- Incazelo yezomthetho: izinhlangano zamazwe adalwe ngesivumelwano, ezinobuntu bazo futhi ezingaphansi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
- Ukuhlukaniswa okucacile: ngobude besikhathi, amandla okwenza isenzo, izinto kanye nokwakheka, ngezibonelo ezisebenzayo esigabeni ngasinye.
- Imisebenzi eyinhloko: ukuthula nokuvikeleka, umthethonqubo wesayensi nobuchwepheshe, isenzo sobuntu kanye nokuqapha izibopho zentando yeningi.
- Izibonelo kanye nokubambisana kwamazwe amaningi: i-UN, i-WTO, i-IMF, i-ILO, i-WHO, i-UNESCO, i-OAS kanye ne-IDB; indima evelele yeSpain kanye ne-EU ezithangamini zomhlaba wonke.
Ezweni elixhumene kakhulu, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe sezibe ngabadlali ababalulekile ekuhlanganiseni izimpendulo zezinselelo okungekho lizwe elilodwa elingabhekana nazo lodwa. ukuthula nokuvikeleka, impilo, ukuhweba, kanye namasikoUbubanzi besenzo sayo budlula imingcele futhi buveza ukubambisana phakathi kwamazwe ngemithetho ecacile kanye nemiyalelo eqondile.
Uma sikhuluma ngalezi zinhlobo zezikhungo, sibhekisela ezinhlanganweni ezidalwe amazwe ngezivumelwano ezisemthethweni, ezinesakhiwo esizinzile kanye namandla asemthethweni. Nakuba zingase zizwakale zingacacile, Basebenza ngokwemithetho ye- umthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe futhi benza izinqumo ezihlangene, ezithi, kuye ngecala, zincome, ziqondise noma zize ziphoqelele amalungu azo.
Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ebizwa nangokuthi inhlangano ehlanganisa ohulumeni, iyinhlangano eyakhiwe yizifundazwe eziningana ezibambisana njalo ukuze kufezwe imigomo efanayo. Lezi zikhungo zinobuntu bazo obusemthethweni, ngakho-ke, Bangadlala esiteji samazwe ngamazwe ngokugcwele: ukukhipha izenzo ezizimele, ukusayina izivumelwano nezinye izifundazwe noma ezinye izinhlangano kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezifanayo.
Ukudalwa kwayo ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokomthetho esivumelwaneni samazwe ngamazwe esiqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba khona kwayo futhi sichaze amandla ayo, isakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo zayo. Leli thuluzi elisemthethweni linikeza isisekelo sokulawula kanye nokuba semthethweni kwezenzo zayo; empeleni, Isivumelwano esiyingxenye sibhekwa njengesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ngokwalo. Njengesibonelo sezinhlaka ezakhiwe yisivumelwano, umuntu angacaphuna iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika (i-NAFTA), esasiveza izikhungo nemithetho efanayo phakathi kweCanada, i-United States, neMexico.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlangano namaqembu angakahleleki eMibuso angaveli esivumelwaneni esibamele. Amasethi afana ne-G-8 noma i-G-77 Ziyizindawo zokuxoxisana ezingenabo ubuntu bazo bomthetho bamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke azihambisani ngokuphelele nombono wenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, yize ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa kanjalo ezimweni ezingezona ezomthetho.
Empeleni, inhloso yayo ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda, ukubambisana, futhi, uma kudingeka, ukulamula ezingxabanweni. Ngakho-ke, Eziningi zalezi zinhlangano zenza imisebenzi yokuvikela, yokwahlulela, kanye neyokuxhumanisa ezindaweni ezifana nokuphepha, ukuhweba, imfundo, isayensi noma impilo, konke kusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezisayinwe ngokusemthethweni yiMazwe Angamalungu.
Ziyini ngempela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke?
Inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, ebizwa nangokuthi inhlangano ehlanganisa ohulumeni, iyinhlangano eyakhiwe yizifundazwe eziningana ezibambisana njalo ukuze kufezwe imigomo efanayo. Lezi zikhungo zinobuntu bazo obusemthethweni, ngakho-ke, Bangadlala esiteji samazwe ngamazwe ngokugcwele: ukukhipha izenzo ezizimele, ukusayina izivumelwano nezinye izifundazwe noma ezinye izinhlangano kanye nokuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezifanayo.
