Ziyini izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke: izinhlobo nemisebenzi

Ikhaya » Umnotho » Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke: ukuthi ziyini, izinhlobo, imisebenzi kanye nezibonelo

Incazelo yezomthetho: izinhlangano zamazwe adalwe ngesivumelwano, ezinobuntu bazo futhi ezingaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuhlukaniswa okucacile: ngobude besikhathi, amandla okwenza isenzo, izinto kanye nokwakheka, ngezibonelo ezisebenzayo esigabeni ngasinye.
Imisebenzi eyinhloko: ukuthula nokuvikeleka, umthethonqubo wesayensi nobuchwepheshe, isenzo sobuntu kanye nokuqapha izibopho zentando yeningi.
Izibonelo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe amaningi: i-UN, i-WTO, i-IMF, i-ILO, i-WHO, i-UNESCO, i-OAS kanye ne-IDB; indima evelele yeSpain kanye ne-EU ezithangamini zomhlaba wonke.

Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe sezibe ngabadlali ababalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izimpendulo zezinselelo okungekho lizwe elilodwa elingabhekana nazo lodwa. Kusukela ekuthuleni nasekuphepheni kuya empilweni, ukuhweba, kanye namasiko , ukufinyelela kwazo kudlula imingcele futhi kukhuthaza ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe ngemithetho ecacile kanye nemiyalelo eqondile.

Uma sikhuluma ngalezi zinhlobo zezikhungo, sibhekisela ezinhlanganweni ezidalwe amazwe ngezivumelwano ezisemthethweni, ezinesakhiwo esizinzile kanye namandla asemthethweni. Nakuba zingase zizwakale zingaqondakali, zisebenza ngokwemithetho yomthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe futhi zenza izinqumo ezihlangene ezitusa, ziqondise, noma zibophe amalungu azo, kuye ngokuthi icala lithini.

Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ebizwa nangokuthi umzimba ohlangene nohulumeni, iyinhlangano eyakhiwe yizifundazwe eziningana ezisebenzisana ngokuqhubekayo ukuze kufezwe imigomo efanayo. Lezi zikhungo zinobuntu bazo obusemthethweni futhi, ngakho-ke, zingasebenza emhlabeni wonke ngokugcwele : ukukhipha izenzo zohlangothi olulodwa, ukungena ezivumelwaneni nezinye izifundazwe noma ezinye izinhlangano, kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezifanayo.

Ukudalwa kwayo ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokomthetho esivumelwaneni samazwe ngamazwe esiqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba khona kwayo futhi sichaze amandla ayo, isakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo zayo. Leli thuluzi elisemthethweni linikeza isisekelo sokulawula kanye nokusemthethweni kwezenzo zayo; empeleni, isivumelwano sokusungula sibhekwa njengesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ngokwaso. Njengesibonelo sohlaka olusungulwe yisivumelwano, umuntu angacaphuna iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika (i-NAFTA), esasungula izikhungo nemithetho efanayo phakathi kweCanada, i-United States, neMexico.

Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlangano namaqembu angakahleleki ezizwe angaveli esivumelwaneni esizimele. Amaqembu afana ne-G-8 noma i-G-77 ayizinkundla zokuxhumanisa ezingenabo ubuntu bazo bomthetho bamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke awahambisani ngokuphelele nombono wenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, yize ngezinye izikhathi kubhekiselwa kuwo kanjalo ezimweni ezingezona ezomthetho.

Empeleni, inhloso yabo ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda, ukubambisana, futhi, uma kudingeka, ukulamula ezingxabanweni. Ngakho-ke, eziningi zalezi zinhlangano zenza imisebenzi yokumela, yokuxazulula izinkinga, kanye nokuxhumanisa ezindaweni ezifana nokuphepha, ukuhweba, imfundo, isayensi, kanye nezempilo, konke kusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezisayinwe ngokusemthethweni yizizwe ezingamalungu.

Ziyini ngempela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke?

