Konke mayelana ne-GDP: ukuthi iyini, izinhlobo, ukubalwa kanye nemikhawulo

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Umkhiqizo Wezwe Wonke (i-GDP) ungaphezu nje kokulinganisa kwezomnotho okululaLesi ngesinye sezinkomba zomnotho omkhulu ezifanele kakhulu zokuqonda impilo yomnotho, kungaba eyezwe, isifunda, noma ngisho neplanethi yonke. Lesi sibalo simelela inani lemali eliphelele lazo zonke izimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwendawo ngesikhathi esithile. Umthelela waso ufinyelela ekuhlaziyweni kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nekhwalithi yokuphila.

Nakuba i-GDP ingase ibonakale njengegama lobuchwepheshe eligcinelwe osomnotho, ithonya layo lifinyelela ngisho nasezinqumweni zethu zansuku zonke.Kusukela emisebenzini kuya emananini emikhiqizo esiyidlayo, okuhlanganisa amathuba emisebenzi kanye namandla okonga, i-GDP ivame ukukhombisa ukuvela kwesimo sezomnotho esisizungezile. Ngakho-ke, sizochaza konke okudingeka ukwazi ngale nguquko ebalulekile.

Iyini ngempela i-GDP?

I-GDP imelela inani lemali lezimpahla nezinsizakalo zokugcina ezikhiqizwe ezweni ngesikhathi esithile, ngokuvamile unyaka noma ikota.Kubalulekile ukugcizelela ukuthi kubalwa izimpahla zabathengi zokugcina kuphela, okungukuthi, lezo ezingasetshenziswa njengezinto zokufaka kweminye imikhiqizo.

Isibonelo, uma ifektri yokuhlanza ithenga uwoyela ongahluziwe bese iwuguqula ube uphethiloli, inani likaphethiloli elithengiselwe umthengi wokugcina liqoshwa kuphela, hhayi inani likawoyela ongahluziwe othengiswe njengezinto zokusetshenziswa. Lokhu kugwema ukubala kabili futhi kuvumela ukulinganiswa okunembe kakhudlwana komkhiqizo wezomnotho.

Kubalulekile futhi ukuqonda ukuthi i-GDP iyi- isilinganiso sokugelezahhayi ngomongo. Okusho ukuthi, libhekisela kumthamo wokukhiqiza phakathi nenkathi ethile, njengonyaka noma ikota, hhayi kumpahla eqongelelwe.

Izingxenye nezindlela zokubala i-GDP

Kunezindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko zokubala i-GDP, zonke ezilingana ngokwethiyori:

1. Indlela Yokusebenzisa Imali

Le ndlela ihlanganisa yonke imali echithwe yi-ejenti yezomnotho ezimpahleni nasezinsizeni zokugcina.. Kubandakanya:

• Ukusetshenziswa kwangasese (C): ukusetshenziswa kwezimali zemindeni ezimpahleni nasezinkonzweni.
• Ukutshalwa kwezimali (I): izindleko ezinkulu ezifana nemishini, ingqalasizinda noma izindlu.
• Ukusetshenziswa kwemali komphakathi (G): ukutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa yiziphathimandla.
• Ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe okuphelele (X - M): umehluko phakathi kwalokho okuthunyelwa ngaphandle (ukuthengiswa kwamanye amazwe) nalokho okungeniswa ngaphandle (ukuthengwa kwamanye amazwe).

Ifomula evamile ithi: I-GDP = C + I + G + (X - M).

2. Indlela yokuthola imali

Le ndlela isekelwe ekuhlanganiseni yonke imali engenayo etholakala ezweni ngokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla nezinsizakalo.. Kubandakanya:

• Amaholo kanye namaholo.
• Imali engenayo evela enhlokodolobha kanye nentela.
• Izintshisekelo.
• Izinzuzo zebhizinisi.
• Ukuncishiswa kwezimali.
• Izintela ezingaqondile ngaphandle kwezibonelelo.

Umqondo ulula: uma othile ekhiqiza impahla noma isevisi, omunye umuntu uyikhokhile, ngakho-ke lelo nani kumele libonise imali engenayo kumkhiqizi.

