- Umthetho wangasese ulawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu abanenkululeko yokuzikhethela kanye nokulingana phambi komthetho, ngokungafani nokwahlukana komthetho womphakathi.
- Amagatsha ayo amakhulu ahlanganisa ezomphakathi, ezentengiselwano, ezinkampanini, ukungabi namali, izindawo ezizimele zamazwe ngamazwe, zasemakhaya kanye nezindawo ezixubile njengomthetho wezabasebenzi nomndeni.
- Imithetho yangasese iyaxhumanisa futhi, ngaphandle kwemingcele yokuhleleka komphakathi, ayilungile; imithetho yomphakathi ibalulekile futhi iphishekela intshisekelo evamile.
Umthetho wangasese ukhona kakhulu ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke kunalokho esikuqaphelayo: lapho siqasha indlu, sisayina inkontileka yomsebenzi, noma sithenga iwashi, sisebenza ngaphansi kwemithetho ehlanganisa izintshisekelo zabantu ngabanye. Ngokubanzi, yigatsha lohlelo lwezomthetho elilawula indlela esisebenzisana ngayo, ngaphandle kokuthi uhulumeni abeke igunya lakhe.
Kodwa-ke, ukuhlukaniswa okuvamile phakathi komthetho womphakathi nowangasese , okwaqala eRoma, akucaci njengoba kwakunjalo ngaphambili. Namuhla, izazi zomthetho ziphikisana ngemingcele yawo: kunemikhuba yangasese esetshenziswa nezinhlangano zomphakathi, futhi ngokuphambene nalokho, imithetho yokuhleleka komphakathi okuqinile efinyelela ezindaweni zangasese. Noma kunjalo, njengenqubo yokuhlela izindaba zomthetho nokuqonda ukuthi "ubani" olawula "yini," kusalokhu kuyindlela ewusizo yokufunda nokusebenzisa umthetho ngempumelelo.
Uyini umthetho wangasese?
Ngamafuphi, umthetho wangasese uyindikimba yomthetho omuhle olawula ubudlelwano phakathi kwabantu ngabanye nezinhlangano zomthetho lapho besebenza ngamandla abo angasese. Ugxila ezivumelwaneni, ezinkontilekeni, ekuthengiselaneni, nasezinsolweni lapho uHulumeni ungabeki khona igunya lawo, kodwa kunalokho intando yamaqembu ingaphansi kohlaka lomthetho.
Umehluko obalulekile: uHulumeni ungaba ngaphansi komthetho wangasese uma usebenza "njengomunye umuntu" (isibonelo, ukuqasha indawo) hhayi ekusebenziseni amandla omphakathi. Kulesi simo, ubudlelwano bawo bulawulwa yimithetho efanayo neyanoma yimuphi omunye umuntu, ngenhloso yokuvikela ukulingana okusemthethweni kanye nokuphepha ekuthengiselaneni.
Izimiso eziyinhloko zalolu hlelo zigxile emibonweni emibili eqondisayo. Eyokuqala ukuzimela kwentando : abantu baxoxisana futhi bangene ezivumelwaneni ngokukhululeka, ngaphandle kokukhohlisa, ubudlova, ukuphoqelelwa, noma ukukhwabanisa; le nkululeko yokuzilawula izintshisekelo zabo ihlala isebenza "ngezinga" elivunyelwe ngumthetho. Eyesibili ukulingana phambi komthetho : akekho umuntu ongcono kunomunye, futhi bobabili bangaphansi kohlaka olufanayo lomthetho. Akekho ongabeka intando yakhe yedwa ngaphandle kokusekelwa ngokomthetho noma ngokwesivumelwano.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, umkhakha womphakathi ulawulwa ukubusa komthetho kanye namandla egunya : Uhulumeni usebenza ngamalungelo, angakhipha imithetho, futhi afune ukulandelwa kwayo. Umehluko wokusebenza ucacile: emkhakheni ozimele, imithetho ezenzakalelayo kanye nokuxhumanisa kuyabusa; emkhakheni womphakathi, imithetho ephoqelekile kanye nokuthobela izintshisekelo ezijwayelekile kuyabusa.