Izici ezijwayelekile

Lezi zikhungo zinezici ezifanayo ezizivumela ukuthi ziqashelwe futhi zihlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo zokubambisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, zinesakhiwo esihlala njalo kanye nokuzibophezela ekuqhubekeni , okuqinisekisa ukuzinza ekwenzeni izinqumo nasekuqapheni inqubomgomo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bahlanganisa ndawonye iMibuso—okungukuthi, abadlali bomphakathi—futhi ilawulwa ngumthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe; naphezu kwalokhu, inobuntu bayo obungokomthetho kanye namandla ayo, ukuze ikwazi ukwenza ngokuzimela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamakhono avunyelwene ngawo ngamalungu ayo asungule.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthethosisekelo wayo uvela ekusayinweni kwesivumelwano esimisa amandla, izinhlangano, kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza. Kuye ngobubanzi, lezi zinqubo zingaba lula kakhulu noma zibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa zihlala zithembele emithethweni evunyelwene ngayo kanye nezindlela zokwenza izinqumo ezisungulwe ngaphambilini.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe

Ngokwesikhathi sayo

Le nqubo ihlukanisa phakathi kwezinhlangano ezidalelwe ukuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nalezo ezinenhloso nesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yalokho, singathola izinhlangano ezihlala njalo nezingezona ezihlala njalo , kuye ngokuthi ukuba khona kwazo kunqunyelwe yini yisimiso esithile sesikhathi.

unomphelaBazalwa bengenalo usuku olubekiwe lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Isibonelo esiyinhloko yi-United Nations (UN), ehloselwe ukusebenza unomphela.
Akuyona unomphelaZimiswa ngenhloso enqunyelwe isikhathi noma kuze kube yilapho imigomo ethile isifeziwe, futhi ziyachithwa uma umsebenzi wazo usufeziwe.

Ngokusho kwamandla abo okwenza isenzo

Lapha sixoxa ngezinga legunya elidluliselwa yizifundazwe enhlanganweni mayelana nodaba okuvunyelwene ngalo. Ezinye izinhlangano zinezinqumo ezibopha amalungu azo, kanti ezinye zikhipha izincomo ezingabophisi noma zidinga ukuvunyelwa kombuso ukuze kube yisibopho.

Imihlangano Yesigungu EsiphezuluBanamandla aphelele okwenza izinqumo ezindabeni eziphathisiwe, futhi izinqumo zabo zibopha izinhlangothi (isibonelo, i-European Union ezindaweni ezithile).
Igcwele kancaneNakuba benamandla aphezulu okwenza okuthile, badinga izinqumo zangaphambilini ezivela emazweni noma kubantu abaningi bangaphakathi ukuze izenzo zabo zibophezele (njenge-OPEC).
Ukuze uthole ukubonisana: izinqumo zabo azibophezeli; zisebenza ekuqondiseni, ekufundeni noma ekuncomeni izinqubomgomo (njengasendabeni ye-OECD).

Ngokusho kwesihloko abasihlanganisayo

Kuye ngokuthi zikhethekile kangakanani, izinhlangano zingagxila kwezomnotho, amasiko, ezenhlalo, ezesayensi, ezempilo, kanye neminye imikhakha. Ngale ndlela, kunezinhlangano ezithile zomkhakha ezifana ne-CAACI kanye nezinye ezigxile ezindaweni ezibanzi zentuthuko.

Ngokwakheka kwayo

Lo mkhakha uhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ekutheni obani abayingxenye yenhlangano nokuthi yiliphi izwi noma ivoti labo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundazwe nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi noma izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe kudala izigaba ezahlukahlukene, ngamamodeli ahlukene okuphatha kanye nemithetho ethile yokubamba iqhaza.

I-Puros: yakhiwe kuphela yiMibuso Ezimele (isb., iNkantolo Yobugebengu Yomhlaba Wonke ekwakhiweni kwayo phakathi kohulumeni).
KuhlanganisiweKanye neMibuso, ezinye izikhungo zomphakathi ezingaphansi kwezwe zingase zingenelele ngezwi futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ngevoti (njengakwi-UNESCO kumakomiti athile).
IhlanganisiweBahlanganisa amazwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ngendlela abahlele ngayo (njengoba kunjalo nge-IMF ohlakeni lwayo lokubambisana).
NgiyazisebenzaZakhiwe kuphela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezazikhona kakade, ngaphandle kwezifundazwe njengamalungu aqondile.

Kukhona futhi uhlu lwezifunda kanye namaqembu ahlela izikhungo eziningi ezikhona. Isibonelo, izincwajana zezinhlangano eLatin America naseCaribbean noma izinhlangano zobungcweti ezifana ne-AFIE (Association of Spanish International Civil Servants), eziyingxenye yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esizungeze lezi zinhlangano, nakuba zingezona izinhlangano ezihlanganisa ohulumeni.

Imisebenzi emikhulu

Imisebenzi yezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe incike emyalweni wesikhungo ngasinye, kodwa ngokuvamile ikhonza izinhloso ezifanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthula, ukukhuthaza intuthuko, ukulinganisa izindinganiso, noma ukuxhumanisa izimpendulo ezihlangene. Empeleni, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe zandisa amandla ezizwe okuthatha isinyathelo lapho izinkinga zidlula imingcele yezwe.

Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuxazulula noma ukuvimbela izingxabano. I-UN, isibonelo, ithumele amabutho okugcina ukuthula—“izigqoko eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ezaziwayo—ezimweni ezibucayi ukuvimbela ukwanda kwamacala. Ngo-1949, yangenelela empini phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan nebutho lokugcina ukuthula, ibeka phambili ubudlelwano bezombusazwe kanye nokuvimbela ubudlova kunobutha.

Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile ukulawulwa kwentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi uma iphakamisa izinkinga zokuziphatha noma izingozi zomhlaba wonke. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, i-UNESCO ibilokhu ihola impikiswano yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokwenziwa kwe-cloning kwabantu kanye nezinye izinkinga zokuziphatha, ikhuthaza izincomo ezisebenze njengesiqondiso somthetho kazwelonke.

Emkhakheni wobuntu, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zihlela usizo, uxhaso, kanye nezinsizakusebenza ukuze zibhekane nezimo eziphuthumayo kanye nezinkinga ezithathe isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okwahlasela iSiriya neTurkey ngoFebhuwari 2023, i-UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) yathuthukisa izinhlelo zokusekela kanye nezimali zezisulu kanye nabantu abafudukiswe, okwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwemizamo ehlangene ngokusebenzisana kwamazwe amaningi kanye nezinhlangano.

Umsebenzi wesine ugxile ekuguquleni nasekuqapheni amandla kahulumeni. Ngokuzibophezela kanye nokubukana, ezinye izinhlangano zibeka imigomo yokuthola izinzuzo ngokunamathela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi kanye namalungelo abantu. Isibonelo esicacile yiNhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika (i-OAS), edinga amalungu ayo ukuba ahloniphe ukuhleleka kwentando yeningi kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo , kanye nokwenzeka kokusebenzisa izinyathelo zezepolitiki noma zezimali uma kungalandelwa imithetho.

Izibonelo Ezifakiwe

Ukuze siqonde ububanzi bangempela balezi zikhungo, kuyasiza ukubukeza ezinye izinhlangano ezibalulekile. Ngayinye ibonisa uhlobo oluhlukile lokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, olunemigomo yayo, imithetho, namathuluzi, kodwa zonke zinomqondo wokwenza okungaphezu kwemingcele yezwe.

I-United Nations (UN) yasungulwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze ithathe indawo ye-League of Nations eyahluleka futhi inikeze inkundla yokuxoxisana engathathi hlangothi ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano ukuthi zingabi yizimpi. Ngaphezu kwe-General Assembly yayo kanye ne-Security Council, inenethiwekhi yamakomidi akhethekile agxile kumasiko, ukulingana, imfundo, impilo, nezinye izindaba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwabantu.

I-International Labour Organisation (ILO) , eyasungulwa ngo-1919 futhi yahlanganiswa ngo-1947, ilwela ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza emhlabeni jikelele. Ikhuthaza ukudalwa kwemisebenzi emihle, ibeka amazinga aphansi okuphepha namalungelo abasebenzi, futhi ilwa nokusetshenziswa kwezingane kanye nokuphoqelelwa, njalo isekelwe embonweni wokuthi umsebenzi omuhle ungumshayeli wentuthuko.

I-United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) . Kusukela ngo-1945, ikhuthaze ukwenziwa kolwazi ngentando yeningi, ukulondolozwa kwefa, kanye nokufunda kwesayensi. Yaziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwayo lweGugu Lomhlaba, kodwa futhi nangobuholi bayo bokuziphatha ezingxoxweni ezibalulekile ngesayensi namasiko adlula imingcele.

I-World Health Organization (WHO) . Njengoba ifinyeleleka emhlabeni wonke, iqondisa impendulo yezifo, ubhubhane, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo, futhi ikhuthaza impilo yomphakathi yokuvimbela. Izincomo zayo zobuchwepheshe bezibalulekile, futhi uma kufaneleka, yeluleka ngokumelene nemikhiqizo noma imikhuba eyingozi empilweni yomphakathi.

I-World Trade Organization (WTO) yiyona kuphela inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe enesibopho sokuphoqelela imithetho yokuhweba komhlaba wonke . Umgomo wayo ukwenza ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo kube okukhululekile, okusobala, okubikezelwayo, nokungakhethi ngangokunokwenzeka , okukhuthaza ukuqondana phakathi kwabakhiqizi, abathengi, kanye nabathumeli, kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano zokuhweba ngokwemithetho evunyelwene ngayo.