3. Indlela yokukhiqiza noma yokwengeza inani

Kuqukethe ukwengeza inani elingeziwe esigabeni ngasinye senqubo yokukhiqizaNgamanye amazwi, ibala ukuthi inkampani ngayinye inikela ngani ezimpahleni noma ezinsizakalweni ezintsha, isuse emalini engenayo etholwe inani lemikhiqizo ephakathi esetshenzisiwe.

Isibonelo, uma inkampani ithenga izinkuni ngama-euro angu-20 bese ikhiqiza itafula elithengiswa ngama-euro angu-50, inani elengeziwe lingama-euro angu-30. Leli nani yilokho okungeziwe ku-GDP.

Izinhlobo ze-GDP: okujwayelekile, okungokoqobo, kanye nomuntu ngamunye

Kunezindlela ezahlukene zokuveza i-Gross Domestic Product, zonke ziwusizo ekuhlaziyeni okuhlukene:

I-GDP yegamaKuyinani lemali lezimpahla nezinsizakalo ezikhiqizwa ngamanani esikhathi samanje. Alilungiseki ngenxa yokwehla kwamandla emali, ngakho-ke ngezikhathi zokwenyuka kwamanani kungase kubonakale kuphezulu ngokwenziwa.

GDP yangempelaIlungisa i-GDP ejwayelekile ngokwe-inflation. Isebenzisa amanani angaguquki kusukela onyakeni oyisisekelo ukukhombisa ukukhula kwangempela komnotho.

I-GDP ngomuntu ngamunyeHlukanisa i-GDP iyonke ngenani labantu abahlala khona. Lokhu kulinganisa isilinganiso sengcebo ngomuntu ngamunye, kodwa akubonisi ukuthi ingcebo ihlukaniswa kanjani.

I-GDP isetshenziselwa ini?

I-GDP ibalulekile ekuhloleni ukusebenza komnotho wezweKuwusizo ekuqhathaniseni:

• Ukukhula komnotho wezwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Ukusebenza komnotho phakathi kwamazwe noma izifunda ezahlukene.
• Umthelela wezinqubomgomo zezimali kanye nezemali.
• Izinkomba ezifana nokukhiqiza, ukusetshenziswa, kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusenza sazi ukuthi umnotho uyakhula (uyanda i-GDP), uyama (i-GDP eqondile), noma uyawa (i-GDP engemihle). Izingxenye ezimbili ezilandelanayo ze-GDP engemihle zibonisa i- ukwehla komnotho kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ukubala ukukhula kwe-GDP

Izinga lokukhula kwe-GDP Itholakala ngokuqhathanisa inani le-GDP ngezikhathi ezimbili ezahlukene. Ifomula ejwayelekile yile:

t = ((GDP_n - GDP_n-1) / GDP_n-1) * 100

Lokhu kubalwa, uma kwenziwa ku-GDP yangempela, kuvumela ukuhlaziywa kokukhula kwangempela ngokunciphisa imiphumela yokwehla kwamandla emali.

Imikhawulo kanye nokugxekwa kwe-GDP njengenkomba

I-GDP, nakuba iwusizo, inemikhawulo eminingi. lokho osomnotho nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke abaye bakusho iminyaka eminingi. Phakathi kwezivelele kakhulu yilezi:

• Ayicabangi ngomnotho wangaphansi komhlaba, njengemisebenzi engakahleleki noma umsebenzi ongabhalisiwe, okungaba yiphesenti eliphezulu emazweni asathuthuka.
• Akubandakanyi umsebenzi ongakhokhelwanjengomsebenzi wasekhaya, ukuzithandela, noma ukuzimela.
• Akulinganisi ukungalinganiAmazwe amabili angaba ne-GDP efanayo ngomuntu ngamunye, kodwa ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo okuphambene ngokuphelele.
• Akubonisi ikhwalithi yokuphila.Izici ezifana nemfundo, impilo, imvelo, noma ukuphepha azinakwa ngokuqondile.
• Futhi akunciphisi umonakalo njengokungcola, ukubhujiswa kwemvelo, noma ukuncipha kwemali yemvelo.

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Umsuka we-GDP: umlando kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Umqondo we-GDP yesimanje wasungulwa yisazi sezomnotho uSimon Kuznets ngo-1934, ngesicelo se-US Congress. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukusetshenziswa kwayo sekusabalele, okwenza kube yinkomba ehamba phambili emhlabeni jikelele.

