- Ukwabiwa kwempahla kunquma kakhulu ukusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwephothifoliyo, ngaphezu kokukhethwa kwemikhiqizo ethile.
- Ukwehlukahluka kwesakhiwo ngohlobo lwempahla, indawo, umkhakha kanye nosayizi wenkampani kuvumela ibhalansi yengozi kanye nenzuzo.
- Ukwabiwa kwempahla kufanele kusekelwe ezinhlosweni, isikhathi kanye nokubekezelelana kwezingozi, kuhlanganiswe umbono ozinzile wesu kanye nokubuyekezwa okwenziwa ngezikhathi ezithile kanye nokulinganisa kabusha.
- Indlela yokubheka phambili, esekelwa yimikhuba emikhulu kanye nokuqapha okuhlelekile, isiza iphothifoliyo ukuthi imelane kangcono nezinguquko ezijikelezayo kanye nokuguquguquka.
La ukwabiwa kwempahla Sekuyinhliziyo yanoma yiliphi isu lokutshala imali elingabalulekile kangako. Akusekho nje ngokuthola "umkhiqizo wonyaka," kodwa ngokwakha iphothifoliyo enesakhiwo esiqinile, esikwazi ukumelana nezinguquko ezijikelezayo, ukushaqeka kwemakethe, kanye nezikhathi zenjabulo ngaphandle kokuba umtshali-zimali alahlekelwe ubuthongo.
Uma sikhuluma ngokwabiwa kwempahla, asikhulumi nje ngemfundiso yezincwadi, kodwa nquma ukuthi uzohlukanisa kanjani izimpahla phakathi kwamasheya, imali engenayo engaguquki, imali, izimpahla ezihlukile, noma igolide, ngenhloso ecacile kakhulu: ukulinganisela ukuhweba ngengozi-imbuyiselo ngokwemigomo yomuntu ngamunye, isikhathi, kanye nokubekezelela ingozi. Futhi yilapho ukwakheka kwephothifoliyo yangempela kuqala khona ukusebenza, okuthwala isisindo esikhulu kunokukhetha lesi noma leso sikhwama semfashini.
Kuyini ngempela ukwabiwa kwempahla?
Ukwabiwa kwezimpahla, noma ukwabiwa kwempahla, inqubo lapho umtshali-zimali enquma khona indlela yokwabela imali yakho phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zempahla: amasheya, amabhondiUketshezi, izindlu, izinto ezitholakala kwezinye, izimpahla, ukutshalwa kwezimali okunye, njll. Isigaba ngasinye siziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, sisabela ezingozini ezahlukene, futhi singaphansi kwemithetho yaso.
Ingqikithi yalo mbono yi- ukuhlukahluka okuhlakaniphileNjengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene zezimpahla zingahlali zihamba ndawonye, ukuhlanganisa izimpahla ezinethuba lokukhula okukhulu (isb., amasheya) nezizinzile kakhulu (njengemali engenayo engaguquki) kuphothifoliyo efanayo kukuvumela ukuthi ulungise ukwehla nokwenyuka futhi uhlose ukukhula okuqhubekayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kokwahlukahluka ngohlobo lwempahla, ukwabiwa kwempahla okuphethwe kahle kuncike futhi izindlela ezengeziwe zokuhlukanisa ezikhulisa ububanzi bemithombo yenzuzo futhi zinciphise izingozi ezithile endaweni ethile noma emkhakheni othile.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokwehlukahluka zifaka:
- Indawo: hlanganisa izimpahla ezivela kwi-Eurozone, e-United States, ezimakethe ezisafufusa, e-Asia, njll., ukuze zinganciki emnothweni owodwa.
- Okwesigaba: ukusabalalisa utshalomali phakathi kobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa, impilo, imboni, izinhlangano zezimali, amandla, ukudla, phakathi kwezinye.
- Ngosayizi wenkampani noma ngomkhiphi: faka phakathi izinkampani ezine-capital-cap, eziphakathi nendawo kanye, ngezinga elincane, izinkampani ezine-capital-cap, kanye namaphrofayili ahlukene abakhiphi bemali engenayo engaguquki.