I-International Monetary Fund (IMF) , enendlunkulu eWashington futhi eyasungulwa ngo-1944, iqondisa futhi izinzise umnotho wamazwe ngamazwe ngezimali mboleko kanye nezincomo zenqubomgomo yezomnotho. Izinhlelo zayo zisekela amazwe anezinkinga zokulinganisela izinkokhelo ngokukhuthaza izinhlaka zokuphatha umphakathi eziqinile.

Inhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika (i-OAS) . Inkundla yezepolitiki eyinhloko yaseMelika, iqondisa ukuhlonishwa kwentando yeningi namalungelo abantu futhi ikhuthaza ukubambisana kwesifunda. Inezindlela zezombusazwe nezezezimali ezingasetshenziswa ukubhekana nokuphambuka ekuhlelekeni kwentando yeningi emazweni ayo angamalungu.

I-Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) inikeza imali mboleko kohulumeni bakazwelonke, besifunda, kanye nabasekhaya, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Inhloso yayo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kanye nokwehlukahlukana okukhiqizayo eLatin America naseCaribbean, ukusekela amaphrojekthi akhiqiza intuthuko esimeme nehlanganisa bonke.

Ukubambisana kwamazwe amaningi kanye nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe: indima yeSpain kanye ne-EU

Izinselele ezifana nokulwa nobumpofu kanye nokubandlululwa komphakathi, ukunciphisa ukungalingani ngokobulili, ukuvimbela izingxabano, kanye nokuvikela imvelo kudinga izinsiza, imiyalelo ecacile, kanye nekhono lokwenza okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ukubambisana kwentuthuko okudluliselwa ezinhlanganweni eziningi akunakuthathelwa indawo uma kukhulunywa ngokuguqula izibopho zibe imiphumela ebonakalayo.

Kusukela kulo mbono, i-Spanish Cooperation inegalelo ekuqiniseni uhlelo lwezinhlangothi eziningi ukuze lube ithuluzi elisebenzayo nelisemthethweni lokubusa ngentando yeningi emhlabeni wonke. Le ndlela ihumusha ibe yizinhlangothi eziningi ezisebenzayo, ezikhethayo, nezinesu , ibeka phambili izinhlangano ezinethonya elikhulu kanye nalezo ezihambisana kahle nezinhloso zentuthuko kanye namalungelo abantu.

Emkhakheni wezentengiselwano, iSpain ihlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo evamile ye-European Union futhi, ngokubambisana kwayo unomphela, ingenelela ezikhungweni ezifana ne-WTO, i-OECD, i-UNCTAD noma i-G-20. Le ndlela iyivumela ukuthi ivikele uhlelo lokuhweba oluhlanganisa amazwe amaningi , oluthi, ngenkathi luvikela izintshisekelo zezwe, lukhuthaze imithetho ecacile nebikezelwayo yawo wonke umuntu.

I-WTO yasungulwa ngeSivumelwano saseMarrakesh, ngemuva kwe-Uruguay Round, njengomlandeli we-GATT. Kusukela ngo-1995, isebenze njengendikimba ehlala njalo enesibopho sokuvikela ukuhweba okukhululekayo nokusobala, enezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano kanye nokuziqapha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-OECD kanye ne-UNCTAD banikela ngokuhlaziya, izinkundla zokuxhumana, kanye neziphakamiso ezisiza ekucwengisiseni izinqubomgomo zokuhweba zomhlaba wonke futhi bazivumelanise nezinselele zenkathi ngayinye.

Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zingamandla ashukumisayo okubambisana komhlaba wonke kwanamuhla. Ngokusungula izivumelwano, izinqubo ezivunyelwene ngazo, kanye nemiyalelo ecacile, ziqondisa intando yezomthetho ehlangene yezifundazwe ukubhekana nezinkinga ezivamile: ukuxazulula izingxabano, ukulawula izindawo ezibucayi zolwazi, ukuhlinzeka ngosizo lobuntu uma kudingeka, kanye nokusungula imithetho yezohwebo kanye nezezimali. Ukusebenza kwazo kuncike ekubeni semthethweni ezikunikezwe yizifundazwe, izinsiza ezitholakalayo kuzo, kanye nekhono lazo lokuhlanganisa imizamo eyahlukahlukene ezweni elixhomeke kakhulu komunye nomunye.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: izinsika, imithombo kanye nezindawo zokusetshenziswa