Izimiso nezici ezichaza umthetho wangasese
Ukwenza izinto ngaphakathi kwemingcele yalokho okungavinjelwe kungumthetho oyisisekelo: emthethweni wangasese, abantu bangenza noma yini umthetho ongayivimbeli ngokucacile. Lo mkhawulo wenkululeko uqondiswa ngokuthengiselana okusemthethweni okusemthethweni (izinkontileka, izimemezelo zohlangothi olulodwa, njll.) ezenziwa ngabantu abanamandla asemthethweni futhi abangenazo izinto eziphazamisayo ezithinta imvume yabo.
Ukulingana kwesikhundla phakathi kwamaqembu kungenye isimiso esibalulekile: akekho kubo ongafuna noma yini komunye ngaphandle kwesivumelwano sangaphambilini noma imfuneko yomthetho. Uma ngifuna ukuthenga iwashi lakho, ngidinga imvume yakho; angikwazi ukukuphoqa. Lokhu kulingana kudlulela enkambisweni yomthetho: ngaphandle kwemithetho ekhethekile, amaqembu aphikisana ngokulinganayo, namajaji esebenzisa uhlaka lomthetho olufanayo kuwo wonke umuntu.
Ngokombono wokulawula, imithetho ezenzakalelayo (esebenza ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlangothi zivumelane ngenye indlela) ivame ukubusa . Kodwa-ke, lapho umthetho uvikela izintshisekelo ezihlangene noma imikhawulo engaxoxiswani (abathengi, izindlu, umndeni, umsebenzi), kuvela izindinganiso zenqubomgomo yomphakathi ezivimbela ukuzimela futhi ziqokomise isimo somngcele womphakathi/wangasese esingenakudlula.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, umthetho womphakathi usekelwe ekuhlukeni nasekubalulekeni : ukuphatha kuyala futhi isakhamuzi siyalalela, kuncike ekubuyekezweni kwezomthetho. Lokhu kungalingani kuvela ekubusweni: amandla omphakathi anikezwe igunya lokuvikela intshisekelo evamile, ukuqoqa intela, ukujezisa ukwephulwa kwemithetho, nokuphatha izinsizakalo zomphakathi.
Amagatsha omthetho wangasese
Nakuba ukuhlukaniswa kungahluka kuye ngesikole sokucabanga, umthetho wangasese ngokuvamile uhlanganisa amagatsha amaningana anobunjalo bawo obuhlukile kanye nentuthuko enkulu yemfundiso. Ezivelele kakhulu yilezi:
- Umthetho womphakathi (noma “okuvamile”): Ilawula isimo sabantu, umndeni, amandla asemthethweni, amalungelo obuntu, izibopho kanye nezinkontileka, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi, impahla kanye namanye amalungelo angempela, kanye nefa. Ingeza kwamanye amagatsha uma umthethonqubo othize ungekho.
- Umthetho wezohweboIlawula imisebenzi yebhizinisi kanye nezenzo zezentengiselwano, isimo sosomabhizinisi nezinkampani zezentengiselwano, ukuncintisana, izibambiso kanye nezinkontileka zezentengiselwano ngokuvamile.
- Umthetho webhizinisiNjengoba idlula umngcele phakathi komthetho wezomphakathi nowezohwebo, igxile ezinhlotsheni zomphakathi (umphakathi kanye izinkampani zezentengiselwano(okusekelwe kumuntu siqu kanye nemali), ukuphathwa kwezinkampani kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabalingani kanye nomphakathi.
- Umthetho wokungakwazi ukukhokha izikweletuIbhekana nokungakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu kwabantu ngabanye kanye nezinkampani, ukuhlelwa kabusha noma ukuvalwa kwazo, kanye nokuphathwa ngendlela ehlelekile kwababolekisi.
