- Incazelo, uhlobo lokuvumelana kanye nemithombo yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba eqinisekisa ukubambisana nokubikezela.
- Izimiso ezibalulekile (ubukhosi, ukulingana, ukwethembeka, i-pacta sunt servanda, ukungangeneleli kanye nokuhlala ngokuthula).
- Amagatsha kahulumeni nawangasese: izihloko, izindawo ezibalulekile kanye nemithetho yokungqubuzana kwemithetho ezimweni eziwela imingcele.
- Indima ye-UN, i-International Law Commission kanye nesayensi yezomthetho; ubudlelwano obuyingqayizivele nomthetho we-EU.
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe uhlaka oluvamile olulawula ukuhlalisana phakathi kwamazwe nabanye abalingisi abasebenza emhlabeni wonke. Kalula nje, luyiqoqo lemithetho, izimiso, kanye nemikhuba eqondisa indlela amazwe axhumana ngayo nokuthi abhekana kanjani nezinselele ezifanayo njengamalungelo abantu, ukuhweba, imvelo, kanye nokuvikeleka. Nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ubizwa ngokuthi "umthetho wezizwe" noma "umthetho wabantu," namuhla uhlanganisa izindaba ezibanzi kakhulu neziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunezo zemvelaphi yawo yomlando, ngobubanzi obugcwele izingxoxo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nokuvikelwa kwabantu ngabanye. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlaka, izinjongo ezimaphakathi Lezi yizinhloso eziyinhloko.
Isici esibalulekile ukuthi ivumelana kanjani: akukho "hulumeni womhlaba" obeka imithetho, kodwa kunalokho izifundazwe zamukela ngokuzithandela izibopho, ngokuvamile ngezivumelwano ezixoxiswane ngazo futhi ezamukelwe yizinhlangothi. Imithombo esekela lolu hlelo ihlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, isiko, izimiso zomthetho ezijwayelekile eziqashelwa yizizwe, umthetho wezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nezenzo ezithile zezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwemithombo kunikeza ukuguquguquka futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubikezela komyalelo wezomthetho ofuna ukuthula nokuvikeleka enkundleni yamazwe ngamazwe.
Uyini umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe?
Uma sikhuluma ngomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, sibhekisela ohlakeni olujwayelekile olulawula ngokuphelele ubudlelwano phakathi kwezifundazwe nabanye ababambe iqhaza, njengezinhlangano zamazwe omhlaba noma, kwezinye izimo, abantu ngabanye nezinkampani. Imithetho yalo ihlanganisa konke kusukela ekuxazululweni kwezingxabano ngokuthula kuya ekuxoxisaneni, okuhlanganisa ukuhweba ngaphesheya kwemingcele kanye nokuvikelwa kwezivumelwano zomhlaba wonke. Ngokwezinga lalo elisebenzayo, lo mthetho usekelwe ekwamukelweni kwezibopho okumele zigcwaliswe ngokwethembeka, okukhuthaza ukwethembana phakathi kwababambe iqhaza, ababelana ngezintshisekelo ezifanayo, naphezu kokungafani kwabo. izintshisekelo kanye nemithwalo yemfanelo.
Imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe iyahlukahluka futhi iyahambisana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izivumelwano nezivumelwano—ezihlanganisa amazwe amabili noma amaningi—zisungula imithetho ethile ezindabeni ezifana nesimo sezulu, ulwandle, ukuqeda izikhali, kanye nokuhweba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isiko lamazwe ngamazwe lihlanganisa imikhuba eyamukelwa njengomthetho. Izinqumo zezinhlangano zomthetho zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezimiso zomthetho ezijwayelekile nazo ziyasiza. Kwezinye izindawo, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe nazo zamukela izinqumo ezithinta ukuziphatha kwezifundazwe. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwemithombo eminingi kwakha inhlangano ejwayelekile, iyonke, eqondisa ukuziphatha kwezifundazwe kanye nabanye abalingisi. amandla omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Izindawo ezibalulekile kakhulu
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe uhlanganisa izihloko eziningi kakhulu. Okuphawulekayo kakhulu ngamalungelo abantu, asungula izindinganiso zokuvikela inkululeko eyisisekelo kanye neziqinisekiso zabo bonke abantu; umthetho wezingxabano ezihlomile, okhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwamandla futhi uvikele abantu abavamile; kanye nomthetho wezombusazwe kanye nowe-consular, obeka imithetho yobudlelwano obusemthethweni kanye nokungaphuli kwemisebenzi yakwamanye amazwe. Ngokufanayo, umthetho wolwandle ulawula ukusetshenziswa kwezilwandle nezinsiza zazo, kanti umthetho wezentengiselwano wamazwe ngamazwe ulawula ukuthengiselana kwemingcele, amasiko, kanye nokuxazulula izingxabano. Insika ekhulayo umthetho wezemvelo wamazwe ngamazwe, ohlose ukulondoloza ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo, ukunciphisa ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, kanye nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza okusimeme, konke ngenhloso gcina izindawo ezivamile zomhlaba wonke.