Ukudalwa kwayo ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokomthetho esivumelwaneni samazwe ngamazwe esiqaphela ngokusemthethweni ukuba khona kwayo futhi sichaze amandla ayo, isakhiwo, kanye nezinqubo zayo. Leli thuluzi elisemthethweni linikeza isisekelo sokulawula kanye nokuba semthethweni kwezenzo zayo; empeleni, Isivumelwano esiyingxenye sibhekwa njengesivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe ngokwalo. Njengesibonelo sezinhlaka ezakhiwe yisivumelwano, umuntu angacaphuna iSivumelwano Sokuhweba Okukhululekile saseNyakatho Melika (i-NAFTA), esasiveza izikhungo nemithetho efanayo phakathi kweCanada, i-United States, neMexico.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa lezi zinhlangano namaqembu angakahleleki eMibuso angaveli esivumelwaneni esibamele. Amasethi afana ne-G-8 noma i-G-77 Ziyizindawo zokuxoxisana ezingenabo ubuntu bazo bomthetho bamazwe ngamazwe, ngakho-ke azihambisani ngokuphelele nombono wenhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe, yize ngezinye izikhathi zibizwa kanjalo ezimweni ezingezona ezomthetho.
Empeleni, inhloso yayo ukwenza kube lula ukuqonda, ukubambisana, futhi, uma kudingeka, ukulamula ezingxabanweni. Ngakho-ke, Eziningi zalezi zinhlangano zenza imisebenzi yokuvikela, yokwahlulela, kanye neyokuxhumanisa ezindaweni ezifana nokuphepha, ukuhweba, imfundo, isayensi noma impilo, konke kusekelwe ezivumelwaneni ezisayinwe ngokusemthethweni yiMazwe Angamalungu.
Izici ezijwayelekile
Lezi zikhungo zinezici ezifanayo ezizivumela ukuthi ziqashelwe futhi zihlukaniswe kwezinye izinhlobo zokubambisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, Banesakhiwo esihlala njalo kanye nokuzibophezela ekuqhubekeni.Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuzinza kokwenziwa kwezinqumo kanye nokuqapha inqubomgomo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, bahlanganisa iMibuso—okungukuthi, abadlali bomphakathi—futhi balawulwa ngumthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe; naphezu kwalokhu, banobuntu babo bomthetho kanye namandla abo, ukuze Bangakwazi ukusebenza ngokuzimela ngaphakathi kohlaka lwamakhono okuvunyelwana ngawo ngamalungu asungule inhlangano.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umthethosisekelo wayo uvela ekusayinweni kwesivumelwano esimisa amandla, izinhlangano, kanye nezinqubo zokusebenza. Kuye ngendawo, lezi zinqubo zingaba lula kakhulu noma zibe yinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, kodwa zihlala zisekelwe ku imithetho evunyelwene ngayo kanye nezindlela zokwenza izinqumo ezisungulwe kusengaphambili.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe
Ngokwesikhathi sayo
Le nqubo ihlukanisa phakathi kwezinto ezidalelwe ukuhlala isikhathi eside kanye nalezo ezinenhloso nesikhathi esilinganiselwe. Ngenxa yalokho, Singathola izinto eziphilayo ezihlala njalo nezingaphilikuye ngokuthi ukuba khona kwayo kunqunyelwe yini yisikhathi esithile noma cha.
- unomphelaBazalwa bengenalo usuku olubekiwe lokuphelelwa yisikhathi. Isibonelo esiyinhloko yi-United Nations (UN), ehloselwe ukusebenza unomphela.
- Akuyona unomphelaZimiswa ngenhloso enqunyelwe isikhathi noma kuze kube yilapho imigomo ethile isifeziwe, futhi ziyachithwa uma umsebenzi wazo usufeziwe.
Ngokusho kwamandla abo okwenza isenzo
Lapha sikhuluma ngezinga legunya elidluliselwa yizifundazwe enhlanganweni ngendaba okuvunyelwene ngayo. Ezinye izinhlangano zinezinqumo ezibophezela amalungu azo. kuyilapho abanye bekhipha izincomo ezingabophezeli noma kudingeke ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kombuso kube okubophezelayo.