- Umthetho wamazwe omhlaba ozimeleInquma ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo enegunya, yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo, nokuthi isahlulelo sakwamanye amazwe siqashelwa futhi siqiniswe kanjani uma ubuhlobo bunezici zamazwe ngamazwe.
- Umthetho wasemakhayaIlawula imisebenzi yezolimo, impahla yasemakhaya kanye nobudlelwano obujwayelekile bempilo yasemakhaya, ngomthelela onamandla wefa kanye nesivumelwano.
- Umthetho wezemvelo wangaseseNaphezu kobukhulu bayo obunamandla bomphakathi, kukhona nendlela yangasese (isibopho somphakathi ngomonakalo wemvelo phakathi kwabantu, izigaba zesivumelwano "eziluhlaza", njll.).
- Umthetho wezabasebenzi (ubudlelwano phakathi kwabasebenzi nenkampani): ngokwemfundiso ivame ukubekwa ngaphandle "kwe-private yakudala" ngenxa yengxenye yayo eqinile yokuhleleka komphakathi, kodwa ivela ezivumelwaneni phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kanye namasu angasese amasheya; ngakho-ke, ivame ukwethulwa njengecala elixubile noma eliwumngcele.
Ngokombono wezemfundo, izihloko eziyinhloko zendawo yomphakathi neyezentengiselwano zilandela indlela yemfundo evamile kakhulu yomthetho wangasese: izihloko (abantu bemvelo nabasemthethweni), izimpahla, izibopho kanye nezinkontileka, isibopho esingaphezu kwenkontileka, izinkampani kanye namalungelo angempela, phakathi kwezinye izihloko.
Okunye okubhekwa njengengxenye yesistimu yangasese ukuhlaziywa kwezindlela zesiqinisekiso (isibambiso, ukuqinisekiswa), amathuluzi okuxoxisana ngawo (ibhili lokushintshanisa kanye nencwadi yesithembiso), kanye nemikhuba yesivumelwano yesimanje (ibanga kanye nenkontileka ye-elekthronikhi), okubalulekile ekuqondeni ukuthengiselana kwezomthetho kwesimanje.
Umehluko phakathi komthetho womphakathi nomthetho wangasese
Uma umqondo owodwa kufanele ususwe, nansi into ebalulekile: umthetho wangasese ulawula okwenzekayo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye (kufaka phakathi uHulumeni lapho usebenza ngaphandle kwegunya), kuyilapho umthetho womphakathi uhlela ukusebenza kwamandla omphakathi kanye nobudlelwano bawo nezakhamuzi kanye nezinye iziphathimandla.
Uma inkampani isayina inkontileka yomsebenzi nesisebenzi, izimiso zomthetho wangasese , ukuxhumanisa, kanye nokulingana ziyasebenza, ziqiniswa yimingcele yenqubomgomo yomphakathi ukuvikela amalungelo amancane (amahora okusebenza, umholo omncane, ukuvimbela ubungozi). Uma leyo nkampani efanayo yehluleka ukukhokha intela, umthetho wentela yomphakathi kanye nezijeziso uyaqala ukusebenza , lapho uhulumeni esebenzisa amandla akhe okuqoqa noma ukufaka izinhlawulo.
Umehluko futhi ungowomqondo: izimiso zomphakathi zisekelwe ekuthobeleni (izakhamuzi zingaphansi kohlelo lomphakathi kanye nomthetho, kanti nokuphatha kubusa ngaphakathi kwamandla alo); ngokuphambene nalokho, izimiso zangasese zisekelwe ekuxhumaneni , okuhloswe ngazo ukuletha izinhlangothi esivumelwaneni nokugcwalisa izikhala ezingaxazululiwe, njalo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yezomthetho. Okuyisisekelo salokhu ukuphikisana phakathi kokungafani (komphakathi) kanye nokuzimela (kwangasese).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inhloso iyashintsha: umthetho womphakathi uphishekela intshisekelo evamile kanye nesiqinisekiso "senkontileka yomphakathi" (uMthethosisekelo, isakhiwo sikaHulumeni, izinsizakalo zomphakathi, ubulungiswa, ukuphepha); umthetho wangasese uvikela futhi uqondise izintshisekelo ezithile ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa umbono wemingcele kanye nezimpahla zomthetho ezifanele (ukusetshenziswa, izindlu, imvelo, ukuncintisana okufanele).