Le nhlanganisela yobukhulu ihloselwe... ibhalansi phakathi kwengozi ecatshangelwayo kanye nembuyiselo elindelekileUkwehlukahluka akuqinisekisi ukwenza imali eningi, kodwa kuyasiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukwehla, lapho kwenzeka—futhi kuzokwenzeka—kuzoba nomthelela olinganiselwe kokubili emathubeni kanye nasebuningini.
Kungani ukwabiwa kwempahla kubaluleke kakhulu kunokukhethwa komkhiqizo
Sekungamashumi eminyaka ubufakazi bezemfundo bukhomba ohlangothini olufanayo: isinqumo sokuthi uzotshala malini ekilasini ngalinye lempahla Kuchaza okuningi kokwehluka kokusebenza kwephothifoliyo yesikhathi eside. Izifundo ezifana neyakudala kaBrinson, Hood, noBeebower, eyanyatheliswa kuyi-Financial Analysts Journal, zibonise ukuthi ukwabiwa kwamasu kuyimbangela yephesenti eliphezulu kakhulu lokusebenza kwephothifoliyo iyonke uma kuqhathaniswa nezici ezifana nesikhathi semakethe noma ukukhethwa kwesitoko esithile.
Nakuba kube nezingxoxo zendlela mayelana nalezi zifundo, umqondo oyinhloko usaqinile: Ukwakheka kwephothifoliyo kubaluleke kakhulu kunengxenye ngayinye.Ukugxila kuyashintsha kusuka kokuthi "yisiphi isikhwama esizosebenza kahle kakhulu kulo nyaka" kuya kokuthi "yikuphi ukuhlanganiswa kwezimpahla okunengqondo ngemigomo yami kanye nephrofayili yengozi."
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamuva nje kuqinise lesi siphetho. Unyaka ka-2022 wawuyisikhumbuzo kubatshalizimali abaningi: Imali engenayo engaguquki kanye namasheya ehle ngasikhathi sinye Lokhu kwakubalulekile, into eyayingenzeki ngamandla amakhulu isikhathi eside. Ukwenyuka okukhulu kwezinga lenzalo ukuze kulwiwe nokwehla kwamandla emali kwashintsha ngokuzumayo umbuso wezomnotho omkhulu futhi kwaqeda umbono ongamanga wokuthi amabhondi azohlala evikela ekwehleni kwemakethe yamasheya.
Leso siqephu sabonisa ukuthi ngisho nempahla yokuzivikela ngokwesiko ingathinteka, nokuthi Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpahla abuguqukiYingakho ukwabiwa kwempahla kumele kusekelwe endleleni yokwakha, kuqashelwe ukuthi imithetho yemakethe iyashintsha nokuthi ukuhlukahluka kumele kuqondwe isikhathi eside, hhayi inyanga nenyanga.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubuyiselwa kwezilinganiso zenzalo ezinhle kulethe imali engenayo ehleliwe idlala indima ebalulekile ngaphakathi kwephothifoliyo. Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yezinga lenzalo elingenalutho noma elibi, amabhondi aphinde ahlinzeke ngokuthwala, ukubonakala kwemali engenayo, kanye namakhono okuhlela isimo. Kodwa-ke, ukuthi lokhu kuhunyushwa kube ulwazi oluhle lwabatshalizimali kuncike ekutheni lezi zimpahla zihlanganiswe kanjani engxubeni iyonke yephothifoliyo: isikhathi esifanele, ikhwalithi yesikweletuuhlobo lwemali kanye nokwehlukahlukana kwezindawo.
Izisekelo zemfundiso: kusukela kuMarkowitz kuya emngceleni osebenzayo
Ukwabiwa kwempahla yesimanje kuncike ekwaziwa kakhulu Ithiyori Yesimanje Yephothifoliyo Lolu hlaka lwethiyori olwasungulwa nguHarry Markowitz ngawo-50, lwasungula umqondo wokuthi umngcele ophumelelayo: isethi yamaphothifoliyo, ezingeni ngalinye lengozi ecatshangelwayo, anikeza imbuyiselo ephezulu kakhulu elindelekile.
Kalula nje, kuphrofayela ngayinye yengozi kukhona inhlanganisela engcono kakhulu yezimpahla kwandisa imbuyiselo elindelekile ngaphandle kokwengeza ukuguquguquka okukhulu kunokudingekileNoma yiliphi iphothifoliyo eliwela ngaphansi kwalowo mngcele lizokwakhiwa kabi, ngoba lingazuza inzuzo efanayo ngokuthatha ingozi encane noma inzuzo ephezulu enezinga elifanayo lengozi.
