Umkhakha oyinhloko: ukuthi uyini, imisebenzi, izici nokuningi

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Umkhakha oyinhloko Kungenye yezigaba eziyisisekelo zomnotho futhi imele isixhumanisi sokuqala enkambisweni yokukhiqiza. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, le misebenzi idlale indima ebalulekile ekusindeni kwabantu nasekukhuleni kwempucuko. Nakuba ukubaluleka kwayo kuye kwehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emazweni athuthukile, isabalulekile ekuhlinzekeni... imithombo yemvelo nakwezinye izingxenye kanye nokuqinisekisa ukuthi ukuphepha kokudla labantu.

Kulesi sihloko, sizohlola ububanzi bomkhakha oyinhloko, imisebenzi yawo, ukuthi uhluke kanjani kweminye imikhakha yezomnotho, kanye nokuthuthuka kwawo, kokubili emhlabeni jikelele nasezimweni ezithile njengeSpain. Uzofunda futhi ngezinselelo zawo zamanje kanye namathuba esikhathi esizayo.

Uyini umkhakha oyinhloko?

Umkhakha oyinhloko uhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi yezomnotho egxile ekukhishweni ngqo kwezinsiza zemvelo ezweni noma emanzini.. Lokhu kubandakanya ezolimo, lo ukufuya izinkomo, lo ukudoba, lo ukugawulwa kwemithi, lo izimayini kanye nezinye izindlela zokusebenzisa indawo yemvelo ngaphandle kokuguqulwa kwezimboni kwalokho okukhishwe.

Lezi zinto zokusetshenziswa zingasetshenziswa njengoba zinjalo ngumthengi noma zidluliselwe kweminye imikhakha, njengomkhakha wesibili, lapho zicutshungulwa khona ukuze kukhiqizwe imikhiqizo enenani eliphezulu. Isibonelo, Ubisi olutholakala enkomeni luwumkhiqizo womkhakha oyinhlokoKodwa uma iguqulwa ibe ushizi ngezinqubo zezimboni, umkhakha wesibili uyaqala ukusebenza.

Umkhakha oyinhloko uyingxenye yokuhlukaniswa kwemikhakha yezomnotho ngokwesikookuhlanganisa futhi umkhakha wesibili (imboni kanye nokukhiqiza), umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme (izinsizakalo), umkhakha we-quaternary (ulwazi, ucwaningo), kanye nomkhakha we-quinary (imisebenzi engenzi nzuzo efana namasiko noma imfundo). Ukuze uthole ukuqonda okujulile ngentuthuko yale mikhakha, ungavakashela isihloko esimayelana umkhakha wesibili.

Kusukela enkathini yePaleolithic, abantu bebelokhu benza imisebenzi eyinhloko njengokuqoqa izithelo, ukudoba nokuzingela, kwaze kwaba yilapho enkathini yeNeolithic kuvela eminye imisebenzi efana nezolimo kanye nokulima imfuyo, okuguqula kakhulu indlela yokuphila yabantu.

Izici eziyinhloko zomkhakha oyinhloko

Umkhakha oyinhloko wethula uchungechunge lwe izici ezihlukanisayo:

• Inesibopho sokukhipha izinto zokusetshenziswa ngqo endaweni yemvelo.ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinqubo zezimboni.
• Kuyisisekelo seminye imikhakha, njengoba inikeza izinsiza ezidingekayo embonini kanye nochungechunge lokusabalalisa.
• Ukukhula kwayo kuncike kakhulu ezintweni ezibonakalayo njengohlobo lomhlabathi, isimo sezulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi, noma ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni.
• Ilahlekelwe isisindo somnotho emazweni athuthukile Kodwa kusalokhu kuyisisekelo emazweni amaningi asathuthuka lapho kusamele khona ingxenye enkulu ye-GDP kanye nokuqashwa.
• Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi abantu abaye bayenza kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, njengokulima noma ukudoba.

Enye yezinto ezibalulekile ukuthi Akuyona yonke imisebenzi yokukhipha amanzi ewela ngaphansi komkhakha oyinhloko ngokuzenzakalelayoIsibonelo, ukumbiwa kukaphethiloli wezinto zasendulo kuvame ukuhlukaniswa ngaphakathi komkhakha wamandla noma wezimboni, kuyilapho ukumbiwa kwamaminerali ensimbi njengegolide, isiliva, noma ithusi kubhekwa njengengxenye yomkhakha oyinhloko.