Izembozo zomngcele nezilungiselelo ezixubile
Umkhuba ubonisa ukuthi kunezindawo lapho imigqa ingacaci khona . Umthetho wezabasebenzi uyisibonelo esihle: ubudlelwano buvela esivumelwaneni sangasese, kodwa umthetho "ubuzungeza" ngemithetho ephoqelekile yokulinganisela ukungalingani phakathi komqashi nomsebenzi. Kwenzeka okufanayo emthethweni womndeni : umshado noma ubudlelwano phakathi kwabazali nezingane abukwazi ukuhlelwa ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kwemingcele yenqubomgomo yomphakathi (ukuvikelwa kwezingane, ukondliwa kwezingane, izinyathelo uma kwenzeka izinkinga zomndeni).
Ngisho nasezindabeni ezihlobene nempahla kuphela, ukungenelela komphakathi kuyanda : cabanga ngokusetshenziswa, izindlu, noma idatha yomuntu siqu. Umthetho usungula ubuncane obungenakugwenywa kanye nokulawula ukucaca, okunciphisa ukuzimela komuntu ngamunye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezinye iziphathimandla zomphakathi ziqasha futhi zishushise njengezinhlangano ezizimele, zisebenzisa amasu azimele kuphela (izivumelwano zokuqasha, izinsiza, umthwalo wemfanelo womphakathi ongaphezu kwenkontileka ngomonakalo).
Konke lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani kuthiwa manje ukwahlukana komphakathi/kwangasese kuyawohloka . Naphezu kokugxekwa kwezimfundiso, kusalokhu kuyindlela ewusizo yokufunda, ukuhlukanisa, nokusebenza ngokuqiniseka kwezomthetho, njalo ukuqonda ukuthi kunezindawo "ezingenalutho" lapho womabili amazwe ehlala khona.
Amathiphu awusizo: indlela imithetho yangasese esebenza ngayo
Ezinkontilekeni zomthetho zansuku zonke, ukuzimela kusetshenziswa ngezinkontileka nezinye izivumelwano. Ukuze isivumelwano sisebenze, kumele sibe nemvume yamahhala, into engaba khona, kanye nesizathu esisemthethweni; ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangothi kumele zibe namandla asemthethweni. Uma isivumelwano sigcwaliseka, siyabopha njengomthetho wangasese (“pacta sunt servanda”), ngaphandle kokuphazamisa imikhawulo ephoqelekile kanye nesimiso sokwethembeka okuhle.
Uma kuvela izinkinga, isibopho senkontileka (ukwephulwa komthetho, umonakalo, inzalo, izigaba zesijeziso) noma isibopho esingaphandle kwenkontileka (umonakalo obangelwe ngaphandle kwenkontileka yangaphambili) kuyaqala ukusebenza. Ukulungisa kuhlose ukubuyisela isisulu esimweni "njengokungathi" umonakalo awukaze uvele, ngezinqubo zokwabiwa ezichazwe ngumthetho kanye nemithetho.
Ezimweni zamazwe ngamazwe, umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ozimele unquma ukuthi iyiphi inkantolo enamandla phezu kwecala, yimuphi umthetho osebenzayo, nokuthi isahlulelo esikhishwe kwelinye izwe sisebenza kanjani kwelinye. Uhlinzeka ngohlaka oludingekayo lokuhamba emnothweni womhlaba wonke lapho abantu ngabanye namabhizinisi bewela imingcele njalo.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba ezinkulu: zomphakathi kanye nezangasese
Ukuze ufunde ngendlela ehlelekile, kuyasiza ukukhumbula ukuthi yiziphi izihloko ezivame ukufakwa ohlangothini ngalunye, ukhumbula ukuthi kunezincazelo kanye nokugqagqana :
- Umthetho womphakathiUmthetho woMthethosisekelo (isakhiwo soMbuso kanye namalungelo ayisisekelo), umthetho wokuphatha (inhlangano kanye nesenzo soHulumeni), umthetho wobugebengu (ubugebengu kanye nezijeziso), umthetho wenqubo (indlela ubulungiswa obuphathwa ngayo), umthetho wentela noma wezimali (intela kanye nokuqoqwa), umthetho womphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe (ubudlelwano phakathi kwamazwe nezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe) kanye, ngokuba khona komphakathi okuqinile, umthetho wezabasebenzi kanye nokuphepha komphakathi.