Kulesi simiso esijwayelekile, ukubambisana kubalulekile. Uhlobo lwezinkinga zomhlaba wonke njengokufuduka, ukuhamba kwezentengiselwano, ukungcola, kanye nezinkinga zobuntu ludinga izimpendulo ezihlelekile ezivela emazweni nasezinhlanganweni zomhlaba wonke. Ngakho-ke, izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nesenzo esihlanganisiwe ezithangamini zomhlaba wonke kuyithuluzi elivamile lokuthuthukisa izibopho ezihlanganyelwe, okuqinisa indawo yamazwe ngamazwe evuza ukubambisana. ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngokuthula lapho bebhekene nokubhekana.
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe
Lolu hlelo lusekelwe ezimisweni eziyisisekelo eziqondisa ukuchazwa nokusetshenziswa kwalo. Lezi zimiso, ezisekelwe ekusebenzeni nasemfundisweni, zakha isisekelo sokulingana phakathi kwezizwe, ukuqiniseka ngokomthetho, kanye nokuzinza kobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe. Izimiso eziqashelwa kakhulu umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe, eziqondisa kokubili ukudalwa kwezindinganiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwazo, zichazwe ngezansi. ukuhambisana ngempumelelo.
1. Ubukhosi bombuso
Ubukhosi buqaphela ukuzimela kombuso ngamunye ukuhlela izindaba zawo zangaphakathi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwangaphandle. Kulokhu kuvela ukulingana okusemthethweni kwazo zonke izifundazwe—ezinkulu noma ezincane, ezinamandla noma ezinganamandla—kanye nenkululeko yazo yokukhetha izinhlelo zazo zezombusazwe, ezomnotho, kanye nezenhlalo. Lesi sisekelo sisho ukuthi akukho mbuso ongaphoqelela intando yawo komunye umuntu, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukuzimela kanye nokulingana emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe.
2. Ukulingana Kwamazwe
Uma sixhumene nobukhosi, lesi simiso sisho ukuthi wonke amazwe anamalungelo nezibopho ezifanayo ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. Lokhu, isibonelo, kuhumusha ukubamba iqhaza ezinqubweni zokwenza izinqumo zamazwe amaningi kanye nokuhloniphana ngezintshisekelo ezisemthethweni zomunye nomunye. Umkhuba osungulwe ezinkundleni zamazwe ngamazwe uqinisa ukuphathwa okungabandlululi kanye ukulingana okusemthethweni phakathi kwamazwe.
3. Ukwethembeka okuhle
Ukwethembeka kudinga ukwethembeka nokwethembeka ekugcwaliseni izibopho. Kuyinhlaka ebamba uhlelo ndawonye: ngaphandle kokwethembana, izivumelwano bezingeke zibe yize. Ngakho-ke, ukwethembeka okuhle kugcwele izingxoxo, ukuchazwa kwesivumelwano, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezibopho, okukhuthaza ukuhambisana nokungaguquguquki okuthembekile esikhathini eside.
