeza ijaji izakhi zobuchwepheshe ezicacile ukuze kunqunywe ukuthi uhlelo lokuthobela imithetho belusebenza kahle yini ngesikhathi semicimbi futhi, ngakho-ke, ukuthi ukukhululwa ekwethwesweni icala kufanele kusetshenziswe noma cha.
Uphenyo lwangaphakathi lwenkampani kanye nokuhlolwa kwezifo zangaphakathi
Enye ingxenye ewusizo kakhulu yale ncwadi inikezelwe ku- uphenyo lwangaphakathi lwenkampani kanye nemisebenzi yokuhlolwa kwezifoLezi zinqubo sezibe amathuluzi ajwayelekile lapho kuvela izinsolo zokukhwabanisa, inkohlakalo, ukuhlukunyezwa, noma okunye ukuziphatha okubi ngaphakathi kwenkampani. Kuphakanyiswa izindlela zokusebenza zokuhlela nokwenza lezi zenzo ngendlela efanele, ukugwema ukungamukeleki kobufakazi kanye nokungqubuzana namalungelo ayisisekelo.
Isibonelo, i- imfundiso yomthetho wamacala mayelana "nokusebenziseka" kobufakazi Ubufakazi obuqoqwe ngaphakathi, ukungabi semthethweni kobufakazi obutholakala ngokwephula ubumfihlo noma ubumfihlo bokuxhumana, kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha ezidingekayo lapho kufinyelela i-imeyili yenkampani, amadivayisi kagesi, noma amafayela efu angawabasebenzi. Kuchazwa izimo ezijwayelekile lapho inkampani ingase izivikele khona ngokusemthethweni ukuze ivikele izimpahla zayo nedumela layo, kanye nalapho isenzo esinjalo singadlula khona imikhawulo evunyelwe, siyenze ibe uhlobo "lwe-ejenti yoMbuso."
Ngokuphathelene nalokhu, incwadi yemiyalelo ithuthukisa amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo ohlelo lolwazi lwangaphakathi yoMthetho 2/2023: ukwamukelwa nokuphathwa kolwazi, isiqinisekiso sobumfihlo, ukwenqatshwa kokuziphindiselela, ukucubungula izinsuku zokugcina, ukubhalwa kwezenzo, kanye nokuxhumana neziphathimandla zangaphandle lapho amaqiniso engaba ubugebengu. Kunakekelwa ngokukhethekile umqondo "wokwethembeka" komuntu onolwazi kanye nokuvikelwa ekuzibophezeleni kwenhlangano esemthethweni.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe- "ukungazibophezeli" kwenhlangano esemthethweniLokhu kuyindaba ebaluleke kakhulu kuzo zombili izinhlaka zobugebengu kanye nezokuphatha. Ucwaningo luhlola ukuthi izinkampani zingabambisana kanjani nophenyo lomphakathi ngaphandle kokuphoqeleka ukuthi zinikeze ulwazi, empeleni, olungakha icala ngokumelene nazo, nokuthi yiliphi ibanga elikhona lezivumelwano, izinxephezelo, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa ezingabhekwa kahle enkantolo.
Umbhalo ubonisa lezi zinkinga nge- iqoqo elikhulu lamacala angempela aphenywayo noma ashushiswayo ezinkantolo nasemacaleni omphakathi, okuhlanganisa izibonelo ezivela eNkantolo Kazwelonke, eziNkantolo Zezifundazwe kanye naseNkantolo Ephakeme, kanye nezinqumo ezifanele kwamanye amazwe kanye nezinhlelo zomthetho. Le ndlela esekelwe emacaleni isiza ukuqonda ukuthi izimiso neziqondiso ezijwayelekile ze-FGE zisetshenziswa kanjani ekusebenzeni.
Ikhathalogi yobugebengu, umthetho kanye nezijobelelo eziwusizo
Njengethuluzi lokubhekisela, le ncwadi ihlanganisa izithako ezisetshenziswa kakhuluEsinye salezi zigaba sibala amacala lapho izinhlangano zomthetho zibhekene necala lobugebengu, kanye nezinkomba zomthetho wamacala abaluleke kakhulu kuhlobo ngalunye lwecala. Lokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza ngokushesha izingozi zobugebengu ezifanele ngokusekelwe emkhakheni wemisebenzi yenkampani.