Iphuzu elibalulekile likaMarkowitz ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpahla. Akuyona nje ingozi kanye nokubuyiselwa okulindelekile kwempahla ngayinye okubalulekile; okubalulekile ukuthi yini indlela abaziphatha ngayo komunye nomunyeIzimpahla ezimbili eziguquguqukayo ngokulinganisela zingakha iphothifoliyo iyonke engaguquguquki kakhulu uma zivame ukuhamba ngezindlela ezahlukene ngezikhathi zokucindezeleka.
Isibonelo esivamile: umtshali-zimali ogxilisa iphothifoliyo yakhe kumasheya obuchwepheshe base-US angazuza imbuyiselo emangalisayo ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ngezindleko zokuguquguquka okuphezulu kakhulu kanye nokuvezwa okuphezulu emkhakheni owodwa kanye nezwe. Uma lowo mtshali-zimali ofanayo ehlukahluka ngokungeza amabhondi ekhwalithi, amasheya aphesheya, kanye mhlawumbe negolide noma ezinye izimpahla eziphephile, imbuyiselo iyonke izoba phezulu kakhulu. kunciphisa kakhulu ukuguquguquka ngaphandle kokudela inzuzo yesikhathi eside efanelekile.
Ngakho-ke, ukwabiwa kwamasu kugxile ekwakheni ingxube yempahla eseduze ngangokunokwenzeka nalowo mngcele osebenzayo, kuhlale kukhunjulwa ukuthi ikusasa aliqinisekile nokuthi imingcele yengozi kanye nokuxhumana iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Amakilasi ayinhloko empahla kuphothifoliyo ehlukahlukene
Empeleni, ukwabiwa kwempahla kusebenza nabambalwa imindeni yokutshalwa kwezimali eyisisekelo, lapho kungafakwa khona ama-nuances kanye nezigaba ezincane ngokuya ngezinga lobuchwepheshe bomtshali-zimali kanye nosayizi wezimpahla zakhe.
Izigaba zempahla ezivame kakhulu yilezi:
izabeloAmasheya angamasheya ezinkampani ezithengiswa esidlangalaleni. Anikeza amathuba aphezulu okukhula kwesikhathi eside, kodwa futhi ahilela ukuguquguquka okukhulu. Ngaphakathi kwamasheya, ukutshalwa kwezimali kungahlukaniswa ngokwesifunda, umkhakha, kanye nosayizi wenkampani. Angumthombo wokukhula kwamaphothifoliyo amaningi.
Ukuqasha okulungisiweLokhu kufaka phakathi amabhondi akhishwa ohulumeni, izinkampani, noma ezinye izinhlangano. Ngokuvamile anikela ngemali ukuzinza okulinganiselwe kanye nokugeleza kwenzaloKodwa-ke, baphinde babhekane nezinga lenzalo kanye nengozi yesikweletu. Inhlanganisela efanele yesikhathi, izimfanelo zesikweletu, kanye nezimali kubalulekile kubo ukuze badlale indima yokuzinza ngempela.
Uketshezi kanye nemali: imali ekwi-akhawunti, idiphozi noma izinsizakusebenza zesikhashana kakhulu ezinikezwayo Ukuphepha okuphezulu okulinganiselwe kanye nokutholakala okusheshayoKodwa-ke, imbuyiselo ngokuvamile incane futhi, ezindaweni ezikhungethwe ukwehla kwamandla emali, amandla okuthenga ayalahleka. Noma kunjalo, ukuba nemali ethile kuvumela abatshalizimali ukuthi basebenzise amathuba emakethe futhi kubanikeze indawo yokuphefumula ngokwengqondo.
Izinsimbi eziyigugu kanye nempahla ephephileIgolide nezinye izimpahla ezibhekwa “njengezindawo eziphephile” zingasebenza kahle ngezikhathi zokungaqiniseki, ukwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu, noma ukungathembani ezimakethe zezimali zendabuko. Azikhiqizi imali engenayo, kodwa zingadlala indima yokuvikela ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sezimali somhlaba wonke.