4. I-Pacta sunt servanda
"Izivumelwano ziyabopha." Lesi simiso siqinisekisa ukuthi izivumelwano kumele zigcwaliswe ngokwethembeka yizinhlangothi ezizivumile. Ukuqiniseka okusemthethweni kokuhleleka kwamazwe ngamazwe kuncike, ngezinga elikhulu, ekuzinzeni kwezibopho ezenziwe, njengoba izinqubomgomo zomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bezomnotho kuhlelwe ngokuqiniseka ukuthi izivumelwano zizogcinwa. ukuzimisela kanye nokuvumelana.
5. Ukungangeneleli
Ukungangeneleli kwenqabela ukugxambukela ezindabeni zangaphakathi zamanye amazwe, ngaphandle kwemvume yawo ecacile noma imvume esemthethweni. Kuvikela inkululeko yombuso ekugxambukeni okungekho emthethweni futhi kunciphisa ingcindezi yangaphandle ezindabeni eziwela ngaphansi kwesisekelo samandla okubusa. Okuhlukile kuyavunyelwa kuphela uma kuvunyelwe ngumthetho wamazwe omhlaba, okuqinisa ibhalansi phakathi kokuzimela kanye umthwalo wamazwe ngamazwe.
6. Ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngokuthula
Ukuxazululwa kwezingxabano ngezindlela zokuthula—ukuxoxisana, ukulamula, ukwahlulela, noma izinqubo zobulungiswa zamazwe ngamazwe—kuyisici esibalulekile ohlelweni. Lesi simiso sikhuthaza ukukhetha iziteshi zezombusazwe nezobulungiswa, okufaka isandla ekuthuleni okuzinzile kanye nokuvimbela ukwanda kwezinkinga. Umkhuba ubonisa ukuthi izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula ziyandisa ukuzinza nokubikezela zobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe.
Ngale kobukhulu bazo obujwayelekile, lezi zimiso zibonisa izifiso ezihlangene: ukubambisana, ukuhloniphana, kanye nokuphishekela ubulungiswa. Ukugcinwa kwazo akuqedi ukungezwani, kodwa kunikeza ulimi olufanayo lokubhekana nazo, kukhuthaze ukuhleleka kwamazwe ngamazwe okulinganayo. kulungile futhi kuphephile.
Amagatsha omthetho wamazwe ngamazwe
Ngokwesiko, umthetho wamazwe omhlaba uhlukaniswe ngamagatsha amabili amakhulu, ngalinye linendlela yalo yokucabanga kanye namasu, kodwa womabili axhumene kakhulu. Bahlala bexoxisana ukuze babhekane nezinkinga zomphakathi nezangasese ngesici esinqamula imingcele, kusukela ezivumelwaneni phakathi kwamazwe kuya ezivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu ezindaweni ezahlukene. Empeleni, le ndlela ekabili ivumela ukubhekana nezinkinga eziyinkimbinkimbi ngamathuluzi afanele. okuhambisanayo futhi okusebenzayo.
- Umthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazweIlawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, okuhlanganisa izindawo ezifana namalungelo abantu, ukuqeda izikhali, izindawo ezivamile zamazwe ngamazwe, abafuduki nababaleki, kanye nezingxabano zobuzwe. Iphinde ihlanganise izihloko ezifana nomthetho wesivumelwano, umthetho wolwandle, umthetho wobugebengu wamazwe ngamazwe, kanye nomthetho wobuntu wamazwe ngamazwe, ngokugxila kakhulu ekukhawuleleni ukusetshenziswa kwamandla nokuvikela abantu ezimweni zobugebengu. impi ehlomile.
- Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba ozimele (Imithetho Yokungqubuzana Kwemithetho): isethi yemithetho nemithetho yenqubo yokunquma umthetho osebenzayo kanye negunya elifanele ezingxabanweni nengxenye yangaphandle. Cabanga ngezivumelwano phakathi kwamaqembu avela emazweni ahlukene noma amacala angaphandle kwemingcele ngaphakathi kwamazwe anezindawo eziningi. Inhloso yayo ukuhlonza ukuthi yimuphi umthetho olawulayo nokuthi yimuphi umzimba onegunya phezu kwecala, okunikeza isiqiniseko endaweni eyinkimbinkimbi yezomthetho. i-multijurisdiction.
Umthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe: izihloko, imithombo kanye nezikhungo
I-oda lomthetho lomphakathi lamazwe ngamazwe linezihloko zalo, imithombo, kanye nezikhungo ezisebenza ngokuhambisana nezinhlelo zomthetho zasekhaya. Izihloko zalo eziyinhloko yiMibuso nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke, abanamalungelo nezibopho, futhi abanamandla okudala, ukusebenzisa, nokuhumusha izindinganiso. Ngokuphathelene nemithombo, ngaphezu kwezivumelwano kanye nesiko, izenzo zomthetho zombuso ezizimele kanye nezinqumo zezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ziyagqama, zithonya ukuziphatha okuhlangene futhi ziqinisa isenzo esihlangene.
Phakathi kwezikhungo zayo ezifanele kakhulu kukhona amandla kahulumeni phezu kwendawo—ubukhosi, umthetho wolwandle, kanye nomkhathi—naphezu kwabantu—ubuzwe, ukufuduka, kanye nelungelo lokukhosela—kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo wamazwe ngamazwe wezenzo ezingalungile, izindlela zokuxazulula izingxabano ngokuthula, kanye nezindinganiso zokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe ezindabeni ezifana namalungelo abantu, ubudlelwano bezomnotho, kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Umthetho wezingxabano ezihlomile uqeda lokhu, ubeka imingcele ecacile yokuvikela abantu kanye nokunciphisa izingozi zezingxabano ezihlomile. imiphumela yempi.
Ngokombono wezemfundo, inhloso ejwayelekile yemfundo kulo mkhakha ukuthi abafundi babone, baqonde, futhi bakwazi ukuxazulula izinkinga zomthetho emphakathini wamazwe ngamazwe. Ngamanye amazwi, kuhilela ukuthuthukisa amakhono okuhamba endaweni ehlanganisa izinto eziningi enemithombo eminingi kanye nezinkundla zokwenza izinqumo, kanye nomkhuba odinga izindlela ezahlukene. okuqinile futhi okunesimo.
Izinhlaka eziyinhloko ze-UN kanye nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe
Uhlelo lweZizwe Ezihlangene ludlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni, ekubhalweni kwemithetho, nasekusetshenzisweni komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. I-General Assembly ixoxa futhi yenze izincomo, ikhuthaza izinqubo zokubhalwa kwemithetho, futhi ibiza izingqungquthela ezikhiqiza izivumelwano; uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha wamukela izinqumo ezibophayo ngokuthula nokuvikeleka; iNkantolo Yobulungisa Yomhlaba Wonke isebenza njengesigungu esiyinhloko sezomthetho, ixazulula izingxabano phakathi kwamazwe futhi ikhipha izahlulelo; uMkhandlu Wezomnotho Nezenhlalo uqondisa umsebenzi wezomnotho nowezenhlalo; i-Secretariat inikeza ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe kwale misebenzi; kanye noMkhandlu Wezokuphatha, manje ongasebenzi, uqedele uhlaka lwezikhungo. Ngalezi zinhlangano, i-UN ikhuthaza intuthuko eqhubekayo yomthetho kanye neyayo ukuqaliswa okungokoqobo.
Ezinye izinhlangano namahhovisi e-UN
Ngaphezu kwezinhlaka eziyinhloko, ezinye izinhlangano namahhovisi akhethekile anikela ekudalweni nasekusetshenzisweni komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Ihhovisi Lezindaba Zezomthetho lisekela izingxoxo zesivumelwano futhi linikeza usizo lwezomthetho; iHhovisi likaKhomishana Ophakeme Wamalungelo Abantu likhuthaza amazinga nokuqapha; kanye nezinhlangano zesistimu—njengalezo ezizinikele ekuzulazuleni, ezindizeni, noma emfundweni namasiko—zakha amazinga obuchwepheshe kanye nezivumelwano zemikhakha. Le nethiwekhi yandisa amandla e-UN okubhekana nezinselele zomhlaba wonke ngezinsimbi zomthetho. okuhlelekile futhi okusebenzayo.