Kodwa-ke, uKuznets ngokwakhe wayegxeka ukunciphisa inhlalakahle yomphakathi ibe yisibalo esisodwa sezomnotho. Impikiswano yakhe yayiwukuthi ukwanda kwe-GDP akufanele kuthathwe njengokuthuthuka kwezimpilo zezakhamizi.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwavela izinhlobo ezintsha zokuhlaziya kanye neziphakamiso zezinkomba ezihambisanayo noma ezihlukile, njenge-HDI, i-Sustainable Economic Welfare Index, noma i-GDP eluhlaza.

I-GDP Eluhlaza kanye nezinye izindlela

Ngenxa yemikhawulo eshiwo, kuye kwavela iziphakamiso ezifana nalezi ezilandelayo: I-GDP eluhlaza, ehlose ukususa ku-GDP yendabuko inani lomonakalo wemvelo owenziwe enqubweni yokukhiqiza.

Ezinye izinkomba zakamuva zifaka:

• Inkomba Yokuthuthukiswa Kwabantu (HDI): ihlanganisa impilo, imfundo kanye nemali engenayo elungisiwe ukuze kube nokulingana.
• Happy Planet Index: ilinganisa inhlalakahle kanye nokusimama.
• Isisekelo semvelo kanye nesisekelo samanziBalinganisa umthelela ezinsizeni zemvelo.

I-athikili ehlobene:

Uyini umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme: incazelo, izibonelo kanye nemisebenzi

Ukusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-GDP

I-GDP inezinzuzo ezibonakalayo ezinqumweni zezepolitiki, zebhizinisi kanye nezomuntu siqu.. Ezinye izibonelo yilezi:

• Ohulumeni abalungisa izinqubomgomo zabo zezimali ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni komnotho.
• Izinkampani ezihlola amathuba ngokusekelwe ekukhuleni kwe-GDP.
• Abatshalizimali abahlaziya i-GDP njenge-thermometer yezomnotho.
• Izakhamuzi ezibona imiphumela yokukhula noma ukwehla ngenxa yokuqashwa, ukusetshenziswa, noma ukukhuphuka kwamanani entengo.

Kuyisihluthulelo futhi ekumiseni izilinganiso ezifana nokuntuleka kwemali ku-GDP, isikweletu somphakathi noma ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqondile kwamanye amazwe maqondana nobukhulu bomnotho.

Izibonelo ezisebenzayo kanye namacala angempela

Isibonelo esijwayelekile sokuqonda ukuthi i-GDP enenani elengeziwe ibalwa kanjani sitholakala emkhakheni kawoyela:

• Inkampani ikhipha uwoyela bese iwuthengisa ngo-$20 ibhakede.
• Ifektri yokuhluza iyayithenga bese iyiguqula ibe uphethiloli, iyithengisa ngamaRandi angu-24.

Inani eliphelele elingeziwe lingu-$24: $20 kawoyela ongahluziwe kanye no-$4 wokucwengisisa.Ukufaka zombili izindinganiso ngokwehlukana ku-GDP kungaphazamisa umphumela wokugcina.

Lesi simiso esifanayo sisebenza kuzo zonke izinhlaka zomnotho: ezolimo, izimboni kanye nezinsizakalo.

Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthuthuka ngokwemikhakha, isibonelo, eMexico ngo-2020, ama-64% e-GDP avela ku- izinsizakalo (umkhakha wezemfundo ephakeme), 32% we imisebenzi yesibili (imboni kanye nokwakha) kanti u-4% kuphela imisebenzi yokuqala (ezolimo, ukudoba, ukulima imfuyo).

Njengamanje, amazwe afana ne-United States ne-China ahamba phambili ohlwini lomhlaba lwe-GDP, edlula kude ezinye izizwe.

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Kusetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa futhi kuyaphikiswana ngakho

I-GDP isalokhu iyisilinganiso esisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuhloleni intuthuko yezomnotho yezwe, kodwa ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi kumele ihambisane nezinye izinkomba uma inhloso iwukuhlola izici ezifana nekhwalithi yempilo, ukusimama, noma ukulingana komphakathi. Ukulinganisa impumelelo yomnotho akusekelwe kuphela ekutheni ukhiqiza malini, kodwa futhi naku... ukuthi ikhiqizwa kanjani, ikhiqizwe ngobani, futhi inomthelela onjani emvelweni nasenhlalakahleni yabantu.

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