Imisebenzi eyinhloko yomkhakha oyinhloko

Imisebenzi eyakha umkhakha oyinhloko ihlukahlukene kakhulu, kodwa yonke ifana ngokuthi ithola izinsiza ngqo emvelweni. Lena yimisebenzi efanele kakhulu:

• Ukulima: Kuhlanganisa yonke imisebenzi ehlobene nokulima umhlaba. Ngamasu endabuko noma esimanje, kukhiqizwa izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yezitshalo: izithelo, imifino, okusanhlamvu, ubhontshisi, phakathi kokunye. Ezolimo zingaba semhlabathini owomile noma ziniselwe.
• Ukukhulisa izinkomo: Kubhekisele ekukhuliseni nasekusebenziseni izilwane zasekhaya. Kuyo sithola imikhiqizo efana nenyama, ubisi, amaqanda, isikhumba, noma uboya. Kungaba okubanzi, okunamandla, noma okuguqulwe ubuntu.
• Ukudoba: Kuhlanganisa ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kokubili ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile kanye nezasolwandle. Kuhlanganisa nokufuywa kwezinhlanzi, okuwukuzalaniswa kwezinhlanzi okulawulwayo ezindaweni zasemanzini.
• Ukufuywa kwezinyosi: Ukufuya izinyosi kuwumsebenzi ogxile ekunakekeleni izinyosi ukuze zithole uju, i-wax, neminye imikhiqizo. Kudlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthweni kwempova kwezitshalo.
• Amahlathi noma ukugawula imithi: Kuhilela ukuphatha amahlathi ukuze kutholakale izingodo, izinkuni zokubasa, i-resin, noma eminye imikhiqizo. Kubalulekile ezindaweni ezinezintaba nezasemakhaya.
• Ukuzingela: Nakuba kuncipha, kusalokhu kuyinto eyinhloko, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezithile zasemakhaya lapho izilwane zasendle zixhashazwa khona.
• Ukumba (ngaphandle kwamathambo): Kuhlanganisa ukukhishwa kwamaminerali ensimbi kanye namaminerali angewona awensimbi njengegolide, isiliva, usawoti noma ithusi, uma nje engaguquki ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwawo.

Umehluko neminye imikhakha yezomnotho

Ukuze uqonde ngokugcwele indima yomkhakha oyinhloko, kubalulekile ukuyibeka ngaphakathi kweqoqo lemikhakha yezomnotho:

• Umkhakha wesibili Iguqula izinto zokusetshenziswa kusukela emkhakheni oyinhloko zibe imikhiqizo ekhiqizwe. Idinga imishini, imboni, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Izibonelo: izimboni zokudla, zezimoto, zezindwangu, noma zemithi.
• Umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme Ihlinzeka ngezinsizakalo kubantu noma kweminye imikhakha ngaphandle kokukhiqiza izimpahla ezibonakalayo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi imisebenzi efana nezokuthutha, amabhange, ezohwebo, ezempilo kanye nemfundo. Ungafunda kabanzi ngale misebenzi ku- lesi sixhumanisi.
• Umkhakha we-quaternary Ithuthukisa imisebenzi esekelwe ekukhiqizweni kolwazi, ulwazi, kanye nobuchwepheshe. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ucwaningo lwesayensi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesofthiwe, kanye nokubonisana ngobuchwepheshe.
• Umkhakha we-quinary Ihlanganisa izinsizakalo ezingenzi nzuzo ezihlobene nenhlalakahle yomphakathi, isiko, ubuciko, noma imisebenzi yasekhaya. Ukuba khona kwayo kusanda kwenzeka futhi kuxoxwa ngakho yizazi zezomnotho.

Umkhakha oyinhloko eSpain

ESpain, umkhakha oyinhloko ube ngomunye wezinsika zomnotho ngokomlando, futhi nakuba ulahlekelwe ukuvelela emkhakheni wezinsizakalo, usenesisindo esikhulu.