Ukuhlukahluka: insika esekela ukwabiwa kwempahla
Ukwabiwa kwempahla okuhle kusekelwe ku- ukuhlukahluka kwesakhiwoIsisho esaziwayo esithi "ungafaki wonke amaqanda akho ebhasikidini elilodwa" siyiqiniso ngokuphelele ekutshaleni imali, kodwa kubalulekile ukusiqonda kahle ukuze ungadidanisi ukuhlukahluka nokuqoqa imikhiqizo ngaphandle kwanoma yiliphi isu.
Ukuhlukahluka kunezingqimba eziningana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, phakathi kwezigaba zefa (amasheya, imali engenayo engaguquki, imali, ezinye izindlela, igolide, njll.). Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngaphakathi kwekilasi ngalinyeIphothifoliyo yabelwe kuzo zonke izifunda, imikhakha, izitayela zokuphatha, kanye nabakhiphi abahlukene. Umgomo ukugwema ukuthembela ngokweqile esicini esisodwa sengozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlukahluka kusiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yokuziphatha Ngokombono womtshali-zimali. Uma iphothifoliyo ihlelwe kahle futhi umtshali-zimali eqonda indima yengxenye ngayinye, kulula ukumelana nezikhathi zokuguquguquka ngaphandle kokunqotshwa izinqumo ezisheshayo, njengokuthengisa ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu noma ukuphishekela izitayela zemakethe ngokungacabangi.
Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi ukuhlukahluka akusho ukuqinisekisa inzuzo, kodwa nciphisa umonakalo lapho izinto zingahambi kahleEsikhundleni sokuzama ukuqagela ukuthi iyiphi impahla ezoba ngumnqobi minyaka yonke—into engenakwenzeka ukuyibikezela njalo—ukugxila ekwakheni iphothifoliyo efanelekile engabhekana nezimo ezahlukene zomnotho.
Okokugcina, iphutha elivamile labatshalizimali abangebona ochwepheshe ukungahlukanisi ngokwanele, ukugxila ezitokweni ezimbalwa, ezweni labo, noma emkhakheni owodwa, okwandisa ingozi ethile. Lokhu, kuhlangene nokucwasa okufana nokuzethemba ngokweqile noma ukucabanga kokulawula, kuholela thatha ingozi enkulu kunalokho ocabangangokuvamile ngaphandle kokuqaphela ngokugcwele.
Izici ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuchaza ukwabiwa kwempahla yakho
Ngaphambi kokunquma ukuthi kufanele unikeze malini uhlobo ngalunye lwempahla, kufanelekile ukuma kancane ukuze ucacise izinto ezimbalwa. izici zomuntu siqu nezezezimali lokho kuzokwenza umehluko ekwakhiweni kwephothifoliyo.
1. Izinjongo zezimali
Isiqalo ukuphendula lo mbuzo: Yini ofuna ukuyitshala? Ukonga imali ukuze wengeze umhlalaphansi wakho eminyakeni engu-25 akufani nokonga imali yokuqala yendlu eminyakeni emi-5, noma imfundo yezingane zakho eminyakeni eyi-10. Umgomo ngamunye unenani elilinganiselwe elihlukile, isikhathi, kanye nezinga lokubaluleka, futhi konke lokhu kuthinta ukwabiwa kwempahla okufanele.
2. Isikhathi esinqunyiwe
Ubude besikhathi ongakwazi ukukhokhela ukubamba utshalomali buthinta ngqo ingozi ongayithatha. Ngomkhathi wokutshalwa kwezimali omude, umtshali-zimali angakwazi ukubekezelela kangcono ukuguquguqukaLokhu kungenxa yokuthi kuvumela imakethe ukuthi ilulame ekuweni. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngezikhathi ezimfushane, isabelo esinobunono siyanconywa, kunciphisa ukuchayeka ezimpahleni eziguquguqukayo kakhulu.
3. Ukubekezelelana nezingozi
Ngale kwalokho "okufanele" ukucabange ngokwemfundiso, kukhona lokho Uyakwazi ngempela ukuhlala uphapheme ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubuthongoUkubekezelelana kwezingozi kunengxenye engachemile (isimo sezezimali, imali engenayo, izimpahla, ukuzinza komsebenzi) kanye nengxenye ethinta umuntu ngamunye (isimo sengqondo somuntu siqu ngokulahlekelwa, ulwazi lokutshalwa kwezimali lwangaphambilini, izinga lolwazi). Ukwabiwa kwezimpahla okunengqondo kumele kucabangele kokubili.