- Imihlangano Yesigungu EsiphezuluBanamandla aphelele okwenza izinqumo ezindabeni eziphathisiwe, futhi izinqumo zabo zibopha izinhlangothi (isibonelo, i-European Union ezindaweni ezithile).
- Igcwele kancaneNakuba benamandla aphezulu okwenza okuthile, badinga izinqumo zangaphambilini ezivela emazweni noma kubantu abaningi bangaphakathi ukuze izenzo zabo zibophezele (njenge-OPEC).
- Ukuze uthole ukubonisana: izinqumo zabo azibophezeli; zisebenza ekuqondiseni, ekufundeni noma ekuncomeni izinqubomgomo (njengasendabeni ye-OECD).
Ngokusho kwesihloko abasihlanganisayo
Kuye ngokuthi zikhethekile kangakanani, izinhlangano zingagxila kwezomnotho, kwezamasiko, kwezenhlalo, kwezesayensi, kwezempilo, noma kweminye imikhakha. Ngalo mqondo, Kunezinhlangano zemikhakha ezifana ne-CAACI kanti abanye bagxile ezindaweni ezibanzi zentuthuko.
Ngokwakheka kwayo
Lo mkhakha uhlukanisa ngokusekelwe ekutheni obani abayingxenye yenhlangano nokuthi banaliphi izwi noma ivoti. Ukuhlanganiswa kwezifundazwe nezinye izikhungo zomphakathi noma izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kudala izigaba ezahlukahlukene kakhulu, kanye amamodeli ahlukene okubusa kanye nemithetho ethile yokubamba iqhaza.
- I-Puros: yakhiwe kuphela yiMibuso Ezimele (isb., iNkantolo Yobugebengu Yomhlaba Wonke ekwakhiweni kwayo phakathi kohulumeni).
- KuhlanganisiweKanye neMibuso, ezinye izikhungo zomphakathi ezingaphansi kwezwe zingase zingenelele ngezwi futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, ngevoti (njengakwi-UNESCO kumakomiti athile).
- IhlanganisiweBahlanganisa amazwe kanye nezinye izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ngendlela abahlele ngayo (njengoba kunjalo nge-IMF ohlakeni lwayo lokubambisana).
- NgiyazisebenzaZakhiwe kuphela izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezazikhona kakade, ngaphandle kwezifundazwe njengamalungu aqondile.
Kukhona futhi uhlu lwezifunda kanye namaqembu ahlela izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezikhungo ezikhona. Isibonelo, imidwebo yezinhlangano zaseLatin America naseCaribbean noma izinhlangano zobungcweti ezifana ne-AFIE (i-Association of Spanish International Officials), eziyingxenye yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo esizungeza lezi zinhlangano, nakuba zingezona izinhlangano ezihlanganisa ohulumeni.
Imisebenzi emikhulu
Imisebenzi incike emyalweni wesikhungo ngasinye, kodwa ivame ukufeza izinhloso ezifanayo: ukuqinisekisa ukuthula, ukukhuthaza intuthuko, ukwenza izindinganiso zifane, noma ukuxhumanisa izimpendulo ezihlangene. Empeleni, Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zandisa amandla okwenza isenzo seMibuso lapho izinkinga zidlula imingcele yezwe.
Umsebenzi oyinhloko ukuxazulula noma ukuvimbela izingxabano. I-UN, isibonelo, ithumele amabutho okugcina ukuthula—“izigqoko eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” ezaziwayo—ezimweni ezinzima ukuvimbela ukwanda kwempi. Ngo-1949, yangenelela empini phakathi kweNdiya nePakistan nebutho lokugcina ukuthula. ukubeka phambili ubudlelwano bezombusazwe kanye nokuvimbela ubudlova lapho bebhekene nobutha.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile ukulawulwa kwentuthuko yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi uma iphakamisa izinkinga zokuziphatha noma izingozi zomhlaba wonke. I-UNESCO, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, uhole impikiswano yomhlaba wonke mayelana nokwenziwa kwabantu abakhubazekile kanye nezinye izindaba zokuziphatha okuhle, ukukhuthaza izincomo ezisebenze njengomhlahlandlela womthetho kazwelonke.