Elinye iqembu elihlanganisiwe imithetho ebalulekile ye-Penal Code okuhlobene nesibopho sobugebengu benkampani, okwenza kube lula ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlelekile kwemithethonqubo esebenzayo. Kuhlanganisa futhi uhlu lwezincwadi zezimfundiso oluhlelwe ngokucophelela kanye nohlu lwezinqumo zenkantolo ezinezichasiselo, ezisebenza njengesisekelo sokufunda okwengeziwe kokubili ngokwezemfundo nangokomsebenzi.
Kuyo yonke incwadi yemiyalelo, kuqashelwa umzamo oqhubekayo wokwenza ukuhlanganisa ukuqina okuqinile kanye nokusetshenziswa okusebenzayoEqinisweni, ukubuyekezwa okuningi okuvela koprofesa, abahluleli, abashushisi, kanye nochwepheshe bokuthobela imithetho kugcizelela ngqo lesi sici esikabili: ngumsebenzi owanelisa izidingo zomcwaningi waseyunivesithi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo unikeza izixazululo eziqondile zochwepheshe okumele baklame, basebenzise, noma babukeze izinhlelo zokuvimbela ubugebengu enhlanganweni yabo.
Amazwi adumile avela ezweni lezomthetho nelezemfundo aqokomisa ukuthi kuyiqiniso inkomba ebalulekile emkhakheni womthetho wobugebengu mayelana nezinhlangano zomthethoUkugqamisa, phakathi kwezinye izici, ukucaca kokuchazwa, ukujula kokuhlaziywa, ukuhlanganiswa kolwazi oluvela kwezenhlalo, isayensi yezengqondo yomphakathi, isayensi yobugebengu kanye nezomnotho zokuziphatha, kanye nesibindi sokuphakamisa ukufakwa kwe-neo-institutionalism, ukulingisa noma ukuthobela ukuziphatha emthethweni wobugebengu wezinkampani.
Ngamafuphi, incwadi yokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu echazwe imele umsebenzi omangalisayo odlula kude ukuphawula okulula ngobuciko. 31 bisIndlela yayo ephelele—ehlanganisa izisekelo zemfundiso, izidingo zomthetho, amasu enhlangano, imibono yesayensi, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezomthetho—iyenza ibe ithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu kulabo abafuna ngempela ukuqonda ukuthi bangakha kanjani futhi bavikele kanjani uhlelo oluqinile lokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu ezinhlanganweni zebhizinisi zanamuhla.
- Isibopho sobugebengu senkampani kanye nemodeli yabantu: incazelo ecacile yokuthi inhlangano esemthethweni ingabhekwa kanjani futhi kungani inecala lobugebengu, okuhlanganisa ukuziphatha kwabantu ngabanye kanye nesakhiwo senhlangano.
- Isisekelo sesayensi sokuthobela imithetho: ukusetshenziswa kwemfundiso yemidlalo, ubulungiswa bezikhungo ezintsha, ubugebengu kanye nokuhambisana nokuziphatha ukuze kuklanywe futhi kuhlolwe izinhlelo zokuvimbela ubugebengu ezisebenza kahle ngempela.
- Uhlaka lokulawula kanye nesayensi yezomthetho ebuyekeziwe: ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kweKhodi Yokujeziswa, iziqondiso zaseYurophu, imithetho yakamuva yemvelo, izindinganiso zeHhovisi Lommeli Jikelele kanye nezinqumo ezifanele zezinkantolo zaseSpain.
- Umhlahlandlela osebenzayo wezinhlelo, uphenyo lwangaphakathi kanye nemibiko yochwepheshe: ukuthuthukiswa okucophelelayo kwezimfuneko zohlelo lokuthobela imithetho yobugebengu, imisebenzi yophenyo lwangaphakathi, ukuvikelwa kwababiki kanye nokulungiswa kwemibiko yochwepheshe bokuthobela imithetho eqinile.