- Umthetho wangasese: ezomphakathi (abantu, umndeni, impahla, izibopho kanye nezinkontileka, amafa), ezohwebo (inkampani, izinkampani, izinkontileka zezohwebo, ukuncintisana), izinkampani, ukungabi namali, izinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe ezizimele; okufakiwe ngokwezimo kukhona umthetho wasemakhaya kanye nezindawo zomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nezinkontileka ezixhumene nemvelo.
Inothi ngesiko lezomthetho: kunemibono ehlobene kanye nezingxoxo zezimfundiso ezifana "nomthetho wasekhaya" noma "umthetho we-polycentric", ezibonisa indlela izikhungo eziningi ezilawula ngayo ukuziphatha ngale koMbuso, zengeze izingqimba zobunzima ebalazweni lezomthetho lanamuhla.
Uhlelo olujwayelekile lokuqeqeshwa emthethweni wangasese
Eyunivesithi, indawo yokuqala ivame ukuba yisethulo somthetho wangasese : umqondo wawo, izici zawo, kanye nemithombo yawo, kugxilwe kakhulu endimeni yoMthethosisekelo kanye nobudlelwano phakathi komthetho wezomphakathi nowezentengiselwano. Isilulumagama esiyisisekelo (inqubo, uhlelo lwezomthetho, ubudlelwano, kanye nelungelo lomuntu siqu) esizosekela zonke izifundo ezilandelayo siyasungulwa.
Okulandelayo kuza isigaba samalungelo omuntu siqu . Okokuqala, umuntu wemvelo: amandla asemthethweni kanye nekhono lokwenza okuthile, ukuzalwa, ukusebenzisa amalungelo, izindlela zokusekela abantu abakhubazekile, kanye nokuphela kobuntu obusemthethweni (ukufa kanye nokumenyezelwa kokufa). Bese kuba umuntu osemthethweni: umqondo, izinhlobo (izinhlangano, izisekelo, izinkampani), amandla, ukumelwa, kanye nokuqedwa.
Okuhlobene nalokhu ukumelwa (okuqondile nokungaqondile), ukumelwa kwezomthetho, kanye namandla okuba ngummeli, ngezimo zawo ezahlukahlukene (kufaka phakathi ukuzisebenzelana ngokwakho kanye nokungqubuzana kwezintshisekelo). Ukuqonda kahle lesi sihloko kubalulekile ekubhekaneni namandla okuba ngummeli kanye nezinqumo ezenziwa ngabameleli.
Ukutadisha ifa kuvula umnyango wengxenye yefa: imiqondo yezimpahla nezinto, izimpahla ezibonakalayo nezingabonakali, izithelo nezinzuzo, inkampani iyonke ehlelekile, kanye nefa eliyifa njengenqwaba ehloselwe ukudluliselwa kwe-mortis causa.
Ukusuka lapho, umuntu ufinyelela enhliziyweni yesistimu: ubudlelwano obuphoqelekile . Abantu abathintekayo (umkweletisi/okweletayo), into yokusebenza, isikweletu kanye nesibopho, izinhlobo zezibopho (ezihlangene, eziningana, ezinye izindlela), kanye nokuguquguquka kokugcwaliseka kanye nokungagcwaliseki, kanye nemiphumela yazo kanye neziqinisekiso (izithembiso, izimali zokuboleka imali, izibambiso) zokuqinisekisa amakhredithi kuyahlolwa.