Ezolimo zaseSpain Ivelele ngezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zayo ngenxa yesimo sezulu sayo esihlukahlukene: okusanhlamvu, izivini, amasimu omnqumo, izithelo zaseMedithera kanye nemifino. Izifunda ezifana ne-Andalusia, iMurcia, neValencia ziphawuleka kakhulu ngokukhiqiza kwazo kwezolimo.

Imfuyo Inezinhlobo zezilwane zasendaweni eziyigugu, njengengulube yase-Iberia. Ukukhiqizwa kobisi, inyama yenkomo, kanye nemvu, kanye nokufuywa kwezinkukhu, nakho kubalulekile. I-dehesa iyindawo eyinhloko yezemvelo eningizimu yeSpain, lapho ukufuywa kwemfuyo okubanzi kanye nokulondolozwa kwemvelo kuhlanganiswa khona.

Ukudoba Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yogu lwayo olucishe lube ngamakhilomitha angu-8.000. Imikhumbi yokudoba yaseSpain ingenye yemikhumbi emikhulu eYurophu. Kokubili ukudoba kobuciko kanye nokudoba olwandle olujulile kuyasetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iSpain ikhuthaze ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi futhi ikhuthaza ukumaketha kwemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphezulu enezimpawu ezivikelwe ezivela kuyo.

Ngo-2019, umkhakha oyinhloko wawumele cishe u-2,2% we-GDP yaseSpain, kwathi ngo-2020 wakhiqiza amathuba emisebenzi kubantu abangaphezu kuka-745.000. Ngaphandle kwezibalo zawo zezomnotho, ithonya lawo empilweni yasemakhaya kanye nobumbano lwendawo lijulile.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Isakhiwo sezomnotho: ukuthi siyini, singasihlaziya kanjani, nokuthi kungani sibalulekile

Izinselele zamanje namathuba

Umkhakha oyinhloko ubhekene nezinselelo eziningana ezivivinya ukuzinza kwawo kwesikhathi eside:

• Umncintiswano wamazwe ngamazwe: Amazwe amaningi akhiqiza ngentengo ephansi, okwenza kube nzima ukuncintisana kwabakhiqizi bendawo.
• Ukuntuleka kwamanzi: Ikakhulukazi ezimweni zezulu zaseMedithera, ukucindezeleka kwamanzi kuyinkinga ekhulayo.
• Ukuguga kwasemakhaya: Ukuncipha kwabantu kanye nokuguga ezindaweni zasemakhaya kuvimbela ukuvuselelwa kwezizukulwane.
• Ukuthuthukiswa: Ukuntuleka kobuchwepheshe kanye nokufinyelela okulinganiselwe kokwenziwa kwedijithali kusalokhu kuyisithiyo esikhulu ezindaweni eziningi.

Kodwa-ke, kukhona namathuba athakazelisayo angathuthukisa lo mkhakha:

• Isidingo semikhiqizo yemvelo neqhubekayo: Umthengi wanamuhla uya ngokuya ekwazisa ukukhiqizwa kwendawo nokunakekelwa kwemvelo.
• Ezokuvakasha zasemakhaya nezokudla: Imisebenzi ehlobene nezolimo ingahlukanisa umnotho wezindawo zasemakhaya.
• Usizo lwaseYurophu: Inqubomgomo Yezolimo Ejwayelekile (i-CAP) evela kwi-EU yabela izimali zokuthuthukisa amapulazi nokukhuthaza imikhuba emihle.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amasimu e-bioeconomy kanye nomnotho ojikelezayo anikeza izinhlaka ezifanele zokuguqula imfucuza yezolimo ibe amandla avuselelweko, umanyolo noma izinto ezintsha.

Umkhakha oyinhloko, ngale kokuba yifa lomlando, usalokhu uyingxenye ebalulekile yenjini yezomnotho. Ukubaluleka kwawo akugcini nje kuphela ukukhiqizwa kokudla kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa, kodwa futhi negalelo layo ekusimameni, emisebenzini yasemakhaya, kanye nokulinganisela indawo. Nakuba ibhekene nezinselele ezinkulu, ukuzwela okusha kwemvelo kanye nemikhuba yokusetshenziswa kwayo kuvula indawo entsha yokuguqulwa kwayo kanye nokuqina kwayo esikhathini esizayo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Izinhlobo zemakethe: ukuhlukaniswa, izici, kanye nezibonelo zomhlaba wangempela