4. Isimo sezimali sisonke
Ukuklama iphothifoliyo yomuntu onekhono lokonga eliphezulu, izimpahla ezahlukahlukene, kanye nezikweletu ezincane akufani nokuklama eyodwa yomuntu onayo isimo sezezimali esiqinileIzimali eziphuthumayo, amazinga esikweletu, kanye nokuzinza kwemali engenayo yizinto ezithonya ukuthi kufanele kutshalwe malini nokuthi kufanele kutshalwe kanjani.
5. Isidingo sokuba nemali eyanele
Kubalulekile futhi ukuhlola ukuthi kungakanani ukuntuleka kwemali okungenzeka Ungase uyidinge eminyakeni ezayo. Noma ubani olindele izindleko ezinkulu esikhathini esifushane noma esiphakathi kufanele abonise lokhu ekwabiweni kwempahla yakhe, agcine ingxenye yempahla engashintsha kalula ibe yimali ngaphandle kokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwentengo.
Indlela yokubheka phambili kunokubheka esikhathini esidlule kuphela
Isilingo esivamile lapho uklama ukwabiwa kwempahla ukuthembela cishe kuphela ukubuya kwesikhathi esidlule kanye nobudlelwano bomlandoUkubuka esibukweni esingemuva kungaba usizo ukuqonda ukuthi izimpahla ziye zaziphatha kanjani ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa ukusebenzisa isikhathi esidlule njengomhlahlandlela kuphela kuyingozi.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezimpahla buyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi buncike kakhulu ku- uhlelo lwezomnotho jikelele (ukwehla kwamandla emali, amazinga enzalo, ukukhula, inqubomgomo yezimali, njll.). Lokho okwasebenza eminyakeni eyishumi elawulwa ukwehla kwamazinga enzalo kanye nokwanda kwemali kungase kungasebenzi ngendlela efanayo endaweni yokwehla kwamandla emali okuphezulu kanye nokuhoxiswa kwamabhange amakhulu.
Yingakho ochwepheshe abaningi ngokwengeziwe bekhetha indlela engenzeka: qala ngombono wesikhathi eside wezindlela ezinkulu zomnotho nezakhiwo (izibalo zabantu, ukuguquka kwamandla, ubuchwepheshe, ukuhwebelana komhlaba wonke noma ukususwa komhlaba wonke, izinguquko zomthetho) futhi, kusukela lapho, wakhe imibono enengqondo mayelana nokuthi izigaba ezahlukene zezimpahla zingaziphatha kanjani kulowo mongo.
Lolu hlobo lokuhlaziya aluhlose ukubikezela ikusasa ngokunemba kwemilimitha—into engenakwenzeka—kodwa chaza izimo ezingenzeka futhi uhlole ukuthi yiziphi izinhlanganisela zezimpahla ezingase zisebenze kahle kakhulu ngokuphindaphindiwe. Ukwabiwa kwesu okubangelwayo kuba "isikhundla esizenzakalelayo" sephothifoliyo, okuyisilinganiso esibuyela kuso ngemva kwanoma yikuphi ukulungiswa kwamaqhinga.
Abatshalizimali ngabanye bangathembela emsebenzini wabaphathi bezimpahla kanye namaqembu ocwaningo ashicilela le mibono yesikhathi eside, besebenzisa lolo lwazi njengesisekelo sokwabiwa kwezimpahla okunomqondo oqinile okungaxhomekile kakhulu ezindleleni zesikhathi esifushane.
Indlela yokwakha ingxube yempahla ngokusebenza
Uma izinhloso, isikhathi esinqunyiwe, iphrofayili yengozi, kanye nombono wesikhathi eside wezimakethe sekuchaziwe, sekuyisikhathi sokuthi ukwenza ukwabiwa kwezimpahla kube semthethweni kuphothifoliyo ethile.
Inqubo yokwabiwa kwempahla yobungcweti ivame ukulandela uchungechunge lwezinyathelo:
1. Incazelo yesakhiwo samasu
Ukwabiwa okunenjongo kumiswa phakathi kwezigaba ezinkulu zezimpahla (isibonelo, amasheya angu-60%, imali engenayo engaguquki engu-30%, imali engu-10% kanye nezinye izindlela) ngokuhambisana nephrofayili yomtshali-zimali. Lolu uhlaka lwephothifoliyo, olwenzelwe ukuhlala luzinzile isikhathi eside.