Emkhakheni wobuntu, izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke zihlela usizo, uxhaso, kanye namakhono okuphendula ezimweni eziphuthumayo kanye nezinkinga ezithathe isikhathi eside. Ngemva kokuzamazama komhlaba okwahlasela iSiriya neTurkey ngoFebhuwari 2023, i-UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) yathuthukisa izinhlelo zokusekela kanye nezimali zezisulu kanye nabantu abafudukiswe. ukwandisa ukusebenza kahle kwemizamo ehlangene ngokusebenzisana kwamazwe amaningi kanye nezinhlangano.
Umsebenzi wesine ugxile ekuguquleni nasekuqapheni amandla kahulumeni. Ngokuzibophezela kanye nokubukana, ezinye izinhlangano zibeka imigomo yokuthola izinzuzo ngokunamathela ezindinganisweni zentando yeningi kanye namalungelo abantu. Isibonelo esicacile yiNhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika (i-OAS), edinga amalungu ayo ukuba alandele izindinganiso zentando yeningi kanye namalungelo abantu. inhlonipho yohlelo lwentando yeningi kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo, kanye nethuba lokusebenzisa izinyathelo zezepolitiki noma zezimali uma kungalandelwa imithetho.
Izibonelo Ezifakiwe
Ukuze siqonde ububanzi bangempela balezi zikhungo, kuyasiza ukubukeza ezinye izinhlangano ezibalulekile. Ngayinye ibonisa uhlobo oluhlukile lokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe, olunemigomo yayo, imithetho kanye namathuluzi. Kodwa bonke babelana ngomqondo wokwenza okungaphezu kwemingcele yezwe.
IZizwe Ezihlangene (UN)Yasungulwa ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II ukuze ithathe indawo yeNhlangano Yezizwe eyahluleka futhi inikeze inkundla yokuxoxisana engathathi hlangothi ukuze kuvinjelwe izingxabano ukuthi zingabi yizimpi. Ngaphezu kwe-General Assembly yayo kanye ne-Security Council, Inenethiwekhi yamakomidi akhethekile emasikweni, ukulingana, imfundo, impilo kanye nezinye izindaba ezibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwabantu.
Inhlangano Yezabasebenzi Yamazwe Ngamazwe (ILO)Yasungulwa ngo-1919 futhi yahlanganiswa ngo-1947, ihlose ukuthuthukisa izimo zokusebenza emhlabeni jikelele. Ikhuthaza ukudalwa kwemisebenzi emihle, ibeka amazinga aphansi okuphepha namalungelo abasebenzi, futhi ilwa nokusetshenziswa kwezingane nokuphoqelelwa, njalo inesisekelo sokuthi Umsebenzi omuhle uyinjini yentuthuko.
Inhlangano Yezemfundo, Yesayensi Namasiko Yezizwe Ezihlangene (i-UNESCO)Kusukela ngo-1945, ikhuthaze ukwenziwa kolwazi ngentando yeningi, ukulondolozwa kwefa, kanye nokufunda kwesayensi. Yaziwa kakhulu ngohlelo lwayo lwezindawo zamagugu omhlaba, kodwa futhi nangohlelo ubuholi bakhe bokuziphatha ezingxoxweni ezibalulekile yesayensi namasiko adlula imingcele.
I-World Health Organization (WHO)Ngobubanzi bomhlaba wonke, iqondisa impendulo yezifo, ubhubhane, kanye nezimo eziphuthumayo zezempilo, futhi ikhuthaza impilo yomphakathi yokuvimbela. Izincomo zayo zobuchwepheshe bezibalulekile, futhi uma kufaneleka. yeluleka ngokumelene nemikhiqizo noma imikhuba eyingozi kwezempilo ehlangene.
Inhlangano Yezohwebo Yomhlaba (WTO)Yiyona kuphela inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe enesibopho sokuqinisekisa ukuthi imithetho yokuhweba yomhlaba wonkeInhloso yayo ukwenza ukushintshaniswa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo njengekhululekile, esobala, ebikezelwayo futhi elinganayo ngangokunokwenzeka, ukukhuthaza ukuqondana phakathi kwabakhiqizi, abathengi kanye nabathumeli ngaphandle kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano zokuhweba ngokwemithetho evunyelwene ngayo.
I-International Monetary Fund (IMF)Isekelwe eWashington futhi yasungulwa ngo-1944, iqondisa futhi izinzise umnotho wamazwe ngamazwe ngezimali mboleko kanye nezincomo zenqubomgomo yezomnotho. Izinhlelo zayo zisekela amazwe anezinkinga zokulinganisela izinkokhelo. ukukhangisa izinhlaka zokuphatha umphakathi okuqinile ngokwengeziwe.