Ubudlelwano noMthetho we-European Union
Umthetho we-European Union ungabonakala njengegatsha eliyingqayizivele ngaphakathi kwesambulela esibanzi somthetho wamazwe omhlaba, kodwa unezici zawo ezihlukile kakhulu. Phakathi kwalezi, kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imithetho yawo ingasetshenziswa yizakhamuzi phambi kwezinkantolo zikazwelonke (umphumela oqondile) nokuthi, ngokuvamile, ithatha indawo yokuqala kunomthetho wasekhaya wamazwe angamalungu. Ngenxa yalezi zici, umthetho we-EU uvame ukuphathwa ngendlela ehlukile emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba jikelele, yize uhlanganyela nawo umqondo wezivumelwano kanye nesidingo se- ukuvumelanisa zokulawula.
Imithombo, ukubhalwa kwemithetho kanye nesayensi yezomthetho
Izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe ziyisisekelo somthetho wamazwe ngamazwe: zingaba phakathi kwamazwe amabili (phakathi kwamazwe amabili) noma ahlukene (phakathi kwamazwe amaningi). Zivame ukuxoxiswana ngazo ngaphakathi kwezinhlangano ezifana neZizwe Ezihlangene noma uMkhandlu WaseYurophu, lapho izintshisekelo zichazwa khona, ulwazi lobuchwepheshe lushintshaniswa, futhi izikhundla ziyavumelana. Kanye nalezi zivumelwano, umthetho wezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe uyisisekelo esibalulekile sokubhekisela ekuchazeni izibopho nokuhlanganisa imikhuba, unikele ukuphepha komthetho kubadlali.
Umdlali oyinhloko ekubhalweni kwemithetho yi-UN International Law Commission, enomsebenzi wokukhuthaza intuthuko eqhubekayo kanye nokuhlelwa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Izindlela zayo zifaka phakathi izifundo, izinhlolovo, ukuhlanganiswa kwezibonelo, kanye neziphakamiso zezivumelwano ezintsha. Umsebenzi weKhomishini uholele ezindleleni ezifinyelela kude kanye nentuthuko yezimfundiso eziqondisa ukuziphatha kwezifundazwe nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe, okuqinisa umzimba womthetho ohlala ushintsha ngobufakazi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezomthetho. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ulwazi ngomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe lubanzi futhi luhlukahlukene, lunezingobo zolwazi zomphakathi kanye nezindawo zokugcina ezisemthethweni ezihlanganisa izivumelwano, izinqumo, kanye nezinto zokulungiselela. Lawa mathuluzi avumela ochwepheshe, izifundiswa, kanye nomphakathi jikelele ukufinyelela imibhalo yamanje, imisebenzi yokubhala amakhodi, kanye nezinqumo, okwenza kube lula ukuqapha umkhuba kanye nokusetshenziswa okunolwazi. kuhambisana nezindinganiso.
Isibonelo esisebenzayo sokubusa kwamazwe ngamazwe: iLake Tanganyika neMONUSCO
Ukubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kubonakala ngokucacile eLake Tanganyika. I-Convention on the Sustainable Management of Lake Tanganyika—esayinwe yiBurundi, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, iTanzania, kanye neZambia—yasungula iLake Tanganyika Authority, yanikeza ubuntu bomthetho bamazwe ngamazwe kanye namandla okuvikela ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo nokuqinisekisa ukusetshenziswa okusimeme kwezinsiza zayo. Leli lungiselelo lesikhungo libonisa indlela amazwe achaza ngayo izinhloso zokulondolozwa nentuthuko ngamathuluzi anezibopho ezicacile kanye nezakhiwo ze- ukubusa okwabiwe.
Ngo-2012, abagcini bokuthula base-Uruguay abavela e-MONUSCO, ababenomsebenzi wokuvikela ukuhamba ngemikhumbi nokuvimbela ukuphangwa kwemikhumbi kanye nokuhlaselwa ngamaqembu ahlomile, baqhuba umsebenzi wokugibela eLake Tanganyika eduze kwase-Uvira, eNingizimu Kivu (iDemocratic Republic of Congo). Izibonelo ezinjengalezi zibonisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuphepha, ukubambisana kwesifunda, kanye nezinhlaka zomthetho zomhlaba wonke ezisekela izenzo ezihlose ukuvikela imizila yemikhumbi kanye nabantu, ngaphansi kwesambulela se- uhlaka lwezomthetho neziphathimandla zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe.