Izinguquko eziqondile nezingenaphutha esibophweni nazo ziyahlolwa (ukwabiwa kwezimali ezitholwayo, ukuxhaswa, ukuqashelwa kwesikweletu), kanye nezinhlobo zokuphela (ukukhokha, ukuxolelwa, ukuvuselelwa, isinxephezelo). Ngayinye yalezi zinemithetho yayo kanye nemiphumela ewusizo efanele enkantolo kanye nasezinkontilekeni zansuku zonke.
Imodyuli yenkontileka ihlanganisa ukwakheka kwayo (ukunikezwa nokwamukelwa), izici, ukungasebenzi kahle (ukungasebenzi, ukungasebenzi, ukuqeda), izindlela zesimanje (ibanga kanye nenkontileka ye-elekthronikhi), kanye nohlobo lwayo. Ibe isigxila ezinkontilekeni ezithile: ukuthengiswa kwezentengiselwano nezomphakathi, ukuqashiswa kwezimpahla, izinkontileka zezinsizakalo nemisebenzi, ukulamula, kanye nezivumelwano ngezinhlelo zempahla yomshado (izivumelwano zangaphambi komshado).
Isahluko esibalulekile yisibopho esingaphezu kwesivumelwano : izimfuneko (isenzo noma ukushiywa, iphutha noma ingozi, umonakalo kanye nesixhumanisi sembangela) kanye nokulungiswa komonakalo, kugxilwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana nomgwaqo, imikhiqizo enephutha noma umonakalo wemvelo.
Emkhakheni webhizinisi, lolu hlelo luhlanganisa umthetho wenkampani : izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinkampani zezentengiselwano (ezomuntu siqu kanye nezimali), izinhlangano zezinkampani, imisebenzi yabaphathi, izingxabano phakathi kwabalingani kanye naphakathi kwabalingani nenkampani, kanye nemisebenzi ejwayelekile yenkampani.
Isigaba samalungelo empahla yangempela sihlanganisa ubunikazi (umsebenzi wezenhlalo, izindlela zokuthola, imikhawulo, kanye nokuvikelwa), izindawo ezikhethekile, izinhlangano zabanikazi bezindlu, kanye nohlelo lwempahla oluvundlile , kanye namalungelo angempela anqunyelwe njenge-usufruct kanye neziqinisekiso zangempela (imali mboleko). Siqediwe ngocwaningo lwe-Land Registry kanye nemiphumela yaso kubantu besithathu.
Njengoba amathuluzi asebenzayo, iziqinisekiso kanye nezinsimbi ezixoxisanayo (isibambiso, isiqinisekiso, incwadi yokushintshana, incwadi yesithembiso), eyisisekelo kwezezimali kanye nokuhweba, ziyabuyekezwa, futhi izidingo zazo ezisemthethweni, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezenzo zokushintshana ziyahlaziywa.
Izinhlelo eziningi zeziqu zifaka phakathi amaseminari, izivivinyo ezisebenzayo, kanye nezinkulumo njengoba ikharikhulamu iqhubeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abafundi banikezwa amathuba okuhlela izivivinyo zokulingisa kanye nokuhlanganyela emisebenzini noprofesa kanye nochwepheshe bezomthetho, okubavumela ukuthi babone amandla enqubo mathupha futhi bacebise ukufunda kwabo.
Izifundo, izindlela zomsebenzi kanye nemikhuba yokuqeqeshwa
Labo abaqeqeshwayo kule ndawo bathola izindlela eziningi zomsebenzi kokubili emkhakheni womphakathi nowangasese. Ngaphandle kokusebenza njengommeli (oneziqu ze-master's degree kanye nokupasa ukuhlolwa kwe-bar), kunezinketho ezinjengokuba ngummeli, ijaji, umshushisi womphakathi, noma ummeli kahulumeni, ngokuvamile ngokuhlolwa okuncintisanayo. Ukuguquguquka komthetho kuvumela imisebenzi yomeluleki wezomthetho, ukuthobela imithetho, ukubonisana, noma ukuphathwa komphakathi.