2. Ukukhetha phakathi kokuphatha okusebenzayo nokungasebenzisi lutho
Kubhulokhi ngayinye yempahla, kumele kwenziwe isinqumo sokuthi ngabe isetshenziswa kusetshenziswa izinsimbi ezingasebenzi (ama-ETF, izimali zenkomba) noma ukuphathwa okusebenzayo (izimali ezihlose ukunqoba imakethe). Ezigabeni ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo enezinkomba kungaba nengqondo; ezindaweni ezingamboziwe kakhulu noma eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu (izimakethe ezisafufusa, isivuno esikhulu, ingqalasizinda, amasu anezihloko), ukuphathwa okusebenzayo kunganezela inani.
3. Ukukhethwa kwezinsimbi ezithile
Ngaphakathi kwesigaba ngasinye sempahla, kukhethwa amathuluzi athile: izimali zokutshalwa kwezimali, ama-ETF, amasheya noma amabhondi aqondile, izinhlelo zempesheni, njll. Lapha, kubalulekile ukuhlola izindleko, uketshezi, ukucaca kanye nokulingana kanye nayo yonke iphothifoliyo, kugwenywe ukuphindaphindwa okungadingekile.
4. Ukunqunywa kwamaphesenti anemininingwane
Ngokusekelwe ekucabangeni okunesu, izisindo zisatshalaliswa phakathi kwezigaba ezincane: isibonelo, ngaphakathi kwamasheya, ukuthi kungakanani okuya eYurophu, e-United States, ezimakethe ezisafufusa; ngaphakathi kwemali engenayo egxilile, ukuthi kungakanani okuya esikweletini sikahulumeni, isikweletu senkampani, izinga lokutshalwa kwezimali noma isivuno esiphezulu, isikweletu sangasese nokuthi ubude besikhathi bungaba bungakanani.
5. Ukuqapha, ukulinganisa kabusha, kanye nokulungiswa kwamaqhinga
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ezinye izimpahla zizokhuphuka kakhulu kunezinye, futhi iphothifoliyo izophambuka ekwabiweni okuqondiwe. ukulinganisa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile —ngokwesibonelo, kanye ngonyaka noma lapho ukuphambuka kudlula imingcele ethile— kuvumela ukubuyela ezisindweni ezichaziwe, kutholakale izinzuzo ezimpahleni ezikhuphuke kakhulu futhi kuqiniswe lezo ezisele ngemuva.
Isikhathi esinqunyiwe, ukuzithiba, kanye nekhono lokubhekana nezinselele
I-horizon yesikhathi iyisici esibalulekile esivame ukunganakwa. Ngokombono wemfundiso, uma isikhathi eside, Kunengqondo kakhulu ukuthatha izingozi. futhi sithembele ezimpahleni zokukhula njengezabelo. Okuxakayo ukuthi lapho umtshali-zimali ebekezela kakhulu, kulapho umphumela wesikhathi eside uba ngongaqiniseki, yize indlela ingenazo izimanga zayo.
Nokho, iqiniso liwukuthi impilo ayivamile ukulandela uhlelo olubekiwe. Ukushintsha kwemisebenzi, izidingo zomndeni, izinkinga zempilo ezingalindelekile, noma ukushintsha izinto eziza kuqala konke kungaphazamisa izikhathi ezihleliwe ekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke, ukwabiwa kwempahla kumele kube yinhlanganisela yezici. isifiso sokuvelela kanye nokusebenza ngendlela engokoqobo: dala isu lesikhathi eside, kodwa ube nendawo yokulilungisa uma isimo sakho siqu sishintsha.
Iphuzu elilodwa elibalulekile ukuthi Inhlanganisela yezimpahla ekhethiwe kumele ihlale isikhathi eside. Ngisho nasezimweni ezimbi kakhulu. Uhlelo oluphelele ngokwemfundiso alusebenzi uma, lapho kulungiswa ngokushelelayo, umtshali-zimali engakwazi ukumelana nokwehla kwentengo futhi athengise ngesikhathi esibi kakhulu. Ukwabiwa kwezimali okunesu kufanele kube yilokho okukuvumela ukuthi uphile "noma ngabe kwenzekani," ukuqonda ukuthi ukulahlekelwa kwesikhashana kuyingxenye yohambo.