Inhlangano Yamazwe AseMelika (OAS)Njengesithangami esikhulu sezepolitiki saseMelika, siqapha ukuhlonishwa kwentando yeningi namalungelo abantu futhi sikhuthaza ukubambisana kwesifunda. Sinamathuluzi okucindezela ezombusazwe kanye nezezimali. ukulungisa ukuphambuka ohlelweni lwentando yeningi emazweni angamalungu ayo.
I-Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)Inikeza imali mboleko kohulumeni bakazwelonke, besifunda, kanye nohulumeni basekhaya, kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani ezizimele. Inhloso yayo ukukhuthaza ukukhula kanye nokwehlukahlukana okukhiqizayo eLatin America naseCaribbean. ukusekela amaphrojekthi akhiqiza intuthuko okusimeme futhi okubandakanya wonke umuntu.
Ukubambisana kwamazwe amaningi kanye nokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe: indima yeSpain kanye ne-EU
Izinselele ezifana nokulwa nobumpofu kanye nokubandlululwa komphakathi, ukunciphisa ukungalingani ngokobulili, ukuvimbela izingxabano, kanye nokuvikela imvelo zidinga izinsiza, imiyalelo ecacile, kanye nekhono lokwenza okuthile. Ngakho-ke, ukubambisana kwentuthuko okudluliselwa ngezinhlangano eziningi Akunakuphikwa uma kukhulunywa ngokuguqula izibopho zibe yimiphumela ebonakalayo.
Kusukela kulo mbono, i-Spanish Cooperation inegalelo ekuqiniseni uhlelo lwezinhlangothi eziningi ukuze lube ithuluzi elisebenzayo nelisemthethweni lokusebenzela ukubusa kwentando yeningi yomhlaba wonke. Le ndlela ihumusha ibe yizinhlangothi eziningi. esebenzayo, ekhethayo futhi enamasu, ebeka phambili lezo zinhlangano ngomthelela omkhulu futhi zihambisana kahle nezinhloso zentuthuko kanye namalungelo abantu.
Emkhakheni wezohwebo, iSpain ihlanganyela ekuthuthukisweni kwenqubomgomo yokuhweba evamile ye-European Union futhi, ngokubambisana njalo ne-Union, ibandakanyeka ezikhungweni ezifana ne-WTO, i-OECD, i-UNCTAD, kanye ne-G-20. Lolu hlaka luvumela ukuvikela uhlelo lokuhweba oluhlanganisa izinhlangothi eziningi ukuthi, ngenkathi kuvikelwa izintshisekelo zesizwe, kukhuthaza imithetho ecacile nebikezelwayo yawo wonke umuntu.
I-WTO yasungulwa ngeSivumelwano saseMarrakesh, ngemuva kwe-Uruguay Round, njengomlandeli we-GATT. Kusukela ngo-1995, isebenze njengendikimba ehlala njalo enesibopho sokuvikela ukuhweba okukhululekile nokusobala, enezindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano nokuqapha izibopho. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, I-OECD kanye ne-UNCTAD bahlinzeka ngokuhlaziya, izinkundla zokuxoxisana kanye neziphakamiso ezisiza ekuphuculeni izinqubomgomo zokuhweba zamazwe ngamazwe futhi zizivumelanise nezinselele zomzuzu ngamunye.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ziyinjini esekela ukubambisana komhlaba wonke kwanamuhla. Ngezivumelwano ezibambisene nazo, izinqubo ezivunyelwene ngazo, kanye nemiyalelo ecacile, Bahambisa intando ehlangene yezomthetho yamazwe ukuphatha izinkinga ezivamile: ixazulula izingxabano, ilawula izindawo ezibucayi zolwazi, ihlinzeka ngosizo lobuntu uma kudingeka, futhi ibeka imithetho yezohwebo kanye nezezimali. Ukusebenza kwayo kuncike ekubeni semthethweni okunikezwa yizifundazwe, izinsiza ezitholakalayo, kanye nekhono layo lokuhlanganisa imizamo eyahlukahlukene ezweni elixhomeke kakhulu komunye nomunye.