Uhlelo lwezemfundo nokushicilela: i-Spanish Journal of International Law
I-Spanish Journal of International Law (REDI), eyasungulwa ngo-1948, iyiphephabhuku lezemfundo elibukezwa ontanga kabili ngonyaka. Isebenzisana ne-Spanish Association of Professors of International Law and International Relations (AEPDIRI), engumnikazi wale magazini, ivuma iziqondiso zayo ezijwayelekile, ihlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwezigungu zayo ezibusayo, futhi, ngokuhambisana nenhloso yayo yokukhuthaza ukufundwa nokuthuthukiswa komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe—kokubili umphakathi nowangasese—umthetho we-European Union, kanye nobudlelwano bamazwe ngamazwe, isekela ukushicilelwa kwayo. Lesi sakhiwo sesikhungo sinikeza uphawu oluhlukile kule magazini. ikhwalithi yezemfundo kuMagazini.
Njengamanje, i-REDI ihlelwa kusetshenziswa ipulatifomu ye-Open Journal Systems (OJS) futhi ishicilelwe nge-elekthronikhi ngefomethi yokufinyelela evulekile yiTirant lo Blanch ngewebhusayithi yayo esemthethweni (https://www.revista-redi.es). Ukuphrinta-uma-kufunwa nakho kuyatholakala, okwenza kube lula ukusatshalaliswa kanye nokufinyelela ocwaningweni olukhethekile oluhlala lufaka isandla ekuqondeni nasekuthuthukisweni [kwensimu/indawo yesayensi]. umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe.
Ukuqeqeshwa kobungcweti kanye nokukhethekile
Umkhuba womthetho wamazwe ngamazwe udinga ochwepheshe abakwaziyo ukubhekana nezinkundla eziningi, imithombo yezomthetho, kanye nezindaba zomhlaba wonke. Kukhona izinhlelo ze-postgraduate kanye nezobuchwepheshe zokuqeqesha ochwepheshe bezomthetho ekuphathweni kwezingozi, ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano, ukuqulwa kwamacala omhlaba wonke, kanye nokwelulekwa kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ezibandakanya abadlali abasafufusa, izintshisekelo ezishintshayo, kanye nezinsongo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Imakethe yemisebenzi ihlonipha ochwepheshe abanombono wokuqhathanisa, ikhono lolimi, kanye nekhono kumathuluzi ahlukahlukene. ucwaningo lwezomthetho.
Ezweni lamaHispanic, izikhungo ezifana I-INISEG Banikeza izindlela ezikhethekile kulabo abafisa ukungena ngokujulile emthethweni nasekuphepheni kwamazwe ngamazwe. Lezi zinhlelo zigxile ekuhlomiseni abafundi ngamakhono okubhekana nezimo eziguquguqukayo, ezinabantu abaningi, ukuhlanganisa ithiyori kanye nokwenza ngendlela evumelaniswe nezinselele zanamuhla kanye nezindinganiso zamazwe ngamazwe. ukubambisana kwamazwe amaningi.
Umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, owakhelwe ngokuvumelana kanye nokwethembeka okuhle, uhlanganisa imithombo eyahlukene—izivumelwano, isiko, izimiso, kanye nomthetho—ukubhekana nezinkinga ezidlula imingcele. Izimiso zawo eziqondisayo (ubukhosi, ukulingana, ukungangeneleli, i-pacta sunt servanda, kanye nokuhlala ngokuthula) kanye namagatsha awo amabili amakhulu (omphakathi nawangasese) akha uhlaka oluguquguqukayo kodwa olubikezelwayo olusebenza ngokuvumelana nezinhlangano ezifana ne-UN kanye ne-International Law Commission yayo, ngenkathi luhambisana nemiyalelo ethile yezomthetho efana neye-European Union. Kusukela eTanganyika kuya ezinkantolo zamazwe ngamazwe, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi wezemfundo we-REDI kanye nokuqeqeshwa okukhethekile, le ndlela yokuphila ibonisa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwayo kanye nokuzibophezela kwayo ekuvikeleni abantu, izimpahla ezivamile, kanye ukuzinza kohlelo lwamazwe ngamazwe.