Amanyuvesi afake okuqukethwe okubanzi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesidingo semakethe: i-LegalTech, ukuthobela imithetho, ukuvikelwa kwedatha, kanye nokusimama, kanye neziqu ezimbili ezihlanganisa uMthetho nokuphathwa kwebhizinisi noma ezinye izifundo. Umphumela uba iphrofayili ephelele yokubhekana nezinselele ezilawulwayo nezobuchwepheshe.
Izibonelo kanye nokuqhathanisa okusebenzayo
Ukuze sibonise le mibono, cabangela izimo ezimbili: kwesinye, kusayinwa isivumelwano sokuqashisa indawo yokuhlala ; kwesinye, inkampani A igwema i-VAT. Esokuqala silawulwa yimithetho yokuxhumana yangasese, enemingcele evikela abaqashi nabathengi. Esesibili senza amandla omphakathi asebenze: ukuhlolwa, ukuhlolwa kwezikweletu, kanye nezinhlawulo, ngemithethonqubo ephoqelekile kanye nezikhalazo zokuphatha nezokwahlulela.
Esinye isibonelo: ukuthengiswa kwempahla enyakazayo phakathi kwabantu abazimele ngokumelene nokufakwa kwenhlawulo yomgwaqo. Esimweni sokuqala, inkontileka, ukulethwa, kanye newaranti ngokumelene namaphutha afihliwe kuyabusa; kwesibili, uHulumeni usebenzisa igunya lakhe, futhi isakhamuzi singadlulisela icala ngemigudu efanele yezomthetho.
Ukufundwa okunconyiwe kanye nezinkomba
Ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo, kuyinto evamile ukubheka imisebenzi yethiyori kanye nezincwadi zezifundo ezibhekana nokungezwani komphakathi/kwangasese kanye nokwakhiwa kohlelo lwezomthetho. Phakathi kwezinye, i-General Theory of Law and the State kaHans Kelsen iyagqama; njengoba kunjalo nangeminikelo yamanje eqhathanisa umthetho womphakathi nowangasese; izifundo zomthetho waseRoma wangasese (owusizo ekuqondeni izisekelo zawo); kanye neqoqo lezemfundo elixoxa ngomngcele phakathi kwalezi zinhlaka ezimbili. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinsiza zokwethula kanye nezincwadi zezifundo zomthetho womphakathi nowangasese ezenzelwe abafundi bonyaka wokuqala, ezinikeza umbono ohlanganisiwe wabantu, izibopho kanye nezinkontileka, umthetho womndeni, umthetho wempahla, kanye nefa.
Njengosizo lokuzulazula, kuyalulekwa ukuthi ugcine izincazelo zamagama, amakhodi, kanye nama-portal akhethekile ezomthetho , njengoba kusiza ukuxhumanisa izincazelo (isb., umthetho, inqubo, ukuhleleka komphakathi) namacala asebenzayo kanye nemithetho yakamuva.
Umthetho wangasese ulawula izimpilo zomthetho zabantu ngabanye, ubavumela ukuba bavumelane ngokukhululekile ngaphakathi kwemingcele yomthetho, kuyilapho umthetho womphakathi uvikela intshisekelo evamile ngamandla awo egunya. Ukuqonda izimiso zawo (ukuzimela, ukulingana phambi komthetho, ukuxhumanisa), amagatsha awo (ezomphakathi, ezentengiselwano, ezinkampanini, ekungakwazi ukukhokha izikweletu, ezamazwe ngamazwe ezizimele, zasemakhaya, kanye nezabasebenzi njengensimu exubile), kanye nokusebenzisana kwawo nokuhleleka komphakathi kunikeza umbono ongokoqobo ngesimo samanje sezomthetho, esiwusizo kokubili ekufundeni nasekuzilolongeni ngokuzethemba nangokuqonda okuvamile.