Ezikhathini zokuguquguquka, lokho kwabiwa kwesu kufanele kubhekwe njengo isikhundla esizenzakalelayohhayi imali. Ukunciphisa ingozi kungaba yinto enengqondo ezimweni ezithile nezifanelekile, kodwa ukuyeka ngokuphelele isu ngemva kokwehla ngakunye ngokuvamile kuyindlela eqinisekile yokuthola imiphumela emincane.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akuzona zonke izinkinga. Kuzoba nezikhathi zezimakethe ezizolile, ezinokuguquguquka okuphansi kanye nokuhlakazeka okuncane phakathi kwezimpahla, lapho ukugwema ukunyakaza okubalulekile kunengqondo ngokuphelele. Futhi kuzoba nezikhathi lapho ukuguquguquka kuba kukhulu khona futhi kuvela amathuba angempela okulinganisela ingxenye yephothifoliyo ngaphandle kokuphambuka ohlakeni lwesu.
Ukubuyekezwa njalo, ukulinganisa kabusha kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo nezinguquko
Ukwabiwa kwempahla ngokuhlakanipha akuyona into oyinquma kanye bese uyikhohlwa. Izimakethe ziyashintsha, umnotho uyashintsha, futhi impilo yomtshali-zimali iyashintsha. Yingakho kuyisisekelo. Buyekeza isu njalokodwa ngaphandle kokuwela esilingweni sokuthatha isikhwama sakho semali njalo ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbili.
Ukulinganisa kabusha ngezikhathi ezithile kunezinzuzo eziningana: kuletha ukuzithiba, kuyaphoqa thengisa ingxenye yalokho okusebenze kahle kakhulu ukuvimbela ukuthi ingabusi kakhulu iphothifoliyo, futhi ivumela ukuthenga okwengeziwe kwalokho okushiywe ngemuva, okukhuthaza ukuthi "thenga okuphansi, thengisa okuphezulu" ngokuzenzakalelayo.
Umkhuba ovamile ukubuyekeza ukwabiwa kwezimali okungenani kanye ngonyaka, okungcono ngesikhathi sonyaka lapho kunomsindo omncane wentela noma wesizini. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuhlaziya izinguquko ezingaba khona ezimweni zomuntu siqu (imali engenayo, izimpahla, izidingo zokukhokha), izinhloso, noma ukubekezelelana kwezingozi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyalulekwa ukusebenzisa ithuba lokubuyekezwa kwaminyaka yonke ukuze buyekeza izitayela ezinkulu zesakhiwo Izici ezingase zibe nomthelela ekuziphatheni kwempahla zifaka phakathi imijikelezo yesilinganiso senzalo, ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo, inqubomgomo yezimali, intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe, ukungezwani kwezepolitiki, kanye nezinguquko zomthetho. Umgomo akukhona ukwakha kabusha iphothifoliyo minyaka yonke, kodwa kunalokho ukuqinisekisa ukuthi isakhiwo esiyisisekelo sisasebenza yini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, okulandelayo kungenziwa ukulungiswa okulinganiselwe kweqhinga Lapho imakethe inikeza amathuba acacile, isibonelo, ngemva kokwehla okukhulu, okusabalele lapho izimpahla ezithile ziba zikhanga khona isikhathi eside. Into ebalulekile ukuthi lezi zinyathelo ziyingxenye yenqubo ehlelekile futhi aziqhutshwa yizifiso zaleso sikhathi.
Esimweni lapho ukungaqiniseki kwezomnotho omkhulu kanye nezinguquko zombuso kubonakala sengathi kuhlale kunjalo, ukwabiwa kwempahla kuba ithuluzi elisivumela ukuthi sixhumanise izinhloso zomuntu siqu, isikhathi esinqunyiwe, kanye nengozi eyamukelekayo nephothifoliyo ehambisanayo. Esikhundleni sokufuna umkhiqizo ophelele, kumayelana nokuklama isakhiwo, yize singasusi ukungaqiniseki, lungiselela umtshali-zimali ukuthi aphile nakho futhi akusebenzise..
